Showing papers in "Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine in 2009"

The effects of Ginger on spermatogenesis and sperm parameters of rat

Abstract: Background: Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale R., family: Zingiberaceae) is used medicinally and as a culinary spice. Objective: Medicinal use of ginger dates back to ancient China and India. Ginger and its constituents are stated to have antiemetic, antithrombotic, antihepatotoxic, antiinflammatory, stimulant, cholagogue and antioxidant. It has been used since ancient time as medicinal and food origins it contain antioxidative and androgenic activities and have well effect in diseases treatment in more countries world-wide. As an antioxidant’s ginger has a useful effect on spermatogenesis and sperm parameters. Materials and Methods: Wistar male rat (n=30) were allocated into three groups, control (n=10) and test groups (n=20), that subdivided into groups of 2 that received ginger rhizome powder (50 and 100mg/kg/day) for 20 consequence day. Animals were kept in standard conditions. In twentieth day the testes tissue of Rats in whole groups were removed and sperm was collected from epididymis and prepared for analysis. Results: Serum total testosterones significantly increased in experimental group that has received 100 mg/kg/day Ginger (p<0.05) in comparison to control group. Besides, the percentage of sperm viability and motility in both test groups significantly increased (p<0.05) in comparison to control group, Whereas, LH, FSH hormones, sperm concentration, morphology and testes weights in both experimental and control group were similar. Conclusion: Results revealed that administration of 100 mg/kg/day of ginger significantly increased sperm percentage, viability, motility and serum total testosterones. This suggested that ginger may be promising in enhancing sperm healthy parameters.

The effects of diazinon on testosterone, FSH and LH levels and testicular tissue in mice.

Abstract: Background: Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate insecticide which is used worldwide in agriculture. The exposure to this chemical might lead to damages to the living systems. Objective: The present study was done to investigate the effects of diazinon on the structure of testis and levels of sex hormones in adult male mice. Materials and Methods: For this experiment, the mature male mice divided into three groups; Control (no injection), sham (corn oil injection) and DZN (diazinon was administrated at dose of 30 mg / kg for 30 d five consecutive days per week). Animals were killed 35 days after the latest injection. Testes tissues sections were provided to investigate the histopathological changes. Serum testosterone, LH and FSH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Data were analyzed using of oneway ANOVA. Significance was set at p<0.05. Results: A significant reduction was observed in diameter and weight of testes after DZN administration. Furthermore, DZN brought about significant reduction in sperm counts and spermatogenic, Leydig and Sertoli cells and a decrease in serum testosterone concentration. Histopathological examination of testes showed degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules (p<0.001). The levels of LH and FSH were increased in DZN groups compared to the control and sham groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: DZN is a toxicant for mammals’ spermatogenic cells during the early spermatogenesis. Therefore, application of DZN should be limited to a designed program.

The epidemiological and etiological aspects of infertility in Yazd province of Iran

Abstract: Background: Infertility is defined as one year unprotected intercourse without pregnancy. It greatly affects couples' quality of life, and has great impact on their careers, everyday activities, sexual and non-sexual relationships. Objective: To study the prevalence of both primary and secondary infertility and demographic characteristics of it in Yazd province. Materials and Methods: We studied 5200 married defined couples in 260 randomized clusters. These couples were interviewed based on using a structured questionnaire. Then, for etiological evaluation, infertile couples were referred to the Research and Clinical Center for Infertility. Results: Among these couples, 277 cases of infertility were encountered and the overall prevalence of infertility was 5.52% (95% CI from 4.9% to 6.1%). In total 170 couples (3.48%) had primary and 107 (2.04%) had secondary infertility. The prevalence of infertility in rural and urban areas was 5.3% and 6.8% respectively. Female factors were more common (57.5%) in etiologic assessment of infertility. Conclusion: Our data showed a lower total prevalence of infertility in our people compared to the other countries. Furthermore, there was significant difference in infertility prevalence between geographic parts of the province. Female factors and among them ovarian disorders were the main cause of infertility in central part of Iran.

Emotional adjustment in infertile couples

Abstract: Background: This study assessed emotional adjustment of infertile couples and the psychological outcomes of infertility (depression, anxiety, relationship and sexual problems, and personality disorders) in different phases of treatment. References used include studies which have been performed within the last two decades. The articles were invested on data bases at Pub med, Scholar, Google, Scpous and Amazon and key words include (infertility OR pregnancy OR depression OR anxiety OR psychology disorder OR marital satisfaction OR psychiatric & psychology interventions AND personality disorder or ….). Each one of them was used in abstract and keywords, according to articles selected which were published before 2006. Almost all of accessible articles were obtained, and other inappropriate articles were not considered. Results: Results derived from most studies show that more than half of infertile people (women, men, and couples) learn to cope with this problem to some extent. Conclusion: However, a significant percentage of people show clinical signs such as inability to adjust with the problem and inappropriate emotional reactions, which highlights the importance of psychological inventions and psychotherapy.

