Showing papers in "IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering in 2013"

Efficient Majority Logic Fault Detection with Difference-Set Codes for Memory Applications

Abstract: In this Paper, we focus on a class of LDPC codes known as Euclidean Geometric (EG) LDPC codes, which are constructed deterministically using the points and lines of a Euclidean geometry. Minimum distances for EG codes are also reasonably good and can be derived analytically. memory error correction code has been implemented using pipelined cyclic corrector where majority logic gate determined the error .LDPC soft error decoding is also implemented for the same memory error detection and correction comparison of the results are done .as the majority gate can detect only upto 2 error the extending majority gate with ldpc soft decoding can decrease the bit error rate.

Speech Emotion Recognition: A Review

Abstract: Field of emotional content recognition of speech signals has been gaining increasing interest during recent years. Several emotion recognition systems have been constructed by different researchers for recognition of human emotions in spoken utterances. This paper describes speech emotion recognition based on the previous technologies which uses different methods of feature extraction and different classifiers for the emotion recognition are reviewed. The database for the speech emotion recognition system is the emotional speech samples and the features extracted from these speech samples are the energy, pitch, linear prediction cepstrum coefficient (LPCC), Mel frequency cepstrum coefficient (MFCC). Different wavelet decomposition structures can also used for feature vector extraction. The classifiers are used to differentiate emotions such as anger, happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, neutral state, etc. The classification performance is based on extracted features. Conclusions drawn from performance and limitations of speech emotion recognition system based on different methodologies are also discussed.

Detection and Classification of Pests in Greenhouse Using Image Processing

Abstract: The techniques of machine vision and digital image Processing are extensively applied to agricultural science and it have great perspective especially in the plant protection field, which ultimately leads to crops management. The paper proposes a software prototype system for early pest detection on the infected crops in greenhouse. Images of the infected leaf are captured by a camera with pan tilt and zoom and processed using image processing techniques to detect presence of pests. SVM classifier is used for classification. SVM classifier helps to detect the pests and in the classification of pest based on their features. Results show more precision in identifying the presence of pest at early stage.

Design and Simulation of RF MEMS Capacitive type Shunt Switch & its Major Applications

Abstract: This article details about the design of a K-band RF-MEMS capacitive type shunt switch and some of its major applications. The electrostatic and electromagnetic analyses of the designed structure have been performed using MATLAB and commercially available EM solvers. FEM and MOM both tools have been used extensively for full-wave analysis. Two major applications (SPDT switch and reconfigurable Antenna) have been studied here. The design is based upon 675 µm thick high resistive Silicon (ρ > 8KΩ-cm). Keywords - Coplanar waveguide, MEMS Shunt switch, Reconfigurable Antenna, RF MEMS, Single Pole double throw (SPDT)

Comparison between Different Wireless Sensor Simulation Tools

Abstract: Wireless sensor network have recently come into prominence because they hold the potential to revolutionize segment of our economy and life with its wide applications. Unlike a centralized system, a sensor network is formed by large numbers of networked sensing nodes. They are having unique set of resource constraints such as finite onboard battery power and limited network communication bandwidth. Since running real experiments is costly and time consuming, simulation is essential to study Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). It is rather complex, or even unfeasible, to model analytically a WSN and it usually leads to oversimplified analysis with limited confidence. Therefore, simulation is essential to study WSN. The word "wise" in the title indicate the meaning most appropriate according to their usage and testing

Design of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Inset Feed Technique

Abstract: Today in the world of communication systems the most widely researched area is of wireless technology and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the operation of the antennas. In the recent years of development in communication systems a need for the development of lightweight, compact and cost-effective antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this work, the simulation tool of IE3D is used to study the performance and gain of the rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The design and simulation of patch antennas is widely used in mobile cellular phones today, and our emphasis in this work is on optimization of a 2.4 GHz rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The return loss and the various gain plots have been studied along with the radiation patterns.

