Showing papers in "Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research in 2012"

Studies on the Effect of Pomegranate Rind Powder Extract as Natural Antioxidant in Chicken Meat Balls During Refrigerated Storage

Abstract: Trials were conducted to study the effect of pomegranate rind powder extract as natural antioxidant in chicken meat balls during refrigerated storage. Significantly (p<0.05) lower values for cooking loss, pH and 2-thiobarbituric acid (2-TBARS) values and higher values for emulsion stability were obtained due to the incorporation of pomegranate rind powder extract at 5 percent level followed by 2.5 percent level than the other treatments. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in cooking loss, pH, 2-TBARS values and free fatty acid content as the storage period progressed from 0 to 8 days, however emulsion stability of chicken meat balls decreased significantly (p<0.05) during the course of refrigeration. Microbial quality evaluation revealed that chicken meat balls incorporated with pomegranate rind powder extract at 5 percent level had significantly (p<0.05) lower standard plate count during refrigerated storage and a significant (p<0.05) increase in microbial load was observed. Organoleptic evaluation indicated that addition of pomegranate rind powder extract at 5 and 2.5 percent levels to chicken meat balls registered significantly (p<0.05) higher sensory scores for various eating quality attributes than the other treatments. However there was a significant (p<0.05) in all the organoleptic attributes of the product as the storage period increased.

Comparison of Coprological and Postmoretem Examinations Techniques for the Deterimination of Prevalence and Economic Significance of Bovine Fasciolosis

Abstract: Cross-sectional study was done to determine the prevalence and economic significance of fasciolosis at Gondar ELFORA abattoir using coprological and abattoir survey. A 6 year database (2005-2010) from the abattoir was retrieved and analyzed. Faecal samples from randomly selected 400 cattle were examined using sedimentation technique and postmortem. Among 400 livers and faecal samples examined, 119 (29.75%) and 76 (19.5%) were positive for adult fasciola parasites and eggs, respectively. Species identification revealed that F.hepatica was more prevalent (79.8%) as compared to F. gigantica (14.28 %). Some animals (5.88%) were harboring mixed infections. Animals of poor body condition (40%, n=50) were positive for Fasciola. Results from the retrospective study revealed that out of 33, 256 examined livers 8,830 (26.55 %) were condemned due to fasciolosis. Based on present local price of liver, the total economic loss through condemnation accounts 32, 075.41 Eth. Birr (US$ 2,566) annually. This indicated that Fasciola infection is an important condition that leads to high liver condemnation rates consequential into high economic loss. Therefore additional work on this parasite on live animals of different age, species, breeds and economic aspects should be accomplished.

Silver nanoparticles in poultry production.

Abstract: Nanoparticles of silver (nano-Ag) is an emerging alternative feed supplement for poultry and likely for medical applications. As a result of nanosilver special characteristic of killing bacteria, antimicrobial materials containing nanosilver are becoming increasingly important because of their wide range of applications. Despite the widespread use of nanosilver products, rela - tively few studies have been undertaken to determine the biological effects of nano- silver exposure. The ultimate objective of this paper is to clarify the potential of nano-Ag as an alternative growth promoting supplement for chicken.

Prevalence of cattle schistosomiasis and associated risk factors in Fogera cattle, south Gondar zone, Amhara national regional state, Ethiopia.

Abstract: The study was conducted from September 2010 to January 2011 in Fogera district Northwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 270 local cattle of Fogera breeds to determine the prevalence of cattle schistosomiasis and associated risk factors. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the study animals in three peasant associations (PAs). These were Nabega, Shaga and Kokit. Sedimentation technique was applied for the recovery of schistosoma eggs from fresh fecal samples collected directly from rectum and preserved at 40c. Study parameters such as sex, age, husbandry practice, epidemiology and agroecologies were considered. Out of 270 fecal samples examined, 37(13.70%) were found to be positive for schistosomiasis. Nabega showed higher prevalence (17.78%) than other two study sites. From the total of 37 positive samples, 20(15.38%) were males and 17(12.17%) were females. There was no significant statistical variation in sex and age groups. The prevalence of schistosomiasis in calf ( 5 years) were 12(17.65%), 11(12.64 %) and 14(12.48%) respectively. From the result it is concluded that cattle schistosomiasis is one of the major health problems in the district. Therefore, control of schistosomiasis based on drug treatment (strategic anthelmintics practice), snail control and appropriate sanitation measures were recommended.