Semen quality characteristics, reaction time, testis weight and seminiferous tubule diameter of buck rabbits fed neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) leaf meal based diets

Abstract: Background: To ascertain the effects of tropical leaf meals on semen production and semen quality. Objective: This study was conducted with the main objective of investigating the effect of neem leaf meal on physiological responses of rabbit bucks fed graded levels of neem leaf (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) meal. Materials and Methods: The varying levels of neem leaf meal (NLM) in the different experimental diets were 0, 5, 10 and 15% respectively. Four groups of nine crossbred New Zealand type rabbit bucks each, aged 7-8 months were randomly assigned to four diets containing neem leaf meal (NLM) at 0% (control) (CD0), 5% (CD1), 10% (CD2) and 15% (CD3) respectively for 16 weeks. Results: The sperm concentration values obtained were 20.15 ×106 /ml, 18.04×106 /ml, 13.65×106 /ml, 6.46 ×106 /ml for the CD0, CD1, CD2 and CD3 groups respectively. The results obtained indicate that sperm motility were lowest (pl0.05) in the treatment groups than the control group. Total sperm per ejaculate was similar (pg0.05) between the control and those on 5–10 %NLM dietary groups however, the value for the 15%NLM group was significantly (pl0.05) lower than that of the control. Abnormal sperm percentage of the bucks fed 15% NLM was significantly (pl0.05) higher than those bucks on CD1, CD2 and CD3 groups. The seminiferous tubule diameters were significantly smaller in the 15% NLM (203µm) than the other 3 dietary groups. All the other variables measured including semen volume, weight of testis and reaction time did not differ (pg0.05) among the experimental group. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the inclusion of neem leaf meal up to 15% in the ration of matured rabbit bucks could cause mild depressive effect on the spermatogenesis, semen quality and seminiferous tubule diameter.

Correlation of sperm morphology and oxidative stress in infertile men

Abstract: Background: Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the semen is believed to affect fertility in men. Morphologically abnormal sperms and their relation to seminal oxidative stress in infertile and subfertile men are not clear. Objective: To correlate various sperm morphological defects with seminal oxidative stress in infertile and subfertile men. Materials and Methods: The study included 25 primary, 21 secondary infertile men of idiopathic infertility and 15 fertile controls. Standard semen analysis was performed according to WHO (1999) guidelines. Sperm inter-morphological defects were evaluated in 100 sperms per sample by Giemsa staining. ROS in spermatozoa was measured by the chemiluminescence assay. Results: Significant difference in percent sperm amorphous head was found between secondary infertile group and control men. The study showed a significantly higher percent spermatozoa with residual cytoplasm between primary [11.61 (6.6, 3.9)], secondary [7.49 (0.8, 13)] and fertile controls [2.44 (0.8, 3.7)] similar to sperm count, percent sperm progressive motility, and ROS levels. A non significant but strong positive correlation (r=0.3479, p=0.0884) between percent cytoplasmic retained spermatozoa and ROS levels was observed in the primary infertile group. However, no correlation between other sperm morphological defects and oxidative stress was observed. Conclusion: Sperm morphology was not found to be associated with oxidative stress in the present study. However, retained cytoplasmic residues in the sperm may be an important source of ROS in both primary and secondary infertile men. These immature spermatozoa are believed to be associated with impaired fertility.

Can Zeta sperm selection method, recover sperm with higher DNA integrity compare to density gradient centrifugation?

Abstract: Background: Sperm selection for ICSI based on morphology and motility might not be relevant to chromatin integrity. Thus sperm selection based on sperm characteristics has been suggested. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of Zeta method with routine Density Gradient Centrifugation method (DGC) for the selection of sperm with higher DNA integrity. Materials and Methods: Semen samples were obtained from 63 individuals referring to Andrology Unit of Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center. Semen analysis was carried out according to WHO criteria. Each semen sample was divided into three equal portions. One portion was used as control, the second portion was used for Zeta method and the third portion underwent DGC method. Each portion was evaluated to DNA integrity by TUNEL assay. Student t-test was carried out using SPSS and p-value lower than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean number of sperm DNA fragmentation in Zeta and DGC methods were significantly decreased compare to the control group (p<0.001). In addition, Zeta method was more efficient than the DGC method in the selection of sperm with intact DNA (p<0.001). Conclusion: The Zeta method appears to be a suitable procedure to recover sperm with normal DNA integrity.

