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Showing papers in "Journal of Animal Science in 1977"




Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: A review of this subject reveals that both the ion-exchange and adsorption properties of natural zeolites can be exploited to make more efficient use of feed nitrogen in animal nutrition, to reduce intestinal diseases prevalent in young swine and ruminants, to control moisture and ammonia content of animal manure, to purify recirculating hatchery waters in aquaculture, and to provide oxygen-enriched air for fish breeding and transport.
Abstract: As agriculturalists increase their efforts to expand crop and animal production, numerous mineral materials are receiving greater at tent ion as soil amendments and as dietary supplements in animal husbandry. The zeolite group of minerals stands out among the rest, and its exciting bag of physical and chemical tricks promises to contribute to many areas of agriculture and aquaculture in the ne~t decade. Their abundance and availability has aroused considerable interest in experiment stations of several nations, although the number of publications and amount of \"hard\" data on their usefulness in agriculture are still small. A review of this subject reveals that both the ion-exchange and adsorption properties of natural zeolites can be exploited to make more efficient use of feed nitrogen in animal nutrition, to reduce intestinal diseases prevalent in young swine and ruminants, to control moisture and ammonia content of animal manure, to purify recirculating hatchery waters in aquaculture, to provide oxygen-enriched air for fish breeding and transportat ion, and to reduce the nitrogen content of feedlotand hatchery-runoff waters. Most of this work has been carried out in Japan where zeolitic tufts have been used for years to control the malodor of animal wastes and to raise the pH of acidic volcanic soils. The addition of about 10% clinoptilolite to the diets of chickens and pigs appears to increase feed efficiency by as much as 25%. Studies in Japan

341 citations




Journal Article•DOI•
R. A. Bowling1, G. C. Smith1, Z. L. Carpenter1, T. R. Dutson1, W. M. Oliver1 •

199 citations


Journal Article•DOI•

185 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: It is concluded that pregnancy overcame the luteo- lytic effects of PGF2c~ (i.e., had an antiluteolytic effect) and PGE2 (P<.05) in pregnant as in nonmated ewes.
Abstract: SUMMARY The responses of pregnant and nonpregnant ewes on day 13 post-estrus to a dose of prostaglandin (PG)F2a known to be luteolytic in nonpregnant ewes were compared (experi- ment I). Either 270 /ag PGF2~ THAM salt (eight nonmated and 11 mated ewes) or saline (eight nonmated and 10 mated ewes) was injected into the largest follicle on each ovary bearing a corpus luteum. Jugular plasma sam- ples taken just prior to surgery and 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36 hr after injection were analyzed for progesterone, estradiol-1713 and luteinizing hormone (LH) by radioimmuno- assay. Treatment with PGF2a shortened the estrous cycle by 1.5 days in nonmated ewes and mated ewes without embryos (P<.05). Mated ewes with embryos did not return to estrus. The linear regression of progesterone over time varied with treatment (P<.01), pregnancy status (P<.01) and treatment x pregnancy status (P<.09). Progesterone did not reach as low a level (1.3 vs .4 ng/ml; P<.05) in pregnant as in nonmated ewes. Both LH and estradiol- 17/3 increased in treated ewes after progesterone had decreased to approximately 50% of pre- treatment levels; the increase in estradiol was transient in the pregnant ewes. The pattern of LH did not differ with pregnancy status. It is concluded that pregnancy overcame the luteo- lytic effects of PGF2c~ (i.e., had an antiluteo- lytic effect). Experiment II was designed to ascertain whether PGE 2 has antiluteolytic properties. A catheter was inserted into each uterine horn that was ipsilateral to a corpus luteum in nonmated ewes on day 11 postestrus. Intrauter- ine injections of 0, 300, 600 or 900/agof PGE2 were begun on the morning of day 12 and continued every 8 hr until estrus or day 20. Jugular plasma samples were taken just before the first injection and every 24 hr thereafter in all ewes and at .25, .5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hr from several ewes in each group and were assayed for progesterone. The estrous cycle was lengthened and the decline in progesterone delayed by 2 days by PGE2 (P<.05). Frequent samples on day 12 did not differ in progesterone levels among treatments or over time. Prostaglandin E 2 had antiluteolytic activity in ewes but no in vivo steroidogenic effect was observed. (Key Words: Ewe, Corpus Luteum, PGF2c~, PGE2, Antiluteolytic Factors, Early Preg- nancy.) 1 Division of Animal and Veterinary Science. Sup- ported by NICHD Contract No. 69-2215 and Hatch Project 224 (NE-72). We thank the Upjohn Company and Drs. James Lauderdale and John E. Pike

