Showing papers in "IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in 2014"

Boost Converter Topology for PV System with Perturb And Observe MPPT Algorithm

Abstract: In this paper utilization of a boost converter for control of photovoltaic power using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control mechanism is presented. First the photovoltaic module is analyzed using SIMULINK software. For the main aim of the project the boost converter is to be used along with a Maximum Power Point Tracking control mechanism. The MPPT is responsible for extracting the maximum possible power from the photovoltaic and feed it to the load via the boost converter which steps up the voltage to required magnitude. The main aim will be to track the maximum power point of the photovoltaic module so that the maximum possible power can be extracted from the photovoltaic. The algorithms utilized for MPPT are generalized algorithms and are easy to model or use as a code. The algorithms are written in m files of MATLAB and utilized in simulation. Both the boost converter and the solar cell are modelled using SimPower Systems blocks.

Power Loss Comparison of Single- and Two-Stage Grid- Connected Photovoltaic Systems

Abstract: This paper presents power loss comparison of single and two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems based on the loss factors of double line-frequency voltage ripple (DLFVR), fast irradiance variation + DLFVR, fast dc load variation + DLFVR, limited operating voltage range + DLFVR, and over- all loss factor combination. These loss factors will result in power deviation from the maximum power points. In this paper, both single-stage and two-stage grid-connected PV systems are considered. All of the effects on a two-stage system are insignificant due to an additional maximum power point tracker, but the tracker will reduce the system efficiency typically about 2.5%. The power loss caused by these loss factors in a single-stage grid- connected PV system is also around 2.5%; that is, a single-stage system has the merits of saving components and reducing cost, and does not penalize overall system efficiency under certain operating voltage ranges. Simulation results with the MATLAB software package and confirmed the analysis. Index Terms: Loss factor, power loss comparison, single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system, two- stage grid-connected PV system.

Design of Power Generation Unit Using Roller Mechanism

Abstract: Now a days the Consumption of power has been increased tremendously. In order to meet the demand of Power by various units various setups has been introduced for effective power generation. In this Project electrical power is being generated as non-conventional method by simply passing vehicles on to the specially designed Roller Setup. This method of Electrical power generation needs no input power. This Project is implemented by using simple drive mechanism such as Roller, some interfaced Electrical components and chain drive Mechanism. The basic principle is simple energy conversion form mechanical to electrical energy by using the vehicles weight (potential energy) & motion (kinetic energy).Here the process of Electric Power Generation comes under the Mechanism of Electro-Kinetic power Generator. The electro-kinetic power generator is a method of generating electricity by harnessing the kinetic energy of automobiles that drives over the track. The track operates by virtue of a number of specially designed rollers placed on it. When the vehicles pass on the rollers, pressure is exerted on them, which develops the mechanical energy and by means of a specially designed mechanism, a generator is driven, which is capable of producing AC/DC current.

Model based Controller Design for a Spherical Tank

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to implement optimum controller for a spherical tank. The objective of the controller is to maintain the level inside the process tank in a desired value. The real time implementation of the process is designed and implemented in MATLAB using data acquisition module. The process model is obtained step test method. The identified model is in the form of first order plus delay time (FOPDT) process. Controller design is compared based on conventional Proportional Integral (PI) with Internal Model Control (IMC) based on Skogestad’s settings in terms of performance indices. Out of the control algorithms IMC outperforms in no overshoot, faster settling time, better set point tracking and produces lower performance indices.