Effects of vitamin E on sperm parameters and reproductive hormones in developing rats treated with para-nonylphenol

Abstract: Background: para-nonylphenol (p-NP) is able to induce malformations in male reproductive system Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the preventing role of vitamin E (VitE) on sperm parameters and reproductive hormones in developing rats Materials and Methods: Pregnant rats were divided into 4 groups: control p-NP VitE and p-NP+VitE Treatments were performed on day 7 of gestation and continued during weaning The male pups were then divided into the same groups as the mothers and were treated till 90 days of age Finally body and left testis weight were recorded and left epididymis was cut in Ham’s F10 Released sperm were used to analyze number motility and viability of the sperm Blood serum was used to assess follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) estrogen and testosterone Results: In p-NP-treated rats a significant decrease was found in body and testis weight sperm number and sperm motility compared to control and p-NP+VitE groups A significant increase was also found in sperm viability in VitE group (833±76) compared to both p-NP (595±75) and control (663±97) groups Rats treated with p-NP showed a significant decrease in FSH level and a significant increase in estrogen level However testosterone and LH level remained constant In p-NP+VitE group the change of estrogen level but not FSH was significantly reversed compared to p-NP group Conclusion: VitE not only is able to compensate the toxic effects of p-NP on testis weight sperm number sperm motility and estrogen level but also increases sperm viability in developing rat

Effect of withania somnifera on levels of sex hormones in the diabetic male rats

Abstract: Background: There are evidences regarding the prevalence of dysfunction in sexual function and behavior in diabetic people. Experimental studies revealed a positive effect of withania somnifera on sexual function and behaviors. Objective: In this research, the effect of withania somnifera on sexual function in diabetic male Wistar rats was assessed by measuring the serum levels of testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, FSH and LH. Materials and Methods: Experimental diabetes mellitus type I was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose (60 mg/kg) of streptozotocin (STZ) in Wistar male rats. Oral withania somnifera root was given in pelleted food at ratio of 6.25% for 4 weeks. The levels of gonadadotropic hormones (LH, FSH), progesterone, estrogen and testosterone in animals’ serum were determined after 4 weeks in all groups. Results: Withania somnifera root was effective in lowering FSH serum level in somnifera-treated animals compared to controls (p<0.05) in both diabetic and nondiabetic groups, whereas progesterone (p<0.05), testosterone (p<0.05) and LH levels (p<0.001) were significantly higher in non-diabetic treated animals. Oral somnifera root was also able to reverse the reductive effect of diabetes on the progesterone. The estrogen level did not show any significant difference in any of the groups. Conclusion: It is suggested that withania somnifera may have a regulatory effect on diabetes-induced change of the levels of gonadal-hormones, especially progesterone, in male rats. Nevertheless, somnifera is apparently only able to diminish FSH serum level in intact animals.

Effect of oxytocin injection on folliculogenesis, ovulation and endometrial growth in mice

Abstract: Background: Induction of ovulation in ART is necessary for superovulation and the side effects of superovulatory drugs are debated. Oxytocin as a natural hormone, have receptors and is synthesized by several reproductive organs. Preovulatory presence of oxytocin receptor mRNAs in granulosa cells indicating a role for oxytocin in follicular development. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exogenous oxytocin injection on folliculogenesis, ovulation and endometrial growth in mice. Materials and Methods: Forty adult female mice were divided into two groups as control and experimental. The mice at their sterous cycle received 1 IU/gr oxytocin, in experimental, and the same volume of solvent in control groups. Half of the mice in each group are sacrificed at 24 hours post injection and the other half, 48 hours after the injection. Ovarian samples fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin and sections were stained with H and E and studied using stereological techniques. The data were analyzed with Man – Whitney test. Results: Microscopic examination revealed that the number and morphological features of follicles at different stages were similar at 24 and 48 hours post injection in both groups. The volumes of the ovaries were similar in both groups at 24 hour. However, at 48 hour, the volume of ovaries, corpora lutea and endometrial thickness, in experimental group, were significantly higher than those in control group (p< 0.05). Conclusion: According to the increased volume of corpus luteum in the experimental group, it is concluded that oxytocin injection has a stimulatory effect on induction of ovulation.

Effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic field on mouse epididymis and deferens ducts

Abstract: Background: Considerable attention is focused on effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) and its increasing use in everyday life. Appliances and various equipments are sources of electromagnetic fields with a wide-range of technical characteristics. Objective: In this study we investigated the effect of EMF (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) on epididymis and deferens duct in mice. Materials and Methods: 30 BALB/C mice were selected and divided into three groups (control, sham and experimental). While control and sham groups were not exposed to EMF, the experimental group was exposed to EMF (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) 4 hours a day, 6 days per week and for 2 months. At the end of 2 months, the mice were sacrificed, dissected and samples from epididymis and vas deferens in all groups were taken and processed for light microscopic studies. 40 microscopic fields from each group were randomly selected. The diameters and the height of epithelial cells of epididymis and deferens duct in 3 groups were measured and compared using statistical methods. Results: The data showed that the mean diameter of epididymis and deferens duct in EMF group was significantly decreased compared to the control group (p=0.001). The height of epithelial cells in epididymis and deferens duct in EMF group was considerably reduced compared to the control and sham groups (p=0.001). In addition, the weight of testes in EMF group was significantly decreased compared to the control and sham groups (p<0.007). Conclusion: It could be concluded that the exposure to EMF leads to detrimental effects on male reproductive system in mice as seen by a decrease in diameter of reproductive ducts, the height of epithelial cells and weight of testes.