Voice Recognition Wireless Home Automation System Based On Zigbee

Abstract: In the recent years, the Home Automation systems has seen a rapid changes due to introduction of various wireless technologies The explosion in the wireless technology has seen the emergence of many standards, especially in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band. ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4 standard for data communications with business and consumer devices. Zigbee is targeted at applications that requires low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking. Zigbee has a defined rate of 250 kbits/s, best suited for periodic or intermittent data or a single signal transmission from a sensor or input device. The wireless home Automation systems is supposed to be implemented in existing home environments, without any changes in the infrastructure. The automation centers on recognition of voice commands and uses low-power ZigBee wireless communication modules along with microcontroller. This system is most suitable for the elderly and the disabled persons especially those who live alone and since recognize voice so it is secure. The home automation system is intended to control all lights and electrical appliances in a home or office using voice commands. So in this paperwork our aim is to designed a voice recognition wireless ZigBee based home automation system. The Wireless Home Automation System is an integrated system to facilitate elderly and disabled people with an easy-to-use home automation system that can be fully operated based on speech commands. The system is portable and constructed in a way that is easy to install, configure, run, and maintain. A typical wireless home automation system allows one to control house hold appliances from a centralized control unit which is wireless. These appliances usually have to be specially designed to be compatible with each other and with the control unit for most commercially available home automation systems. The project demonstrates a system that can be integrated as a single portable unit and allows one to wirelessly control lights, fans, air conditioners, television sets, security cameras, electronic doors, computer systems, audio/visual equipment's etc. and turn on or off any appliance that is plugged into a wall outlet, get the status of different sensors and take decision accordingly. The overall system is controlled from a microphone which is connected with HM 2007 speech recognition chip. This chip sends the voice commands in binary sequence to microcontroller. The base station unit takes decision and send the commands to remote station by ZigBee transceiver. The remote system receives the commands through ZigBee transceiver and performs the request function. The sensors unit is capable of detecting when the user enters or leaves the room by measuring the change in signals strength between the access Point and can accordingly turn on or off appliances such as lights and fans and in the meantime send its status back to base station.

Design and Study of Compact and Wideband Microstrip U-Slot Patch Antenna for Wi-Max Application

Abstract: Microstrip patch antennas are strong candidates for use in many wireless communication applications. This paper proposes the use of a patch antenna with U-shaped slot to achieve wideband application with very low return loss. The objective of this paper is to design, construct and fabricate microstrip antennas suitable for Wi-Max application that centred at frequency 5.25GHz. The antenna must operate within the band of 5.25GHz band. This band is currently being used for industrial, medical and scientific applications. The antenna is proposed to be used as a transmitting as well as receiving antenna in wireless network and the mentioned applications. A thick substrate with finite ground dimensions broadens the bandwidth of the antenna. The proposed antenna reduced the return loss as well as increases the bandwidth of the antenna.

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Abstract: The number of people using mobile phone in the world has exceeded 4.5 billion and this figure is continuing to grow. For the past several years, mobile data traffic such as internet access, the downloading of music and video communication has been nearly tripling every year. With the popularity of smartphones, mobile data traffic will increase 200 times in the 7 to 8 years upto 2020.

Performance Analysis of Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul Optical Fiber with DCF

Abstract: In this paper, We investigate post, pre and symmetrical/mix dispersion compensation methods for 40 Gb/s non-return to zero link using standard and dispersion compensated fiber through FBG compensator to optimize high data rate optical transmission. The influence of dispersion of FBG compensator and increases in the power of CW laser has been studied to evaluate the performance of optical communication systems. The simulation model of the WDM based on the Optisystem 11.0 is presented according to the above principle. The simulation results are validated by analysing the Q-factor and Bit error rate (BER) in the numerical simulator. It is found that post compensation performance is best and the input fiber power is taken as 5-10dB, the corresponding BER performance is better. Keywords - BER, Dispersion compensation, Q-factor, WDM.