Analysis & Design of Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Power Plant for Typical Sites of Pakistan

Abstract: This paper investigates the feasibility of a Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Power Plant (PTSTPP) for typical sites of Pakistan. The solar resource of the country is assessed against the required insolation levels. An optimum potential site with suitable irradiance level is identified and evaluated on the basis of certain parameters like wind speed, slope, land use, transmission lines, road & railway network, water resources & natural gas availability etc. A location near Nawabshah in Nara desert with total annual direct normal irradiance (DNI) of 2057.6 kWh per m 2 was found suitable for the construction of PTSTPP. A 30MW PTSTPP without any thermal energy storage is proposed on the selected site. The design comprises 56 collector loops with 4 parabolic trough collectors (PTC) per loop. The proposed design is verified with the help of simulation. The designed plant can generate 31.54 MW net on an average day in the month of June. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is found to be 15.47 cents per kWh. The capacity factor of the proposed power plant comes out to be 20.5%. Cost comparison with conventional fossil fuel & renewable energy power plants already operational in Pakistan predicts that the proposed PTSTP plant can compete well in the current energy market of the country.

Modeling and Simulation of 2 MW PMSG Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Abstract: This paper represents the modeling and simulation of 2 MW Direct Drive PMSG Wind energy conversion system (WECS). The modelling of wind turbine and PMSG is carried out in simulink to determine its parameter. WECS consists different components namely Wind turbine, Generator, rectifier-inverter, controller system including transformer, grid etc. The PMSG and converter model are established in the d-q model.

Brain Tumor Detection Using Histogram Thresholding to Get the Threshold point

Abstract: In this paper, a computer-based method for defining tumor region in the brain using MRI images is presented. Today's modern medical imaging research faces the challenge of detecting brain tumor through Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI). Normally, to produce images of soft tissue of human body, MRI images are used by experts. It is used for analysis of human organs to replace surgery. For brain tumor detection, image segmentation is required. For this purpose, the brain is partitioned into two distinct regions. This is considered to be one of the most important but difficult part of the process of detecting brain tumor. Hence, it is highly necessary that segmentation of the MRI images must be done accurately before asking the computer to do the exact diagnosis. Brain tumor, a mass of tissue that grows out of control is one of the major causes for the increase in mortality among children and adults. Segmenting the regions of brain is the major challenge in tumor detection. A large number of effective segmentation algorithms have been used for segmentation in grey scale images ranging from simple edge-based methods to composite high-level approaches using modern and advanced pattern recognition approaches. Brain tumor detection is one of the challenging tasks in medical image processing. Four MRI images were collected and the experiments were conducted for statistical analysis also. A comparative study is made and the results are of great interest and practical utility.

Diagnostic Tool for Transformer Fault Detection Based on Dissolved Gas Analysis

Abstract: Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is a diagnostic tool that used to detect the incipient faults of power transformers through the correlation between the content of gases dissolved in transformers oil and a particular malfunction. Transformer failures are often due to the lack of the dielectric strength of oil insulation and will lead to a negative impact on electrical power systems. Early stage detection of transformer faults can reduce considerably the cost of repairing the damaged transformers and hence maintain the stability of the system. Some classical methods that depend on gases concentration in transformers oils are used to interpret transformer faults such as Dornenburg, Rogers, Duval triangle and key gases methods. These methods in some cases did not give the same results; therefore, an expertise method is developed to assess the kind of fault based on the DGA. A software code is designed using logic functions to get the type of the faults in transformers from laboratory data DGA based. A comparison between the laboratory results and the code results will be accomplished. This comparison explains that the code is reliable to determine the transformer fault. The age of transformer is taken into account in our calculations. The results from the software code illustrate the program reliability as an early detection tool of transformer faults.

Review in Industrial Automation

Abstract: Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers , heat treating ovens, switching in telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced human intervention. The biggest benefit of automation is that it saves labour, save energy, materials and to improve quality, accuracy and precision. The wireless communication technologies are widely applied in the fields like Industrial Automation. Injection molding machines can fasten the molds in either a horizontal or vertical position. Wireless communication and smart sensors and actuators pose means to sustainably improve automation technology. To learn about Industrial Automation, a review process involving 2 stage approaches has been undertaken for 15 research papers which were published in the period of year 2000 to year 2013. After an exhaustive review process, four key issues were found "Controlling method of injection molding machine for new technologies, new trends in industrial Automation, Energy Storage in co-generation power plant & Wireless Data Transmission" which is mostly need to enhance of Industrial Automation aspects to get better solution approach. The outcome of the review was in the form of various findings, found under various key issues. The findings included algorithms and methodologies used to solve particular research problem, along with their strengths and weaknesses and the scope for the future work in the area.