Prevalence, Isolation, Characterisation and Antibiogram Study of Pathogenic Escherichia coli from Different Poultry Farms of Odisha

Abstract: From 182 birds of different farms of odisha suspected for colibacillosis 317 swab samples containing 51 air sacs, 39 lungs, 53 livers, 36 heart bloods, 45 pericardial fluids, 19 yolk sacs and 74 intestine samples were processed for isolation and iden tification of pathogenic E. coli . and subjected to detail bacteriological and biochemical examination in the laboratory and 105 E. coli isolates were isolated following standard procedures. The percentage of isolation of E. coli isolates in decreasing order was yolk sac (52.6%) and heart blood (38.4%) in 0-4 week birds. In older birds (4-7week) the highest percentage of isolation was from pericardial fluid (35.8%) followed by heart blood (33.4%). The present study showed that the frequency of occurrence of O9 strain is highest (16.7%) followed by O1, O33 & O51 (13.3%), O23 & O119 (10%), O103 & 79 (6.7%) and serotype O90 (3.3%). The antibiogram study reveals that, E. coli isolates found were highly resistant to some of the clas sical drugs like chlortetracycline (88.58%), streptomycin (85.72%), penicillin-G (82.86%), amikacin (82.86%), furazolidone (77.14%), ampicillin (74.29%), Tetracycline(74.29%), Amoxicillin (71.43%) and cotrimoxazole (71.43%), while isolates were highly sensitive to ceftriaxone and tazobactum (94.29%), ceftriaxone (91.43%), gentamicin (85.72%), chloromphenicol (82.67%), cephotaxime (77.14%), cefixime (74.29%) and ciprofloxacin (74.29%).

Estimation of Total Saponins and Evaluate Their Effect on in vitro Methanogenesis and Rumen Fermentation Pattern in Wheat Straw Based Diet

Abstract: The present experiment was carried out to estimate the total saponins and evaluate their effect on methanogenesis and rumen fermentation by in vitro gas production techniques. Three plant material, rough chaff tree seed (Achyranthus aspara, T1), gokhru seed (Tribulus terrestris, T2) and Siris seed (Albizia lebbeck, T3) were selected for present study. The total saponins content in T1, T2 and T3 were 45.75, 25.65 and 48.26% (w/w), respectively. Three levels of each saponins (3, 6 and 9% on DM basis) and wheat straw based (50R:50C) medium fiber diet (200±10 mg) were used for the evaluation of their effect on methanogenesis and rumen fermentation pattern. Results showed the maximum methane reduction (49.66% in term of mM/gDDM) and acetate propionate ration (35.08%) were found in T1 at 6 and 3% levels. Result show that propionate production (mM/ml) was increased; protozoa population decreased (75%) significantly on addition with T3 at 6% level. No significant variation was found in dry matter digestibility in all cases. The present results demonstrate that total saponins extracted from different herbal plants are a promising rumen modifying agent. They have the potential to modulate the methane production, dry matter digestibility and microbial biomass synthesis.