Pest Control in Agricultural Plantations Using Image Processing

Abstract: Monocropped plantations are unique to India and a handful of countries throughout the globe. Essentially, the FOREST approach of growing coffee along with in India has enabled the plantation to fight many outbreaks of pests and diseases. Mono cropped Plantations are under constant threat of pest and disease incidence because it favours the build up of pest population. To cope with these problems, an automatic pest detection algorithm using image processing techniques in MATLAB has been proposed in this paper. Image acquisition devices are used to acquire images of plantations at regular intervals. These images are then subjected to pre-processing, transformation and clustering. I. Introduction Today there are more than 250 organic pesticides and thousands of formulations. The coffee industry unfortunately relies on these poisons to protect the plant and berries from insect attack and disease spread. In some advanced countries aerial spraying of these hazardous chemicals is carried out to save on labour costs. Most, coffee farmers advocate the use of BROAD SPECTRUM pesticides. These are more dangerous than systemic pesticides because they act on many insects both beneficial and harmful. There is every chance that these chemicals can easily drift or get washed or leached by heavy showers and reach groundwater or open estuaries there by contaminating the earth's precious water reserve. However, the cultivation of these crops for optimum yield and quality produce is highly technical. A lot of research has been done on greenhouse agro systems And more generally on protected crops to control pests and diseases by biological means instead of pesticides. Research in agriculture is aimed towards increase of productivity and food quality at reduced expenditure and with increased profit, which has received importance in recent time. A strong demand now exists in many countries for non -chemical control methods for pests or diseases. However no automatic methods are available which precisely and periodically detect the pests on plants. In fact, in production conditions, greenhouse staff periodically observes plants and search for pests. This manual method is time consuming. With the recent advancement in image processing pattern recognition techniques, it is possible to develop an autonomous system for disease classification of crops. In this paper, we focus on early pest detection. First, this implies to regularly observe the plants. Disease images are acquired using cameras or scanners. Then the acquired image has to be processed to interpret the image contents by image processing methods. The focus of this paper is on the interpretation of image for pest detection.

A Fruit Quality Management System Based On Image Processing

Abstract: Nondestructive quality evaluation of fruits is important and very vital for the food and agricultural industry. The fruits in the market should satisfy the consumer preferences. Traditionally grading of fruits is performed primarily by visual inspection using size as a particular quality attribute. Image processing offers solution for automated fruit size grading to provide accurate, reliable, consistent and quantitative information apart from handling large volumes, which may not be achieved by employing human graders. This paper presents a fruit size detecting and grading system based on image processing. The early assessment of fruit quality requires new tools for size and color measurement. After capturing the fruit side view image, some fruit characters is extracted by using detecting algorithms. According to these characters, grading is realized. Experiments show that this embedded grading system has the advantage of high accuracy of grading, high speed and low cost. It will have a good prospect of application in fruit quality detecting and grading areas.

Analysis of Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters for ECG Denoising Using Wavelets

Abstract: A wide area of research has been done in the field of noise removal in Electrocardiogram signals.. Electrocardiograms (ECG) play an important role in diagnosis process and providing information regarding heart diseases. In this paper, we propose a new method for removing the baseline wander interferences, based on discrete wavelet transform and Butterworth/Chebyshev filtering. The ECG data is taken from non-invasive fetal electrocardiogram database, while noise signal is generated and added to the original signal using instructions in MATLAB environment. Our proposed method is a hybrid technique, which combines Daubechies wavelet decomposition and different thresholding techniques with Butterworth or Chebyshev filter. DWT has good ability to decompose the signal and wavelet thresholding is good in removing noise from decomposed signal. Filtering is done for improved denoising performence. Here quantitative study of result evaluation has been done between Butterworth and Chebyshev filters based on minimum mean squared error (MSE), higher values of signal to interference ratio and peak signal to noise ratio in MATLAB environment using wavelet and signal processing toolbox. The results proved that the denoised signal using Butterworth filter has a better balance between smoothness and accuracy than the Chebvshev filter.