Relationships between free leptin and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Abstract: Background: Leptin is an adipokine that circulates in a free form and bound to a soluble leptin receptor. Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome have increased insulin resistance and high incidence of obesity. Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate levels of leptin and free leptin in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and note any relationships with insulin resistance and adiposity. Materials and Methods: We assessed the correlation of metabolic parameters with the levels of free leptin and it’s bound form in 27 PCOS women (aged 26±5.6 years) and 27 healthy women with normal menstrual cycle as controls (aged 25 ±4 years).Total leptin and insulin levels were measured using ELISA. Free leptin form was purified by Gel filtration chromatography and their collected fractions were measured by a sensitive ELISA-Kit. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Results: In PCOS patients and control group a correlation between leptin and body mass index (BMI) was found. A significant difference was found between leptin and free leptin levels in PCOS subjects and controls (p<0.05). Significant correlations were found between free and total leptin with insulin resistant in PCOS subjects (r=0.78 p=0.00, r=0.84 p=0.003) and control groups respectively (r=0.86 p=0.00, r=0.69 p=0.00). Conclusion: Total and free leptin forms are correlated significantly with BMI in patients with PCOS and in controls. Total and free leptin forms showed significant correlations with insulin resistance but no significant difference was seen in the two groups investigated.

Comparison of ultrastructure and morphology of mouse ovarian follicles after conventional and direct cover vitrification using different concentrations of ethylene glycol

Abstract: Background: Many attempts have done to improve cryopreservation of mammalian ovaries using simple, economical and efficient technique “vitrification”. Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the mouse ovaries cryopreservation by direct cover vitrification (DCV) using different concentrations of ethylene glycol (EG) with conventional vitrification methods (CV). Materials and Methods: Ninety NMRI mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation; their ovaries were divided into three main experimental groups: control or non-vitrified group, CV group and DCV groups with 4, 6 and 8M EG as cryoprotectant. After vitrification-warming, the viability of mechanically isolated follicles and the morphology of ovarian follicles by light and electron microscopes were studied. Results: The normality of primary and preantral follicles in non-vitrified and CV groups were higher than those achieved by DCV groups (p<0.001). The survival rates of isolated follicles in non-vitrified, CV and DCV groups with 4M, 6M and 8M ethylene glycol were 98.32, 96.26, 84.10, 85.46 and 84.56 %, respectively and in DCV groups it was lower than other groups (p<0.001). The ultrastructure of ovarian follicles was well preserved in CV technique. The follicles in DCV groups appeared to have vacuolated oocyte with nuclear shrinkage and irregular distribution of cytoplasmic organelles. Their mitochondria were located mainly in the sub cortical part of the oocyte and the granulosa cells demonstrated some signs of degeneration. Conclusion: DCV of mouse ovarian tissue using only EG has induced some alteration on the fine structure of follicles. The integrity of mouse ovarian tissue was affected by DCV technique more than CV.

Comparison of maternal serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) in severe and mild preeclampsia versus normal pregnancy

Abstract: Background: Preeclampsia is a disorder unique to pregnancy and has long been recognized as an important contributor of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. It is suggested that cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) have an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and may cause generalized endothelial dysfunction. Objective: The aim of this study was comparison of maternal serum TNF-α in severe and mild preeclampsia versus normal pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 37 women with preeclampsia (17 mild and 20 severe preeclampsia) and 41 normotensive pregnant women with similar gestational age at third trimester of pregnancy. All the preeclamptic cases had blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg, and proteinuria ≥ 300 mg in a 24-h urine sample. Maternal serum TNF-α concentration was compared in all of them. Results: The level of TNF-α concentration was not statistically different between the studied groups. No significant correlation was found between preeclampsia and control group as they were compared in the view of maternal serum TNF-α concentration. Conclusion: These findings suggest that serum TNF-α is not significantly associated with preeclampsia.

Antioxidant effect of plant extracts on phospholipids levels in oxidatively stressed male reproductive organs in mice

Abstract: Background: High content of phospholipids in testes and epididymis is involved in regulation of spermatogenesis. On the other side, it makes testes susceptible to oxidative stress due to lipid peroxidation, which alters the normal mechanism of spermatogenesis. Objective: In the present investigation, antioxidant effects of ethanolic extracts of parsley, lettuce and brahmi were tested against D-galactose induced oxidative stress in mouse testes and epididymis. Materials and Methods: Oxidative stress was induced in six months old mice by injecting a low dose of D-galactose. Antioxidant effect of plant extracts was studied in testes and epididymis of oxidatively stressed mice in conjunction with thin layer chromatographic separation of phospholipids and quantitative estimation of phospholipid phosphorus. Results: The results showed decrease in total phospholipids content and level of phospholipid phosphorus in the testes and epididymis of D-galactose stressed mice. The administration of plant extracts along with D-galactose showed no significant alterations in the phospholipids content in testes and epididymis. Conclusion: Decreased phospholipids and phospholipids phosphorus in testes and epididymis of D-galactose stressed mice indicates peroxidation of lipids due to injection of D-galactose. The plant extracts helped to maintain the level of peroxidation in these organs even under stressed condition. It is postulated that ethanolic extracts of parsley, brahmi and lettuce are protective against D-galactose induced oxidative stress in testes and epididymis.