167 citations



Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: Infusions appeared to reduce the time spent in wood and coprophagy activities by the concentrate-fed horses, however the differences were not significant.
Abstract: Three cecal-fistulated horses were used in a 3 x 3 latin square experiment to determine the influence of diet and of cecal infusions of Na2CO3 on cecal fermentat ion and feeding behavior. The three t reatments were hay, concentrate and concentrate plus hourly infusions of Na2CO3. Cecal fluid samples and cecal pH readings were taken at zero through 11 hr following feeding at the end of each experimental period, and animal activity was measured by the use of a movie camera set to take 5 sec of film every 5 minutes. Cecal pH was significantly lower at 4, 5 and 6 hr following feeding for the horses receiving the concentrate diet than for those fed hay. The concentrate-fed horses had a significantly lower percentage of cecal acetate and higher cecal propionate than those fed hay, while cecal butyrate was variable for horses receiving both diets. Cecal lactic acid was lower for the horses fed the hay diet than for those fed concentrate but the data were variable. Infusions of Na2CO3 significantly increased cecal pH at 3, 4 and 5 hr post-feeding, compared with that of horses fed only the concentrate diet. Horses receiving the Na2CO3 infusion had higher cecal acetate and lower propionate at 1, 3 and 4 hr following feeding than those fed only the all-concentrate diet. The horses fed the concentrate diet spent significantly more t i m e c h e w i n g wood and in coprophagy than did those fed hay. Infusions appeared to reduce the t ime spent in these activities by the concentrate-fed horses, however the differences were not significant. The amount of t ime spent chewing wood was found

159 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
D.J. Kesler1, H.A. Garverick1, R.S. Youngquist1, R.G. Elmore1, C.J. Bierschwal1 •
TL;DR: Plasma LH did not increase for cows in Groups I, II, III and IV but was significantly increased in cows of Groups V, VI and VII, however, plasma progesterone did not change during the postpar tum interval studied.
Abstract: Forty-eight Holstein and Guernsey cows were assigned according to age and breed to one of seven groups based on days following parturition. Cows in Groups II to VII received an intramuscular injection of 100 ~tg gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) on either 1 or 2, 3 or 4, 5 or 6, 7 or 8, 12 or 13, or 18 or 19 days postpartum, respectively (six cows per group). An injection of the carrier vehicle for GnRH was given to cows in Group I (controls), which included two cows per each postpar tum treatment period (12 cows). Prior to treatment, plasma LH increased (P<.05) from a mean concentration of 1.1 + .1 ng/ml at 1 or 2 days postpar tum to 3.5 -+ .6 ng/ml at 18 or 19 days postpartum. Preinjection estradi01-17/3 concentrations tended to increase with days postpar tum (r = .31; P<.07), however, plasma progesterone did not change during the postpar tum interval studied. Following treatment, plasma LH did not increase (P>.05) for cows in Groups I, II, III and IV but was significantly increased in cows of Groups V, VI and VII (P<.05). Peak LH concentrations following GnRH were higher (P<.05) for cows in Groups V to VII (14.1 + 2.7, 11.2 + 2.1 and 13.6 + 2.3 ng/ml, respectively) than those in Groups II to IV (3.1 +1.4, 2.8 + .8 and 4.2 + .6 ng/ml, respectively).

Journal Article•DOI•
H E Garner1, D. P. Hutcheson1, J R Coffman1, A W Hahn1, Carol Salem1 •
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured L-lactate in 31 horses subsequent to carbohydrate overload of the gastrointestinal tract and found that the greatest increase in lactate was observed in horses dying of circulatory collapse; horses developing laminitis had a lesser increase, while horses with neither syndrome had only a slight increase.
Abstract: SUMMARY Plasma L-lactate was measured in 31 horses subsequent to carbohydrate overload of the gastrointestinal tract. The greatest increase in lactate was observed in horses dying of circulatory collapse; horses developing laminitis had a lesser increase, while horses with neither syndrome had only a slight increase. In retrospect, either death associated with complete circulatory collapse or laminitis associated with survival could have been predicted 16 to 24 hr after carbohydrate overload. Only two of five horses that died of cardiovascular collapse exhibited signs of lameness prior to death. (Key Words: L-Lactate, Horses, Acute Laminitis, Carbohydrate Overload, Gastrointestinal, Circulatory.)