Vessels Extraction from Retinal Images

Abstract: The main cause of eye diseases in the working human is Diabetic retinopathy. Eye disease can be prevented if detects early. The extraction of blood vessels from retinal images is an essential and challenging task in medical diagnosis and analysis. This paper describes the effective and efficient extraction of blood vessels from retinal image by using Kirsch's templates. The Kirsch's edge operators detect the edges using eight filters, generated by the compass rotation mechanism. The method is used to automatic detection of landmark features of the fundus, such as the optic disc, fovea and blood vessels. I. Introduction The extraction of Retinal blood vessel is an essential step for the diagnosis of various eye diseases. Retinal images of humans play a crucial role in the detection and diagnosis of several eye diseases for the oculists (1-2). Color retinal images are used in mass screen systemic diseases such as Diabetic Retinopathy (DR). The risk of the Diabetic Retinopa-thy increases with age and small eye blood vessels damaged the due to this disease. The information about blood vessels, such as length, width, diameter and branching pattern, can help to diagnose the symptom of diseases (3-4). The oculists may examine retinal images and give the diagnostic results by searching the possible anomalies like diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and retinal artery occlusion. With the help of computer aided diagnosis (CAD), the success rate of the treatment of these diseases may increase significantly. If the retinopathy detects in early stage (5-6), the probability of visual loss resulting from diabetic retinopathy can be prevented. The filtering based method which is used for the effective extraction the blood vessels of retinal images are described in (7-8). In the past various techniques are used to extract the blood vessels from retinal images. One technique not only finds the blood vessels that originate from a set of primary starting point but also finds all branches off of the primary vessels. The second method use Matched Filter (MF) for the extraction of blood vessels. This method will respond not only to vessels but also to non-vessel edges (9). The third method is the novel hybrid automatic approach for the extraction of retinal image vessels which reduce the weak edges and noise, and finally results the blood vessels extraction. In this paper a method is proposed which uses the Kirsch's templates for the extraction of the blood vessels from retinal images. The rest of paper is organized into 5 Sections. The Kirsch's edge operators are described in Section 2. Section 3 explains proposed method for the extraction of blood vessels from retinal images. Section 4 shows the results and discussion and finally, the conclusion is given in Section 5.

Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANET

Abstract: A MANET is a collection of mobile nodes by wireless links forming a dynamic topology without any network infrastructure such as routers, servers, access points/cables or centralized administration. The nodes are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently. The main classes of routing protocols are Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. A Reactive (on-demand) routing strategy is a popular routing category for wireless ad hoc routing. It is a relatively new routing philosophy that provides a scalable solution to relatively large network topologies. The design follows the idea that each node tries to reduce routing overhead by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested. DSR and AODV are reactive route discovery algorithms where a mobile device of MANET connects by gateway only when it is needed. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying performance metrics. These simulations are carried out using the ns-2 network simulator. Keywords - AODV, DSR, MANET, NS-2, Reactive routing protocols, Survey.

Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition: An adaptive method for noise reduction

Abstract: Empirical mode decomposition (EMD), a data analysis technique, is used to denoise non-stationary and non-linear processes. The method does not require any pre & post processing of signal and use of any specified basis functions. But EMD suffers from a problem called mode mixing. So to overcome this problem a new method known as Ensemble Empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) has been introduced. The presented paper gives the detail of EEMD and its application in various fields. EEMD is a time–space analysis method, in which the added white noise is averaged out with sufficient number of trials; and the averaging process results in only the component of the signal (original data). EEMD is a truly noise-assisted data analysis (NADA) method and represents a substantial improvement over the original EMD.