Treatment of Anestrous in Iraqi Buffaloes using Ovsynch alone or in Combination with CIDR

Abstract: The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of the Ovsynch alone or in combination with CIDR treated buffaloes on conception rate of anestrous Iraqi buffaloes. The present study was conducted on 50 anestrous buffaloes suffering from postpartum ovarian inactivity. Buffaloes were randomly assigned to three treatment groups. Buffaloes in Treatment 1 (n=20) received on day 0 GnRH 250 μg and a 25 mg of PGF2α on day 7, two days later a second injection of GnRH (250 μg). Buffaloes in Treatment 2 (n=20) injected on day 0 of the experiment, GnRH 250 μg and a CIDR was placed in the anterior vagina. On day 7, they were injected with 25 mg of PGF2α and on the following day (day 8) the CIDR were removed. On day 9 a second dose of GnRH (250 μg) was injected. Treatment 3 a control group (n=10) received no treatments. Results showed that in treatment 1, 7 out of 20 buffaloes received treatment exhibited estrus within 74.8 ± 6.3 after second GnRH administration. The estrus induction rate was 35%. Total number of buffaloes became pregnant was 1 (5%). In treatment 2 75% of the buffaloes received treatment exhibited estrus within 77.8 ± 5.6 h after CIDR removal. Total number of buffaloes became pregnant was 7 (31.8%). Lower (P <0.05) Pregnancy rate was achieved in buffaloes treated with Ovsynch than other buffaloes treated with Ovsynch plus CIDR. Higher rates of estrus induction (75%; P<0.05) and conception rate (7 buffaloes out of 20) were found in buffaloes treated with Ovsynch plus CIDR. In conclusion, our results indicate that the addition of Ovsynch to a progesterone-based CIDR protocol substantially improves the estrus induction and pregnancy rates in postpartum anestrous buffaloes.

Serological Investigation of Bovine Brucellosis, Johne’s Disease and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in Two States of India

Abstract: In the present study, serological diagnosis of brucellosis, Johne’s Disease (JD) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) was carried out in the states of Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh of India. Apparent prevalence of brucellosis was 7.57 % (true prevalence, 5.66%) in Gujarat and 12.27 % (true prevalence, 10.60%) in Andhra Pradesh. For JD apparent prevalence in Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh was 13.39% (true prevalence, 15.68%) and 16.26% (true prevalence, 19.31%) respectively. Apparent prevalence of IBR was found to be 23.94% (true prevalence, 18.20%) and 26.49% (true prevalence, 21.03%) in Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh respectively. The results of the study revealed that these diseases are highly prevalent in both the states; hence, there is an urgent need for adopting suitable control measures.

Bovine trypanosomosis and its vector type and density at Debre Elias District, North-western Ethiopia.

Abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted from September to November, 2011 to determine the status of trypanosomosis in bovine, vector type and density in Debre Elias district, north-western Ethiopia. Totally, 581 blood samples were collected and analyzed using wet and thin smears, and buffy coat technique. Four traps at randomly selected areas were deployed, and type and number of flies trapped were recorded. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 10.67%. The prevalence were significantly (p 0.05) variation between sex groups. Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense were the two species identified in the area accounting 56.45% and 43.55% of the positive cases, respectively. A total of 912 flies were caught. Of these, 192 (21.05%) were belonging to Glossina species, whereas the remaining were Stomoxys and Tabanus. The apparent density of Glossina, Tabanus and Stomoxys were 1.60, 4.3 and 1.7 fly/trap/day, respectively. From this particular study, it was confirmed that bovine trypanosomosis is a disease of concern in the district. Therefore, appropriate strategies have to be designed to reduce its effect on livestock production.

Effect of Different Storage Temperatures on the Efficacy of the Bivalent Foot and Mouth Disease Oil Vaccine