The effect of administrating indomethacin or hyoscine before embryo transfer on ART outcome (a pilot study).

Abstract: Background: In spite of the great progress in assisted reproductive techniques ( ART), and although good quality embryos are transferred, pregnancy rates have remained around 30%-35% due to low implantation rates. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the effects of administrating indomethacin or hyoscine suppositories prior to embryo transfer on the pregnancy rate in ART cycles. Materials and Methods: This double-blind clinical trial was performed in Vali-e-Asr Hospital as a pilot study from August 2005 through December 2006 on 66 infertile women in ART cycles. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation was done using recombinant FSH (Gonal-F) with a long GnRH analogue protocol. After obtaining written consent, the subjects were randomly allocated into three equal groups (n=22). Groups A and B received indomethacin and hyoscine rectal suppositories, respectively 30 minutes before embryo transfer and group C was the control group. Data were analyzed by χ2 , t-test, ANOVA, and Kruskall Wallis tests. Results: Overall pregnancy rate was 31% (n=21) with 13.6% (n=3) in group A, 45.5% (n=10), and 36% (n=8) in groups B and C respectively, which shows that pregnancy rate is significantly higher in the group using hyoscine compared to the other two groups (p=0.04). Uterine muscle cramps were experienced by 3 women (13.6%) in group C while none were reported by women in groups A or B, which shows a significant difference (p<0.04). Conclusion: It seems that compared to indomethacin, hyoscine administration 30 minutes prior to embryo transfer can significantly increase pregnancy rates by reducing uterine and cervical muscle spasm.

Effects of pentoxifylline and vitamin E on pregnancy rate in infertile women treated by ZIFT: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract: Background: Reviewing the literature reveals that pentoxifylline (PTX) plus tocopherol (vitamin E) are used mainly to promote sperm quality. However trials focusing on the effects of these drugs in female partner are limited. Combination of pentoxifylline and vitamin E appeared to improve the pregnancy rate in patients with a thin endometrium by increasing the endometrial thickness and improving ovarian function. Objective: To determine whether combined PTX and tocopherol treatment can improve clinical pregnancy rate. Materials and Methods: One hundred twelve infertile women undergoing standardized controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for ICSI- ZIFT entered this randomized clinical trial. Patients were randomized to equal groups of combined PTX and tocopherol therapy or none (not receiving PTX and tocopherol). These drugs were administered to the intervention group for two cycles before starting ICSI-ZIFT cycle. Main outcome measure was clinical pregnancy rate. SPSS.11 software (SPSS Inc. Chicago IL.) was used for data collection and analysis. Results: The clinical pregnancy was higher in the intervention (combined PTX and tocopherol) group in comparison to the other group (57.14% vs 39.29% p=0.01). However there was no difference in the mean endometrial thickness number of retrieved oocytes the number of metaphase II oocytes and grade of them in both groups. Conclusion: This study showed that PTX plus tocopherol could improve the ZIFT outcome in infertile couples. Local effects and anti oxidative characteristics of these drugs may be the cause of better results.

Age and basal fsh as a predictor of art outcome

Abstract: Background: Female age and basal FSH level are independently associated with IVF outcome. They are both related to the same phenomenon, namely ovarian reserve. Objective: To evaluate the effective role of serum FSH concentration at the start of treatment cycle on ART outcome. Materials and Methods: A total of 207 women undergoing IVF and ICSI cycles were included in this study. Basal FSH concentrations were measured and the women's ages were calculated before they were undergoing pituitary desensitization and its correlation with ART outcome was evaluated. Results: Increasing FSH was associated significantly with reduced number of follicles > 15mm, oocytes retrieved, and embryos obtained. Conclusion: Age is the most important prognostic factor but basal serum FSH can be used to identify women who are very likely to perform poorly in ART, probably because of diminished ovarian reserve.