Design of 32 bit Parallel Prefix Adders

Abstract: In this paper, we propose 32 bit Kogge-Stone, Brent-Kung, Ladner-Fischer parallel prefix adders. In general N-bit adders like Ripple Carry Adders (slow adders compare to other adders), and Carry Look Ahead adders (area consuming adders) are used in earlier days. But now the most Industries are using parallel prefix adders because of their advantages compare to other adders. Parallel prefix adders are faster and area efficient. Parallel prefix adder is a technique for increasing the speed in DSP processor while performing addition. We simulate and synthesis different types of 32-bit prefix adders using Xilinx ISE 10.1i tool. By using these synthesis results, we noted the performance parameters like number of LUTs and delay. We compare these three adders in terms of LUTs (represents area) and delay values. Keywords− prefix adder, carry operator, Kogge-Stone, Brent-Kung, Ladner-Fischer. I. Introduction Arithmetic circuits are the ones which perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, parity calculation. Most of the time, designing these circuits is the same as designing muxers, encoders and decoders. In electronics, an adder or summer is a digital circuits(7) that performs addition of numbers. In many computers and other kind of processors, adders are other parts of the processor, many computers and other kinds of processors, where they are used to calculate addresses, table and similar. The binary adder(7,10) is the one type of element in most digital circuit designs including digital signal processors(DSP) and microprocessor data path units. Therefore fast and accurate operation of digital system depends on the performance of adders (6). Hence improving the performance of adder is the main area of research in VLSI(10) system design. The Conventional adders discussed in section II. The details of R Kogge- Stone adder, Brent-Kung adder and Ladner- Fischer adders are discussed, and the implementation of proposed system is described in section III. The performance and simulation results were presented and discussed in section IV.

Cascaded PID Controller Design for Heating Furnace Temperature Control

Abstract: The paper evaluates the performance of cascaded PID controller designs for the temperature control of an industrial heating furnace. From the control theory literature it is clear that ideal PID controller is an obsolete for the control of non-linear processes like temperature. PID controller in cascaded architecture is the best choice compared to conventional single loop control system for controlling these nonlinear processes. However, it is constrained in choosing the better PID gains. Hence, this paper is such an approach to set the better values of PID gains in cascaded form by evaluating the performance with conventional tuning formulas. Performance analysis of various algorithms was carried out by finding the system's dynamic performance characteristics in each case. The entire system is modeled by using MATLAB/Simulink, The simulation results indicate that the proposed cascaded PID design could results to rapidity in response with robust dynamic performance.

A Modified ABC Algorithm & Its Application to Wireless Sensor Network Dynamic Deployment

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks plays a gargantuan role in instrumenting the modern day world; hence it is crucial to develop an optimal design flow. Out of the various Swarm intelligent algorithms developed so far, Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm offers a vivid scope for this objective. First introduced for solving numerical optimization problems, ABC has now spread across almost every phase of WSN construction. In this study, an improved ABC algorithm has been proposed to match the different characteristics of wireless sensor network deployment process, which will be optimum for real time dynamic network functioning. KEYWORDS: Wireless Sensor Networks, Swarm Intelligent Algorithms, scouts, foragers, onlookers, waggle dance, self organization, Opposition-based learning.

Design Technique of Bandpass FIR filter using Various Window Function

Abstract: Filter is one of the most important part of communication system. Without digital filter we cannot think about proper communication because noise occurs in channel. For removing noise or cancellation of noise we use various type of digital filter. In this paper we propose design technique of bandpass FIR filter using various type of window function. Kaiser window is the best window function in FIR filter design. Using this window we can realize that FIR filter is simple and fast. Keywords: FIR filter, LTI, bandpass filter, MATLAB I. Introduction In different areas digital filter design techniques are widely used. The digital filter consist of both software and hardware implementation. In the digital filter, the input and output signals are digital or discrete time sequence. Digital filters are linear time invariant (LTI) systems which are characterized by unit sample response. These filters are portable and highly flexible. It has minimum or negligible interference noise and other effects. In storage and maintenance digital filters are easier. Digital filters reduce the failure time. Digital filters are categorized in two parts as finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR). In comparison to IIR filters, the FIR filters have greater flexibility to control the shape of their magnitude response. According to the frequency characteristics digital filter can be divided-lowpass, highpass, bandpass, and bandstop.The realization of FIR filter is non-recursive in comparison to IIR filter. Bandpass filtering plays an important role in DSP applications. It can be used to pass the signals according to the specified frequency passband and reject the frequency other than the passband specification. Then the filtered signal can be further used for the signal feature extraction. Filtering can also be applied to perform applications such as noise reduction, frequency boosting, digital audio equalizing, and digital crossover, among others.