Abstract: The storage stability of locally produced double oil emulsion adjuvant bivalent Foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine prepared from type O1/Aga/ EGY/93 strain and A/EGY/1/2006 had been determined depending on its shelf life in different storage temperatures during the registration of this vaccine by the Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbasia, Cairo. Samples of this vaccine were kept at 4°C for period of 27 months; at 25°C for 5 weeks and at 37°C for 3 weeks. The potency of these vaccine samples was evaluated in guinea pigs as laboratory animal's model. The obtained results confirmed that the vaccine keep its potency beyond the normal conservation period at 4°C for two years with 100% protection against challenge with FMDV O1/Aga/EGY/93 and at 25°C for 3 weeks and at 37°C for 1 week, showing 80% protection when storage of the vaccine at 25°C for 4 weeks; at 37°C for 2 weeks. On challenge with A/EGY/1/2006 the vaccine gave 100% protection when storage at 4°C for 21 months; at 25°C for 2 weeks and at 37°C for 1 week. Otherwise it gave 80% protection when storage at 4°C for 24 months; at 25°C for 3 weeks and at 37°C for 2 weeks then became invalid after 27 months at 4°C; after 4 weeks at 25°C and for 3 weeks at 37°C. So it could be concluded that 4°C is the best temperature of choice for storage of the oil inactivated bivalent FMD vaccine.

Development of Slide Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (SELISA) for Detection of Trypanosoma evansi Infection in Bovines

Abstract: The Slide enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (SELISA) was standardized for detection of antibodies specific to Trypanosoma evansi and subsequently used for the screening of naturally infected bovine sera. A novel SELISA, a modification of the standard ELISA technique was used for the detection of antibodies against Trypanosoma evansi in bovines using positive and negative control sera. The test is based on immunostaining of the fixed whole Trypanosoma evansi organisms on microscopic glass slide, incubation with sera, antibovine IgG-HRPO conjugate and substrate Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB). Finally the reaction was read under oil immersion of microscope. A total of 702 sera samples from bovines in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh were examined by SELISA and 192 were found positive for Trypanosoma evansi antibodies.

Organ Body Weight Relationship of Some Organs in the Male African Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus)

Abstract: Studies were conducted to examine the relationship between the organ-body weights. Six apparently healthy adult grasscutters were used for the study. Organ weights considered were the liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen and testes, all of which were recorded as mean ± SEM. A highly positive correlation existed between the right testis and the body weight (r = 0.950, p < 0.05). The left testis and the body weight also exhibited high positive relationship (r = 0.904, p < 0.05). Bilateral asymmetry of paired organs was observed, very high positive relationships existed between the right and left lungs (r = 1.000, p < 0.05), the right and left kidneys (r = 0.968, p < 0.05) and also the right and left testes (r = 0.985, p < 0.05). For cases of significant relationships, we infer that the variables or their combinations could provide a good estimate for predicting live weights of the African grasscutter.

Prevalence of multidrug resistant Bacillus cereus in foods and human stool samples in and around Pantnagar, Uttrakhand.

Abstract: .A total number of 63 samples out of 505 samples were found to be positive for Bacillus cereus. The positive samples comprised of 29 samples of human stool, 10 of milk, 23 of meat and meat products origin. These positive isolates were tested against 13 different commonly used antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. Antibiogram pattern of these 63 isolates indicated multidrug resistance. B. cereus isolates showed a high rate of resistance to Carbenicillin, Kanamycin and Ampicillin and intermediate frequency of resistance to Amoxicillin and Cephalothin. All the isolates irrespective of their source were resistant to Bacitracin and Penicillin G and sensitive to Aminoglycosides (Gentamycin, Neomycin and Streptomycin) and Chloramphenicol. However, variable resistance patterns were also recorded in B. cereus isolates obtained from different origin, which is suggestive of source-associated resistance. It can be inferred from the above study that presence of multidrug resistant B. cereus in animal-origin food and environment in such high proportion is of public health significance.