Correlation between serum lipids profile with sperm parameters of infertile men with abnormal semen analysis

Abstract: Background: One of the main laboratory tests for evaluation of infertility is semen analysis (SA). However, additional tests may be suggested for further diagnosis of male fertility potentials. The seminal fluid contains sperms, non-sperm cells, and various types of lipids and glucose. Objective: The objective of this cross-sectional study was to correlate the sperm parameters with concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL in serum samples of infertile men with abnormal SA. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 infertile men (aged 23-49 years) with abnormal SA were enrolled for this cross-sectional study. Sperm concentration and motility was evaluated using Makler chamber. While, normal morphology was done after Geimsa staining. Following 12 h of fasting, the blood samples were obtained for evaluation of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL levels. The lipid profiles were compared with the rates of normal and abnormal sperm parameters. Chi-square and fisher exact tests were used for data evaluation. Results: 75.5% and 98% of the subjects with normal levels of triglyceride had abnormal sperm morphology and progressive motility, respectively. Also, abnormal levels of triglyceride and cholesterol were related with abnormal sperm morphology and motility. The levels of LDL and HDL were normal in 80% and 89.3% of the cases, respectively. The majority of the patients with normal LDL had abnormal sperm parameters. Conclusion: The results showed that the concentrations of serum lipids were not generally related with the quality of semen parameters. Further studies on the role of lipid profiles of infertile men with sperm fertilizing potentials are necessary.

The outcome of in vitro fertilization / intracytoplasmic sperm injection in endometriosis–associated and tubal factor infertility

Abstract: Background: Endometriosis is one of the most challenging diseases that constitute 20% - 40% of women searching for their infertility diagnosis. Objective: This study was undertaken in order to compare the outcome of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) in women with endometriosis, and tubal factor infertility as controls. Materials and Methods: From 2005 to 2006 a retrospective study was carried out in patients with endometriosis (n=80) and tubal infertility (n=57) after treatment with IVF/ICSI. The main outcome measures were ovarian responsiveness, quality of oocytes, implantation, pregnancy and ongoing pregnancy rates. Appropriate statistical analysis was performed using χ2 and student t-tests. Results: No differences were found in mean number of ampoules of hMG, duration of

The effects of lif and egf on mouse oocyte maturation, fertilization and development in vitro

Abstract: Background: Mammalian oocytes are exposed to a mixture of many different growth factors and cytokines which provides an optimized microenvironment for oocyte maturation. In the lack of this natural microenvironment in vitro the quality of oocyte and embryos appears to be suboptimal. Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of EGF and LIF on in vitro maturation fertilization and cleavage rates in mouse oocytes. Materials and Methods: The GV oocytes were collected from female NMRI mice and randomly divided into control and 3 treatment groups. Oocytes in treatment groups were cultured in the maturation medium supplemented with 50 ng/ml rhLIF (Treatment 1) 10ng/ml EGF (Treatment 2) and 50 ng/ml LIF+ 10ng/ml EGF (Treatment 3) for 24 hours at 37°C in humidified 5% CO2 in air. The matured oocytes were fertilized in vitro and cultured for 96 hours. Finally the developmental rates were assessed and embryos were stained using Hoechst 33258. Results: There was a higher maturation rate in treatment groups compared to the control group. There was not any significant difference in the rate of fertilization among the groups. The rates of cleavage (79.1%) and blastocyst formation (62.2%) were significantly higher in LIF + EGF group comparing to the other groups. The rates of hatching in groups treatment 1 (35.2%) and 3(41%) was significantly higher comparing to the other groups. Also the mean of total cell number in treatment groups significantly was higher than control (pl 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest a beneficial effect of LIF and EGF on mouse oocyte maturation and cleavage rates.

Results of icsi in severe oligozoospermic and azoospermic patients with azf microdeletions

Abstract: Background: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of AZF (Azoospermia Factor) microdeletions of the Y chromosome in infertile Turkish male patients and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcome of these patients. Objective: This study was undertaken in order to evaluate the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in infertil man with AZF microdeletions Materials and Methods: We evaluated 348 azoospermic and oligozoospermic patients retrospectively. Fourty of these patients had various types of AZF microdeletions. These patients had non-obstructive severe oligoasthenospermia or azoospermia with normal karyotype. Azoospermic patients underwent testicular sperm extraction and aspiration (TESE, TESA). Then ICSI was performed to patients who had testicular sperm or ejeculat. Results: Fourty patients with AZF microdeletion were evaluated in this study. No spermium could be found in 27 patients. Three of these patients had only AZFa microdeletion, three had AZFb microdeletion, three had AZF (b+c), six had AZF (a+b+c) and 12 patients had AZFc microdeletion. Only two of all patients achieved a pregnancy and both had only AZFc microdeletion. Conclusion: AZFc microdeletions have a better prognosis for achieving spermium in ejaculate or TESE, TESA materials.