Survey on Single image Super Resolution Techniques

Abstract: Super-resolution is the process of recovering a high-resolution image from multiple low- resolutionimages of the same scene. The key objective of super-resolution (SR) imaging is to reconstruct a higher-resolution image based on a set of images, acquired from the same scene and denoted as 'low- resolution' images, to overcome the limitation and/or ill-posed conditions of the image acquisition process for facilitating better content visualization and scene recognition. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of existing super-resolution techniques and highlight the future research challenges. This includes the formulation of an observation model and coverage of the dominant algorithm - Iterative back projection.We critique these methods and identify areas which promise performance improvements. In this paper, future directions for super-resolution algorithms are discussed. Finally results of available methods are given.

Different Modulation Formats Used In Optical Communication System

Abstract: In this paper, the objective is to study the performance of different modulation formats.To choose a right modulation format is the basic key to build a flexible and cost effective high capacity optic-fiber network. The performance of ASK,FSK.PSK and PolSK for the optic-fiber is analyzed.

Study and Analysis of Fractal Linear Antenna Arrays

Abstract: A fractal is a recursively generated object having a fractional dimension. They have no characteristic size, and are constructed of many copies of themselves at different scales (1). In this report, we primarily focus on design of fractal linear array antenna for even number of elements and comparison of fractal linear array antenna for even , odd number of elements and also with conventional antenna(6). These arrays are analyzed by fractal electrodynamics and to simulate results by MATLAB programming. Keywords: conventional antenna, fractals, fractal linear arrays, fractal electrodynamics, fractional dimension

A New Class of Binary Zero Correlation Zone Sequence Sets

Abstract: This paper proposes a new class of binary zero correlation zone (ZCZ) sequence sets, in which the periodic correlation functions of the proposed sequence set is zero for the phase shifts within the zero- correlation zone. It is shown that the proposed zero correlation zone sequence set can reach the upper bound on the ZCZ codes.

New chaotic binary sequences with good correlation property using logistic maps

Abstract: In this paper, schemes for generating binary sequences from logistic maps are proposed. Using new methods, several binary sequences with the same length can be generated directly by assuming different initial conditions to logistic maps. A comparison between conventional sequences (maximum length sequences, Gold sequences) and proposed sequences has been established, and demonstrate that our sequences are comparable and even superior to conventional sequences in several keys aspects, and they can be used as spreading sequences. KeywordsConventional sequences, correlation function, Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DSCDMA), logistic maps.

Bandwidth Enhancement of Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Metamaterials

Abstract: In this paper, Bandwidth enhancement of a patch using a new kind of material, so called 'Metamaterial', is being discussed. This new material called Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) mushroom type structure is used to replace the commonly used ground plane for the simple patch. The simple patch showed a percentage bandwidth of 1.9%. The bandwidth was found to increase greatly to 39.20% after the replacement of the ground plane. The patch antenna was simulated using the Computer Simulation Tool (CST) Microwave studio.

Key based Visual Cryptography Scheme using Novel Secret Sharing Technique with Steganography

Abstract: With rapidly growing network, Internet has become a primary source of transmitting confidential or secret data such as military information, financial documents, etc. In such cases, techniques devoted to protect such kind of information are needed and they play an important role in providing confidential and secure transmission over network. Visual Cryptography is also one of them which is used to hide secret visual information (such as image, text, etc) in which secret sharing scheme is used. Secret sharing is used to encrypt a secret image into customized versions of the original image. There are many secret sharing algorithms in literature including Shamir, Blakley, and Asmuth-Bloom to divide the image into no. of shares. These sharing schemes lead to computational complexity and also generate shares like noisy images. Then afterwards Lin & Tsai proposed a scheme which creates meaningful shares but having same computational complexity as like Shamir's scheme. Along with this, in these schemes, as decryption is done using Human Visual system, the secret can be retrieved by anyone if person get at least k no. of shares. To overcome all above problems, we are suggesting one new method in which a symmetric secret key is used to encrypt the image and then secret shares are generated from this image using Novel secret sharing technique with steganography. So, finally this method will produce meaningful shares and use of secret key will ensure the security of scheme. This scheme can become a reliable solution suitable for today's authentication challenges. Index Terms: Visual cryptography, Secret sharing, steganography.