Respiratory sound analysis for diagnostic information

Abstract: The most important concern in the medical domain is to consider the interpretation of data and perform accurate diagnosis.The bronchitis, pneumonia and many other pulmonary diseases causes respiratory disorders which affects respiratory systems. Diagnosis of these diseases is facilitated by pulmonary auscultation by using stethoscope. This method depends on individuals hearing capability, experience and ability to differentiate the sounds. The quantitative measurement and permanent record of the related parameters is difficult. The recording and analysis of the respiratory sounds may quantify the changes in abnormal respiratory sounds in respiratory disorder. The signal processing techniques may be used for diagnostic information.

Implementation of the Automatic and Interactive Chess Board

Abstract: This paper aims at throwing light on the new mode of playing board games by having an automated physical platform. Hence it discusses the development of an automatic chess board called as Chess.Automated. which enables the user to play the game of chess in different formats; with the opponents moves completely automated. It uses various electronic components such as the Arduino Mega2560 Microcontroller, Membrane Keypad and driver IC’s along with different programming languages such C++, Python and Java to achieve automation between software and hardware.

Design and Construction of Microcontroller Based Charge Controller for Photovoltaic Application

Abstract: This paper describes a microcontroller based charge controller using PWM (pulse width modulation) technique. This PWM technique is employed by the PIC16F877 microcontroller. The microcontroller is to charge a 12V battery using 80W solar panel. The main feature of this charge controller is dusk to dawn operation; it switches "on" the load (the light) at dusk (evening) and switches off at dawn (morning). During day time, the load is disconnected from the battery and the battery is to be recharged with current from the solar panel. When the battery is at full charge (14.7V), the charging current becomes "pulsed" interrupted by the PIC16F877. "Battery Full" will be displayed on the liquid crystal display (LCD). An inbuilt analog to digital converter (ADC) is used to determine voltage level of the battery and the solar panel voltage. The hardware design, software implementation, and flow chart of the program are also discussed in this paper.

Microwave Heating Applications in Food Processing

Abstract: Microwaves refer to the electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of 300MHz to 300GHz. Once microwave energy is absorbed, polar molecules and ions inside the food will rotate or collide according to the alternating electromagnetic field and heat is subsequently generated for cooking. The use of microwave oven provides a convenient way to thaw, cook and reheat foods. However, the safety of the microwaved food has on and off aroused some public interest. This paper reviewed the basic principles, structure and characteristics of microwave heating. The biological effect and safety on users is also examined.

Reliability Evaluation of Onitsha Power Distribution Network via Analytical Technique and the Impact of PV System

Abstract: This paper evaluates the Reliability of Onitsha power distribution network using analytical technique and the level of improvement achievable through application of photovoltaic (PV) system at injection substations. ETAP simulation software was used to run the power flow and reliability assessment of the Network. The investigation revealed that before the PV installations the total revenue lost due to outages in 2009, 2010 and 2011 amounted to N17,439,247,940; N28,718,370,004 and N61,131,521,807 respectively. Whereas after the PV installation the total revenue lost reduced to N6,769,656,987, N12,718,370,004 and N21,359,660,013 respectively representing 61.2%, 55.7% and 65.1% reduction in revenue loss for the period under review.