Morphological Studies on the Postnatal Development of the Gut-associated Lymphoid Tissues of the Rabbit Cecum

Abstract: The macroscopic, morphometric, light and scanning electron microscopic structure of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of cecum were studied in the rabbits aged from birth to 16 weeks. The GALT were formed of lymph follicles covered by low columnar epithelium containing intraepithelial lymphocytes and leukocytes. They were concentrated at the ileocecal entrance (ileocecal patch) and in the blind end of the cecum vermiform appendix. In the ileocecal patch, GALT were in direct contact with the lumen, while those of the appendix were covered by the interval intestinal villi in young rabbits and mucosal folds in the adult rabbits. The lymphoid follicles of the ileocecal patch were composed of dome region and germinal center and were separated by narrow inter-follicular areas. Whereas, the lymphoid follicles of the appendix were composed dome region and germinal center in the newly born rabbits and up to the 2nd week of age, the follicles became composed of four different sites: dome region, germinal center, coronal area, and a wide interfollicular area between neighboring follicles. Morphometrically; the dimensions of the lymphoid follicles of the cecal GALT increased in size with the advancement of the age. By SEM the lymphoid structures covered with special epithelium consisted of two types of cell absorptive enterocytes and M cells. The M cells in the cecal patch were microvilliated and present on the tips and sides of the dome lymphoid regions while in the appendix were non-microvilliated and present only on the sides of the dome regions.

Histological and histochemical studies on the ampulla of the deferent duct of donkey (Equus asinus).

Abstract: The present study was performed on the ampulla of the deferent duct of 24 sexually mature apparently healthy male donkeys (5 to 7 years) distributed over the four seasons of the year. The ampullary glands were branched tubulo-alveolar in type which they were opened in a central lumen. The luminal and the glandular epithelium were formed of principal and basal cells. Singly scattered rod- shaped cells were observed among the principal cells. PAS positive reactivity was observed in the surface and the glandular epithelium of the ampulla ductus deferentis. Only the luminal contents and the secretory materials attached to the apical border of the principal cells, showed positive reactivity for alcian blue. The present study presents the first description of the ampulla ductus deferentis of donkey. In addition to, it acts as a reservoir for sperms it had a secretory function for neutral and acid mucopolysaccharid.

Functional Meat and Meat Products: An Overview

Abstract: A food can be regarded as functional if it is satisfactorily demonstrated to beneficially affect one or more target functions in the body, beyond adequate nutritional effects, in a way that is relevant to either improved health or well-being and/or to a reduction in the risk of disease. They are very important for health and are classified on various basis such as Supplementation of functional ingredients in diets of animals which includes Conjugated linoleic acid, Vitamin E, Omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids and Selenium; enrichment of functional ingredients in meat and meat products which includes functional foods from plant sources such as Soy proteins, Wheat proteins, Fibers, Broccoli and other Cruciferous Vegetables, Citrus Fruits, Tomatoes, Flaxseed, Herbs and spices as well as functional foods from animal sources such as Fish and Dairy Products like Whey protein and Probiotics and finally production of functional components during processing which includes Curing, Fermentation, Production of antibacterial compounds like Bacteriocin and Enzyme hydrolysis of proteins. Current status of functional meat products in world and India, safety issues and future prospects has been discussed.

Ultrasonographic Differential Diagnosis of Superficial Swellings in Farm Animals

Abstract: This report describes the ultrasonographic differential diagnosis of different types of swellings affecting (28) farm animals. The swellings were, abscess (11), cyst (2), hematoma (2), hernia (9) and urethral diverticulum (4). The swellings varied sonographically according to the type, duration, content and location. Cases suffering the same type of swellings may have some degree of difference in echogenicity according to the period of the swelling. Abscesses appeared as hypo/hyperechoic structures with distinct hyperechoic well-developed capsule. Recent hematomas were anechoic with a well demarcated wall, with increased duration, the hematoma gradually became more echoic and textured. The hernial ring was determined as a discontinuation of the abdominal wall echogenicity and the hernial contents were clearly evaluated via ultrasonography. Recent cysts resembled hematoma in compartmentalization but the location and case history helped the differential diagnosis. Urethral dilatation appeared sonographically as an anechoic to hypoechoic homogenous structure with well demarcated wall and acoustic enhancement. Ultrasonography could be considered a successful, noninvasive, rapid technique for differential diagnosis of different types of swellings in farm animals. It could be easily used under field conditions to screen the lesions before the surgical operations and to fellow up the cases after surgery.