Energy Consumption Analysis of Ad hoc Routing Protocols for Different Energy Models in MANET

Abstract: In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), energy conservation is a critical issue as the nodes are powered by the batteries which have limited energy reservoir. Hence the power level of the nodes is a problematical factor that extensively affects the performance and efficiency of ad hoc routing protocols. The rapidly changing traffic pattern the mobility of the nodes and the lack of fixed infrastructure makes routing in a MANET a challenging issue. So one of the main issues in MANET routing protocols is the development of energy efficient and QoS aware routing protocols which requires the energy analysis of routing protocols so that some modifications can be suggested. This paper presents performance comparison of three categories of mobile ad hoc routing protocols i.e. proactive, reactive and hybrid. The performance analysis is based on different metrics of Physical Layer such as Power Consumed in Transmit Mode, Power Consumed in Receive and Idle Modes, and metrics of application layer like Average End to End Delay, Average Jitter, Throughput and Packet Delivery Ratio based on the simulation analysis. Simulation analysis is performed over well known network simulator QualNet 6.1. Keywords - MANET, AODV, DYMO, OLSR, PDR.

Design of C-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Radar Applications Using IE3D

Abstract: In the recent years the development in communication systems requires the development of low cost, minimal weight and low profile antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a microstrip patch antenna. The objective of this paper is to design an microstrip line fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna which operates in C-band at 5GHz. Therefore, method of moments based IE3D software is used to design a Microstrip Patch Antenna with enhanced gain and bandwidth. IE3D is an integrated full-wave electromagnetic simulation and optimization package for the analysis and design of 3D and planar microwave circuits, MMIC, RFIC, RFID, antennas, digital circuits and high speed Printed Circuit Board (PCB). The IE3D has become the most versatile, easy to use, efficient and accurate electromagnetic simulation tool. The length of the antenna is nearly half wavelength in the dielectric it is a very critical parameter, which governs the resonant frequency of the antenna. In view of design, selection of the patch width and length are the major parameters along with the feed line dimensions. Desired patch antenna design was simulated by IE3D simulator program. The entire project is being carried out at National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), ISRO.

Evaluations of the Effect of Workshop/Laboratory Accidents and Precautionary Steps towards Safety Practice”

Abstract: A good number of scientist, engineers, laboratory or workshop users have lost their lives and the lives of others due to accidents in the workshop caused by ignorance, neglect or carelessness. This paper focus on the incident and prevalence rate of workshop and laboratory accidents in twenty (20) schools within Cross River State, Nigeria. The investigation took place between January 2008 and December 2012 (a period of five years). A total of 66 departments were investigated. The data was source with the help of the technologist and head of Department of each of the schools. Based on these data, using descriptive analysis, multiple bar chart and Trend analysis (Analysis of variance-SPSS) to show the growth and decline of laboratory or workshop accidents across various departments over the years of study. The result revealed that the average number of accidents occurred most in chemistry department; UNICAL and CRUTECH at 25 and 18 respectively, (table 1 and 2). And that of 18 secondary schools indicated that Bekwara Local Government Area was the highest numbers of accidents (20.0) table 3, while Biase Local Government Area had the least (10.2), physics and biology had recorded less accidents (table 3). In the two universities, computer/Maths statistic Department had less laboratory accident due to not being exposed to heavy chemical. Hence, from this result, 40 workshop safety and precautionary steps are release to avoid or minimize accidents in the laboratory or workshop towards a healthy carrier. Key Word: workshop accidents, Technology, Scientist, Engineers, Safety and precautions