Developmental consequences of mouse cryotop- vitrified oocyte and embryo using low concentrated cryoprotectants

Abstract: Background: The risk of multiple pregnancies, often present in programs of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), is an important force for embryo cryopreservation. On the other hand, ethical restriction and assurance of potential fertility following chemo/radio therapy has led scientists to focus on female gamete preservation. Objective: Optimizing vitrification protocol by using less concentrated cryoprotectants (CPAs) in order to decrease CPAs toxicity. Materials and Methods: Mouse Metaphase-II (M-II) oocytes and four cell-stage embryos were collected. Oocytes Survival, Fertilization and Developmental Rates (SRs, FRs, DRs) were recorded after cryotop-vitrification/warming. As well as comparing fresh oocytes and embryos, the data obtained from experimental groups (exp.) applying 1.25, 1.0, 0.75 molar (M) CPAs were analyzed in comparison to those of adopting 1.5 M CPAs [largely-used concentration of Ethylen Glycol (EG) and Dimethyl-sulphoxide (DMSO)]. Results: The data of oocytes exposed to 1.25 M concentrated CPAs were in consistency with those exposed to 1.5 M and control group in terms of SR, FR and DR. As less concentration was applied, the more decreased SRs, FRs and DRs were obtained from other experimental groups. The results of embryos which were exposed to 1.25 M and 1.0 M were close to those vitrified with 1.5 M and fresh embryos. The results of 0.75 M concentrated CPAs solutions were significantly lower than those of control, 1.5 M and 1.0 M treated groups. Conclusion: CPAs limited reduction to 1.25 M and 1.0 M instead of using 1.5 M, for oocyte and embryo cryotop-vitrification procedure may be a slight adjustment.

A ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess after intrauterine insemination; a case report

Abstract: Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease is one of the most serious infection and one of the important and life threatening complications of it is tubo-ovarian abscess. This infection with intrauterine insemination (IUI) is rare. We report a case of ruptured tubo- ovarian abscess after (IUI). Case: A 27 years old woman was referred to our center with acute abdominal pain and fever one week after IUI. The diagnosis was PID and after treatment with intravenous antibiotics she was still febrile after 3days and had generalized tenderness in abdominal exam. Therefore, laparatomy was performed and left fallopian tube ruptured abscess was detected. Left salpingectomy was done. The patient developed dyspnea and tachypnea in second day post operation and echocardiography with spiral CT scan was normal. So a mild ARDS was considered .The patient was discharged from hospital 5 days after operation in good condition. Conclusion: This is a case of PID, tubal abscess and ARDS after IUI and it is necessary to keep in mind this diagnosis after IUI.

Detection of aromatase in human endometrial tissue cultured in three-dimensional fibrin matrix in vitro

Abstract: Background: Endometriosis is the presence of endometrial glandular and stromal cells outside of the uterine cavity Our previous study showed that in vitro culture of human endometrial tissue in a three-dimensional (3D) fibrin matrix could mimic the early stages of endometriosis with invasion, gland and stroma formation and sprouting of new vessels Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the expression of aromatase in in vitro cultured endometrial fragments Materials and Methods: Endometrial samples obtained from the fundus of the uterine cavity of ten normal ovulating women on cycle days19-24 that referred to Toronto Center for Advanced Reproductive Technology (TCART) for infertility treatment and cultured in vitro by a three-dimensional fibrin matrix culture system Cultures were performed in 24-well culture plates Results: After 4 weeks, the tissues were fixed and blocked for immunostaining They were stained by anti-aromatase antibodies Although a fine anti-glycodelin positive glandular epithelium and anti-cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) positive new vessels were detected and reported in our previous study, we were unable to detect any aromatase activity in the cultured fragments Conclusion: No aromatase activity was detected in the 3D cultured endometrial tissue Although it is reported that aromatase is expressed in endometrial disease, it is possibly not expressed in this phase in normal endometrium

The ovarian stimulation effects on muc1 expression of the mouse endometrium before implantation

Abstract: Background: Acceptance of uterus and reaction between endometrium and embryo has an important role for implantation. Muc1, an integral membrane mucin, is expressed on the apical surface of uterine epithelial cells and could have effects on its receptivity. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in Muc1 expression of gravid mouse endometrium with and without hyperstimulation before implantation. Materials and Methods: Adult female NMRI mice were divided into control and experimental groups. Experimental group superovulated using an intraperitoneal injection of Pregnant Mare’s Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG) followed 48 hours later by another injection of Human Chorionic Gonadotropic hormone (HCG). The female mice have mated with normal male mice. All control and hyperstimulated groups subdivided into six groups. After mating, female mice were examined by vaginal plaque as day of zero and in 0-5 days after copulation, they were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Then the middle 1/3 parts of their uterine horns were obtained and stained by immunohistochemicaly technique for Muc-1 detection. Results: Our results showed that in the control and hyperstimulated groups, the Muc1 expression is markedly reduced in the luminal uterus epithelium at the time of implantation. Furthermore, luminal and glandular uterus epithelium did not exhibit the same decrease in Muc1 expression during the receptive phase. Conclusion: Ovarian hyperstimulation didn’t alter the Muc1 expression markedly in surface and glandular epithelium of endometrium, which could affect on its receptivity.