FPGA Implementation of Background Subtraction Algorithm for Image Processing

Abstract: The Background Subtraction Algorithm is used to detect the object in the image. The subtraction of the image is pixel based subtraction. Before the subtraction of two images the pre-processing is done using the median filter. After the subtraction is done the segmentation is performed using threshold value. Once the segmentation is completed the morphological filtering is performed on that image to remove the unwanted blobs. System is designed using MATALAB/Simulink block sets. In MATLAB/Simulink the system generator token is used to convert Simulink model logic into the VHDL code which makes it compatible with FPGA. Using the system generator token VHDL code is generated. That VHDL code is synthesis in the Xilinx 14.1 and then .bit file is downloaded to the Virtex-5 board through JTAG cable and the output image is display on the VGA monitor which is interfaced with Virtex-5 board using DVI connector.

Optimization of Power Consumption in VLSI Circuit

Abstract: Increasing speed and complexity of design gives a significant increase in power consumption in VLSI chips. Speed, power consumption and space are major issues in VLSI circuit. To meet these challenges there are certain design techniques which are used to reduce power. Optimization of power can be done by considering various components such as transistor sizing, voltage scaling, variable VDD, multiple threshold voltages, voltage islands, power gating, long channel transistor, stacking & parking states and logic styles etc. Power consumption in VLSI circuit is data dependent. In this paper different design methods are tested to optimize the power. It is found that algorithm based design reduces gate switching activity that results reduction of power in multiplier circuit. Keyword: Transistor sizing, voltage scaling, variable VDD, multiple threshold voltages, voltage islands, long channel transistor, stacking & parking states, logic styles, Genetic algorithm, Booth multiplication I. Introduction Reduction in power dissipation is an important design issue in VLSI circuits. The design parameters have major effect on the overall performance of the system. On the basis of component used and their function different optimization techniques can be used. For example in case of multiplier power consumption depends upon data. This is because switching contributes to more power consumption. This can be optimized by using various gate combinations. Gate switching can be reduced by using algoritms. For example of in case of multiplier design method Booth algorithm as well as modified Booth algorithm can be used for efficient multiplication. In this paper various approaches are used for power consumption eg. transistor sizing, voltage scaling, variable VDD, multiple threshold voltages, voltage islands, long channel transistor, stacking& parking states, logic styles, Genetic algorithm, Booth multiplication etc. This paper is divided into five sections. First section is of introduction. Second section is about preliminary studies. Third section includes different design methods and their testing. Fourth section is of comparison with discussion. Finally, fifth section is conclusion of the work reported here.

An Efficient Low Cost Solar Tracker Using Microcontroller

Abstract: Solar energy is gaining importance day by day as an energy resource. Efficiency of solar panel systems must be maximized to make solar energy more usable. By sun tracking we can increase the efficiency of solar panel. When the solar panel is perpendicular to the sun's rays it receives more sunlight. This paper is about follow the sunlight direction across the sky by using a DC gear motor, the AT89S52 microcontroller control the movement of gear motor by this the solar panel will change their position, solar panel detects the sunlight using photocells. The objective is to design and implement an automatic solar-tracking mechanism using embedded system design with minimum cost and reliable structure. Keywords: AT89S52 microcontroller, photocell, solar panel, solar energy, dc motor.

A New method for differential protection in Power transformer

Abstract: This paper presents design a Clark transformation based technique for protection of transformer. It improves and enhances the sensitivity of the operation of the digital differential relay that protects Power Transformers by discriminating between inrush current and fault current. The proposed method has been simulated with MATLAB/SIMULINK with different test of operations.

Comparative study between Cluster, Grid, Utility, Cloud and Autonomic computing

Abstract: Autonomic computing was an idea that came to existence because of the great need to its basic concepts, which it's to have available resources, applications that can manage themselves in accordance with high level guidance from humans. The idea of Autonomic computing is not new, but it developed Cloud computing through the years to reach the current situation (Autonomic computing) In this paper there will be an overview for other types of computing beside Autonomic computing to highlight the differences between them, the characteristics and the advantages and disadvantages for each. That comparative will lead to the importance of Autonomic computing and its wide open future

Five days daily sessions of noninvasive blood glucose level predictions based on amplitude modulated ultrasound and infrared technique over a healthy and diabetic subject.