Dietary administration of yeast β 1,3 1,6 glucan on immunity and survival rate of white Indian shrimp, Fennerpenaeus indicus challenged with white spot syndrome disease.

Abstract: The potency of dietary β 1,3 1,6 glucan (BG), derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in stimulating the non-specific immunity of white Indian shrimp, Fennerpenaeus indicus (Milne-Edwards, 1837) and improving its resistance to white spot syndrome disease were investigated. F. indicus (11.32±1.20 g) were fed for 20 days on a series of treatment diets containing graded levels of BG (blank control, 0 as control, 2, 10, 20 g kg-1 feed) and were then challenged by injection of WSSV virus. Total haemocyte count (THC), total plasma protein (TPP), phagocytic activity (PA) and Bacterial Clearance activity (BC) were measured at days 0, 7, 14, 21 after BG feeding, and shrimp survival rate was also recorded daily after challenge. THC, TPP, PA and BC of the 10 and 20 g kg-1 BG treatments were significantly higher (P<0.05) by day 14 than control and 2 g kg-1 treatment shrimp. Survival rate of shrimp fed with the diet containing 10 and 20 g kg-1 BG after 21 days, were 53.32±5.77 and 48.32±5.77 %, respectively. Accordingly, oral administration of BG at an optimal level of 10 g kg-1 diet for 20 days efficaciously stimulate the immune defense and improve the survival rate of WSV-infected F.indicus.

Sarcoids in donkeys: common types and available treatment.

Abstract: Different forms of equine sarcoids were recorded in 100 donkeys admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital- Assiut University and to Veterinary Units that belong to Assiut Governorate during the period from 2008-2010. In each animal, different data including: (types, size, multiplicity and anatomical location) were recorded., Histopathological examination, surgical and nonsurgical techniques for treatment of sarcoids were applied. Results of this study showed 123 sarcoid lesions classified into: Fibroblastic (87); nodular (21); verrucous (9); mixed (6). Treatment of sarcoid varied in results according to the seat and type of lesion. Injection of the sarcoid by live attenuated Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine was the best treatment in case of preocular sarcoid lesions.

Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens in the chicken meat rendered at retail outlets of Namakkal, Tamilnadu.

Abstract: An investigation was conducted at retail chicken outlets to identify the meat contamination by Clostridium perfringens, which might result in food intoxication in humans Out of 210 meat samples collected, 381% were positive by culture with a colonial count of 096 ± 038 log10 cfu/g All cultures of positives were confirmed by biochemical and motility tests

Avipox virus infection in Rosella parakeet (Platycercus sp.).

Abstract: Three parakeets were brought for postmortem examination with a history of sudden death. The gross examination of birds revealed multiple light whitish nodules around the left eye, on the skin at the level of hock joint, on the anterior part of tracheal mucosa, congested lung and pallor liver. Impression smears from nodules revealed numerous heterophils, red blood cells, necrotic epithelial cells and bacterial colonies. Histopathological examination of nodules revealed eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the spinosal cells, epidermal hyperplasia, ballooning degeneration of spinosal cells and bacterial colonies. The virus was isolated and infection was produced on both chorioallantoic membrane and chicken embryo fibroblasts. Polymerase chain reaction was carried out and primer set designed from the 4b core protein gene of fowl pox virus revealed amplification at 578 bp. Suitable remedial measures were recommended against avipox virus infection and secondary bacterial infection.

Diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid evaluation in veterinary practice: an overview.

Abstract: Collection and evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid is one of the most important aspects in investigation and diagnosis of various diseases with involvement of central nervous system and spinal cord. In veterinary practice, scanty information is available regarding biochemical and physiological laboratory tests and biochemical referral values of biological ingredients of cerebrospinal fluid, hence this paper may be informative for researchers and veterinary practitioners.