Effect of LH treated ovine oviductal epithelial cell co-culture system on murine pre-embryo development

Abstract: Background: This study was designed to develop a new co-culture system, assess the effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) using sequential media to promote development and increase the quality of 2-cell murine embryos through the 8-16 cell stage to morula and blastocyst stages. Materials and Methods: Monolayers for co-culture were prepared from ovine oviduct epithelial cells (OOEC) in DMEM/F12 medium and in-vivo-fertilized 2-cell embryos were collected by flushing from superovulated mice. Co-culture media was treated with 10ng/ml LH. For the control groups, embryos were cultured solely in G1/G2TMVer.5 drops and containing LH; and on OOEC monolayers in G1/G2TMVer.5 drops alone and containing LH as the experimental groups. Development and quality rates were determined for all embryos daily and statistically compared. At the end of the cultivation period, differentially stained trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) of expanded blastocysts from each group were examined microscopically. Results: The embryos cultured on an OOEC monolayer in G1/G2TMVer.5 drops treated with LH had a significantly higher developmental rate than those of the group without LH and the control groups (p≤0.05). The blastocysts from the LH treated co-culture, in comparison with the group without LH and the control groups, also had a significantly higher mean cell number (p≤0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that elevated periovulatory LH levels may promote preimplantation embryo development. These results have important implications for assisted reproductive technologies in which co-cultures are used to improve pregnancy rates. OOEC cell co-culture system treated by LH could improve in vitro preimplantation embryo development both in terms of quality (increasing blastocyst cellularity) and developmental rate.

A comparison of the effects of ABVD and ChlVPP chemotherapeutic protocols for Hodgkin's disease on the spermatozoa fertility indices of male rats

Abstract: Background: Fertility protection is important in young patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the effects of ABVD and ChlVPP chemotherapeutic protocols for Hodgkin's disease on the spermatozoa fertility indices of male rat. Materials and Methods: After determining tolerance dose of drugs in pilot study, 24 male rats were divided to four groups: ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycine, vinblastin, dacarbazine) group, ChlVPP (chlorambucil, vinblastin, procarbazine, prednisolone) group and two control groups one for each treatment group. One half of the lethal dose for fifty percent of population was used for treatment of animals in each protocol. Spermatozoa were used for computer- assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and morphology analyses. Heads of spermatozoa were counted. Results: Body weight, testis and epididymis weights, spermatozoa number, and live ratio in treated rats were significantly less than their control groups (p<0.05) specifically these parameters in ABVD group was less than ChlVPP group (F= 19.6, p=0.000). Spermatozoa morphology in treated groups were more abnormal than control groups (p<0.05). Evaluation of reproductive system efficacy showed that there was no pregnancy in ABVD group and in ChlVPP group there was only one pregnant female (16.6%). Conclusion: According to this study results, the ChlVPP had fewer side effects than ABVD in tolerance doses on male rats' reproductive system. More clinical trial studies are suggested on Hodgkin's patients. With equal treatment effectiveness, it will be better to use the most reliable and safe treatment especially in young patients.

Upstream; a novel method for separating human motile sperms

Abstract: Background: Sperm preparation is a fundamental step in ART and attempt for developing new methods to be continued. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of upstream method for separation of human spermatozoa and its effects on sperm parameters including: motility morphology and concentration. Materials and Methods: Semen samples from 17 men who referred to infertility clinic for evaluating their infertility problems were collected. Semen was placed in floor of the upper container of device and then media was gently placed on the upper semen portion. During the procedure semen flowed from upper container and lfontgdropl/fontgped in lower container. When semen flowed the non-motile sperms cells debris and seminal plasma enter the lower container while only motile sperms separated by swimming upstream and go to the upper part of the medium. Finally all of the semen flowed from the upper container to the lower one and merely the medium remained which contained motile normal sperms. Results: With application of upstream method the recovered spermatozoa showed significant improvement with motility and normal morphology. The data showed that mean sperm motility increased from 39% to 90% (p

Polycystic ovarian patient’s serum decreases in vitro development of mouse embryo

Abstract: Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders which cause anovulatory infertility and hyperandrogenism in young women. The common feature in PCOS women is increased ovarian androgen secretion which can effect on the prevalence of miscarriage rate. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PCOS patient's serum on in vitro developmental stages of mouse embryo from two cells to hatching blastocyst. Materials and Methods: After superovulating and fertilizing Balb/c mice, 219 two cells embryos were retrieved, 109 embryos were cultured in 10% PCOS patient's serum and 90% medium and 110 embryos were cultured in 10% normal serum and 90% medium to hatching blastocyst stage. The PCOS patient's serum which added to medium had higher hormonal concentrations than normal serum. The early developmental stages of embryos were studied in 2, 4, 8 cells, morula, early, late and hatching blastocyst stages. Results: The statistical analysis confirmed the decreasing rate in the number of embryos in all developmental stages from 2 cells to hatching blastocyst in PCOS group in comparison with the normal group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The PCOS patient's serum causes the decreasing rate of in vitro development of the early stage in mouse embryos.