Abstract: A noninvasive method based blood glucose predicting device with medically acceptable readings could transform the diabetic management protocols. Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring devices will increase patient compliances along with reduction of medical burden and its related expenses. Here, we had utilized the indigenously developed amplitude modulated ultrasound and infrared technique based noninvasive glucometer for this purpose. A lab based study had been performed to measure the performance of the modulated ultrasound and infrared technique based noninvasive glucometer. A total of 02 subjects (01 healthy normal subject and 01 diabetic subject) were engaged in this study. The working accuracy of noninvasive glucometer readings had been compared with the invasive glucometer readings and plotted over the Clarke Error Grid for its critical analysis. The experimental result depicts a good relationship exists between the predicted (noninvasive) and reference (invasive) blood glucose levels. The Clarke Error Grid Analysis depicts that results of the predictions as well as the reference measurement values occupies the medically significant A and B domains. This experimental result directs towards the potential applications of amplitude modulated ultrasound and infrared technique for continuous noninvasive blood glucose level predictions.

Transient Stability Improvement of Multi-machine Power System using Fuzzy Controlled TCSC

Abstract: Power system is subjected to sudden changes in load levels. Stability is an important concept which determines the stable operation of power system. In general rotor angle stability is taken as index, but the concept of transient stability, which is the function of operating condition and disturbances deals with the ability of the system to remain intact after being subjected to abnormal deviations. A system is said to be synchronously stable (i.e., retain synchronism) for a given fault if the system variables settle down to some steady-state values with time, after the fault is removed. For the improvement of transient stability the general methods adopted are fast acting exciters, circuit breakers and reduction in system transfer reactance. The modern trend is to employ FACTS devices in the existing system for effective utilization of existing transmission resources. These FACTS devices contribute to power flow improvement besides they extend their services in transient stability improvement as well. In this thesis, the studies had been carried out in order to improve the Transient Stability of WSCC 9 Bus System with Fixed Compensation on Various Lines and Optimal Location has been investigated using trajectory sensitivity analysis for better results. In this thesis, in order to improve the Transient Stability margin further series FACTS device has been implemented. A fuzzy controlled Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC) device has been used here and the results highlight the effectiveness of the application of a TCSC in improving the transient stability of a power system.

Lifetime Analysis of Super Capacitor for Many Power Electronics Applications

Abstract: Supercapacitoris an electrochemical energy storage device with a high power and energy density. It acts as an energy buffer or energy sources due to their high power density compared to other charge storing devices. To improve the performance, reliability and using this device more conveniently lifetime is a important feature. So in this paper we analyze lifetime of supercapacitor depends on temperature and voltage factor because lifetime of supercapacitors depends mainly on the capacitor temperature and the voltage applied. Moreover to prove validity of analysis simulation results are presented. By using this analysis it is easier to select supercapacitor in many power electronics application.

Backstepping Control with Integral Action of PMSM Integrated According to the MRAS Observer

Abstract: The work developed in this article, has aims to control design law is based on Backstepping method to ensure the servo-control of the permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). The slow convergence of adaptation can result, in some cases; irreversible instabilization loop, especially in the presence of nonlinearity and/or couplings. Hence, the Backstepping method coupled with introduction of integral actions is an alternative choice. Moreover, the Backstepping theory is a recursive design methodology that makes use of the Lyapunov stability theory. Strong properties of overall and asymptotic stability can be achieved. The second part of this work is a direct application of the control proposed to associate an observer, is the Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) to observe the position and the rotor speed of the MRAS. Furthermore, the simulation under the Matlab/Simulink software allows highlighting the performance of the control strategy adopted.