Stillbirth in Pigs

Abstract: Piglets that are born dead may have died at any time during the farrowing process or before. Causes of stillborn piglets can be divided into infectious and noninfectious. Infectious causes perhaps are overemphasized but are certainly important in epidemic situations. Noninfectious causes of stillborns are most common in endemic situations. Genetic, maternal, piglet and environmental factors can all affect the stillborn rate. The review attempts to describe the causes of stillborn piglets and the ways to mitigate them.

Effects of Enrofloxacin Administration on Semen Quality of Barbari bucks

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to study the effect of enrofloxacin administration on semen quality of Barbari buck. Six normal, healthy adult Barbari bucks (25-30 Kg) aged between 2 to 2.5 years were used as semen donors. The bucks were administered enrofloxacin at the dose of 5mg/kg body weight intra-muscularly daily for 7 days. From each buck biweekly eighteen semen ejaculates (1st to 18th) were collected and one sample (0th) from each buck was collected before administration of enrofloxacin, using a non-oestrous doe as dummy and investigated for semen quality parameters. There was no significant difference (P≥0.05) in seminal volume between different ejaculates. Mass motility decreased significantly (P≤0.01) and was lowest in 4th ejaculate as compared to mass motility prior to drug administration. Highest significant (P≤0.01) decrease in progressive motility was seen in 9th ejaculate as compared to progressive motility before drug administration. Sperm concentration decreased significantly (P≤0.01) and was found to be lowest in 4th ejaculate as compared to sperm concentration before enrofloxacin administration. Percent live spermatozoa decreased significantly (P≤0.01) and was found to be minmum in 12th ejaculate as compared to sperm concentration prior to drug administration. Highest significant increase (P≤ 0.01) in per cent head, mid-piece and tail abnormalities of spermatozoa was observed in 4th, 3rd and 6th ejaculate respectively following parentral administration of enrofloxacion as compared to ejaculate before drug administration. Following drug administration, the semen quality decreased progressively and then became slowly normal after 14th ejaculate.

Radiography of Manus and Pes in Hard Working Donkeys

Abstract: The present study aimed to highlights on the radiographic appearance of extensive new bone formation in equine limbs, which resulted from recurrent mild traumas to the limbs in hard working donkeys. The study was carried out on 36 hard working donkeys admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Assiut University suffering from different types and forms of lameness (new bone growth). Based on history, clinical signs and radiographic examinations, various types of osteophytes were diagnosed and recorded including: ringbone (20 animals), splints (6 animals), osselets (4 animals), sesamoiditis (4 animals) extensive foot osteophytes (one animal) and splints with accidental absence of digit (one animal).

Monoclonal Antibody Based Latex Agglutination Test for the Diagnosis of Trypanosomosis in Cattle

Abstract: Trypanosomosis which is an arthropod borne disease had become the menace to the Indian farmers because of its significant impact on the productive status of the animals. Moreover, the zoonotic effect of this disease has also proved now. Research on newer techniques for the diagnosis of this important disease has been carried out for the past hundred years, and still this search is going on for finding a more sensitive and specific test. The parasitological examination which is used for the diagnosis at the field level misses about 80% of positive cases. Keeping in view the shortcomings of the conventional diagnostic methods we carried out the present investigation for the detection of active infection of Trypanosoma evansi by monoclonal antibody based latex agglutination test (MAb-LAT). About 88 blood samples collected from cattle of the karnal district of Haryana were screened initially by Wet Blood Film (WBF) immediately after collection and their corresponding serum samples were subjected to latex agglutination test. WBF could detect the presence of motile trypanosomes only in three samples (3.41%) where as MAb-LAT detected 53 samples (60.23%) positive for the circulating antigens of Trypanosoma evansi. Study found that MAb-LAT is much sensitive than the conventional parasitological examination. Moreover, MAb-LAT is simple to perform, rapid, and cost-effective and can be used in field-level.

An overview on pregnancy associated glycoproteins in cattle and buffalo.

Abstract: Accurate pregnancy detection is one of the prime requisites in reproductive management of domestic animals as it indirectly depicts fertility of the animal. Early pregnancy detection in animals is important so as to monitor reproductive losses. Though hormonal profiling of progesterone is an important method of pregnancy detection in domestic species; it usually results in false positivity. Pregnancy marker(s), which is embryo specific and depicts presence and viability of the embryo, should be considered ideal candidate for developing pregnancy diagnostics. Pregnant Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) are potential biomarker in early pregnancy in cattle and buffalo. They belong to the aspartic proteinase family but proteolytically inactive due to key mutations. In this review, the scope and prospects of pregnancy associated glycoproteins as potential pregnancy biomarkers in cattle and buffalo species, is discussed.

Comparison of different levels of vitamin premix on meat lipid oxidation in floor and battery cage broiler raising systems.

Abstract: A total of 1260 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to 7 treatment groups (different levels and access time to vitamin premix (VP)) at 29 to 42 days of age, in floor system (Experiment 1) and battery cage system (Experiment 2). The oxidative stability was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) on the thigh yield that were storage for 180 days in -20˚C. Results of experiment 1 showed that VP reduction and withdrawal from 29 d of age did not impair body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio during the final period of treatments (29-42d).Results of experiment 2 showed that there were no significant differences in the birds’ performance with reduction or withdrawal of VP from diets in 29-35 days among the experimental groups, but in 36-42 days of age, the performance of the group of birds fed with diet without VP (T1) was significantly lower than other groups. The results of experiment 2 showed that the performance of birds fed with diet without VP was significantly lower than other treatments in 36-42 days of age. The results of TBARS values in experiment 1 for thigh meat samples of birds slaughtered at 42 days of age showed that TBARS values of treatments without VP were significantly higher than other treatments. However in experiment 2, TBARS values of treatments without VP and with 33% VP were significantly higher than other treatments for birds slaughtered at 42 days of age. Finally, the results of this study demonstrate firstly that it is not possible to withdraw but it can be possible to reduce VP in finisher broiler's diets without negative effects on performance and meat quality during the time of freezing in both methods of rearing. Secondly, it is possible to reduce the VP levels in diet of broilers reared in floor system more than battery cage system.

Stress Biomarkers in Vanaraja Chicken Maintained Under Various Rearing Systems

Abstract: Stress is of major concern for poultry industry because it exerts deleterious effects on different parameters like feed intake, weight gain, etc. In present study various enzymatic components viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and non-enzymatic components like reduced glutathione (GSH), hemoglobin and stress induced cellular damage i.e. lipid peroxidation are estimated to access the stress level in Vanaraja chickens reared in different systems. Significantly (p<0.05) increased activities of catalase and SOD was observed in deep litter system as compared to cage and semi-intensive rearing system. However, non-significant change was observed in catalase and significant increase in SOD as the age progress. GSH-Px activity significantly lower (p<0.05) in the deep litter as compared to other two systems, however, the activity increases significantly (p<0.05) at 8th wks as compared to 4th wks. GSH level was found maximum in cage system compared to deep litter and semi-intensive system of rearing. Non-significant changes were observed in hemoglobin concentration during the study both between age groups as well as the age progresses. Increased level of blood glutathione, higher activity of GSH-Px, comparable activity of catalase and SOD in cage system as compared to deep litter and semi-intensive suggested that cage system is better in handling the stress induced by different environmental factors.

Transmissible venereal tumor induced paraphimosis in dogs.

Abstract: Four male dogs (three Mongrel and one Dalmatian breed) were presented in the Small Animal Clinics with transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) induced paraphimosis since 2 to 5 days. Affected dogs were middle aged (between 3 to 7 years). Fragile pink cauliflower growths were observed at the bulbus glandis of the penis. Impression smear examination helped to diagnose TVT. In all except one case protruded penis was successfully reposed in the prepucial cavity using lignocaine jelly. In one case, small incision on the prepuce was required to manage paraphimosis. All the cases were successfully treated for TVT using vincristine sulphate therapy.