Human Capital, Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Evidence

Abstract: Human capital and Infrastructure plays a crucial role in promoting economic growth and thereby contributes to the reduction of economic disparity, poverty and deprivations in a country. Empirically, a variety of studies considers that greater access of the poor to education and health services, water and sanitation, road network and electricity is a principal agent of economic growth. For too long in the past, an undue emphasis has been given to Nigeria’s enormous oil resources as a key engine of economic growth. Knowledge capital is fast overtaking physical capital as a determinant of growth. As a fast growing economy Nigeria needs to determine the indices of growth. This study therefore examines the role of human capital and infrastructure on economic growth in Nigeria within a co integration and error-correction modeling framework during the period 1970-2010. Human capital is found to be positive and statistically significant to growth. The infrastructure variable (electricity) is positive but statistically insignificant. This result is not entirely surprising considering the unreliable, epileptic and unstable supply of energy in the country.

Protection issues of Power Systems with PV Systems Based Distributed Generation

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the basic understanding of active and reactive power flows in photovoltaic (PV) based distributed generation injected power system and how these power flows will influence the performance and stability of a power system. the harmonic currents injected into the utility grid may be a serious problem since they could lead to unacceptable levels of wave shapes distortion, power reversals and voltage regulation The proposed technology is to inject scheduled amount of real and reactive powers in to the grid while maintaining the balance between input and output powers, to protect the power system against the voltage fluctuations, voltage imbalance, power reversals, high short circuit current, harmonic distortion. A grid connected photovoltaic system is modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink. Keyword: Active power Distributed Generation, Photovoltaic System protection issues, Reactive power

Estimation of Large Animals Dung for Power Generation – A Case Study of District Bathinda, Punjab

Abstract: Large animals dung based biomass has immense potential in an agricultural state Punjab. The milk production is very important part of an agricultural economy in the Punjab. Dairy farming is an age old subsidiary profession in rural areas of state. This paper presents a case study of Bathinda district of Punjab by collecting the total livestock population and the average production of large animals dung or manure on daily basis. About 13% of total animal dung in district is used for local level activities and 87% is considered as surplus animal dung which can be used for production of electrical power. Based on these collections and from the surplus animal dung the energy potential of 1385247GJ per year has been calculated. It has been estimated that electrical power of 384.8 GWH per year can be produced only from the surplus large animal dung of district Bathinda of Punjab.

Tumor Recognition in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Images

Abstract: This paper implementation of simple algorithm for detection of tumor in endoscopy images. Tumor is an uncontrolled growth of tissues in any part of the body. Tumors are of different types and they have different characteristics and different treatment. The wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) image is visually examined by the physician for detection and diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumor. However this method of detection resists the accurate determination of tumor. To avoid that, this project uses computer aided method for segmentation (detection) of endoscopy tumor based on the combination of algorithms. This method allows the segmentation of tumor tissue with accuracy and reproducibility comparable to manual segmentation. In addition, it also reduces the time for analysis. At the end of the process the tumor is extracted from the gastrointestinal tract image. The wireless capsule endoscopy images, are extracted by gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) & principal component analysis (PCA) and wavelet transform (DWT) which are characterize multi resolution property of images. After performing, the probabilistic neural network (PNN) based feature selection classify the type of tumor.

Survey on Performance of Free Space Optical Communication Links under Various Field Parameters

Abstract: Free space optics is a line-of-sight technology, which uses LASERS and Photo detectors to provide optical connections between two points—without the fiber. Increased needs for bandwidth require technology that goes beyond traditional copper lines. The technology advancement in internet scales faster than Moore's law which makes it infeasible to dig installed lines in metropolitan areas; the industry now realized the benefits of free space optical communication. Free-space optical (FSO) communication links are attractive because they provide a means of low cost, high bandwidth, reduced time-to-market, secure and are a reliable means of communications. This paper describes the benefits of FSO along with operation of such links working outdoors in an open atmosphere under various effecting field parameters such as atmospheric attenuation, beam divergence and scintillation where the performance of FSO link is evaluated in terms of transmitted and received power.