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: It is confirmed that EE treatment can induce ovulation in mares during the anovulatory season, that the timing of ovulation can be improved with HCG, and that ova from induced ovulations are fertilizable.
Abstract: A crude equine pituitary ethanol extract (EE) was used to induce single and miltiple ovulations in seasonally anovulatory pony mares 3-15 years of age. 12 mares were injected daily for 14 days with EE; 6 of the EE-treated mares were also treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and 6 control mares received saline vehicle only. In a 2nd experiment designed to determine if EE treatment could induce multiple ovulations in seasonally ovulatory mares 7 mares were treated during diestrus 7 mares were treated beginning on Day 1 of estrus and 7 remained untreated. The results of experiment 1 confirmed that EE treatment can induce ovulation in mares during the anovulatory season that the timing of ovulation can be improved with HCG and that ova from induced ovulations are fertilizable. Results of experiment 2 demonstrated that EE treatment can induce follicular activity and multiple ovulations during the ovulatory season.











Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: Changes in profiles of serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone and in mating performance and ejaculate volume have been determined in Finnish Landrace and Managra Synthetic rams during the ovine breeding season.
Abstract: Changes in profiles of serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone and in mating performance and ejaculate volume have been determined in Finnish Landrace (F inn)and Managra Synthetic (Line-M) rams during the ovine breeding season. In early August, mid-September, early November and mid-December four rams of each breed were bled by venipuncture from the jugular vein at 20-min intervals for two 8-hr periods. Rams were bled while in the absence (control period) and presence (mating period) of ewes in estradiol-induced estrus. An ejaculate was also collected from either five or six of the rams during these months. Aliquots of serum were assayed for LH, FSH and testosterone by radioimmunoassay. Testosterone concentrations in seminal plasma were also determined. Episodic increases in serum levels of LH and testosterone were evident in all rams during each 8-hr period, while FSH fluctuated very little from baseline concentrations (usually

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: This study evaluated fertili ty in 160 day-old gilts and found that the ovarian and uterine horn weights of gilts in groups 3, 4 and 5 were similar to each other and significantly greater than those for gilt in groups 1 and 2 (P<.05).
Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate fertili ty in 160 day-old gilts. In Experiment 1, 28 gilts in the following five groups were injected with (1) vehicle, (2) 500 /ag of a synthetic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) anal ogne [ D-Ala 6-des-Gly-NH2101 LH-RH-ethylamide (AY 25205), (3) a cbmbination of 400 IU of pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin and 200 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (400 IU PMSG:200 IU HCG), (4) 1,000 IU of PMSG and (5) 1,000 IU of PMSG followed by 500/lg of GnRH analogue 72 hr later. In groups 1 to 5 the number of gilts treated, number of gilts ovulating and the mean +SE corpora lutea (CL) number were (1) 6, 0, 0; (2) 6, 3, .7 -+ .3; (3) 5, 5, 23.2 + 6.8; (4) 5, 4, 6.8 -+ 2.9; (5) 6, 6, 17.2 + 4.6. The CL number for group 3 was significantly greater than for group 4 (P<.05) but not group 5. The ovarian and uterine horn weights of gilts in groups 3, 4 and 5 were similar to each other and significantly greater than those for gilts in groups 1 and 2 (P<.05). None of the gilts in groups 1 or 2 were detected in estrus. In Experiment 2, injections of either 1,000 IU of PMSG or 400 IU PMSG: 200 IU HCG followed by either 500 IU of HCG or 500 ~tg of GnRH analogue were administered to 51 gilts. All gilts were artificially inseminated 30 hr after the second injection. Thirty-seven of 51 gilts (73%) were detected in estrus. Based on the presence of CL and plasma progesterone con-




Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: As expected, body and testis size were correlated, but there was no uniform relationship between body weight and testicular consistency, although the partial correlation of .
Abstract: The relationship between 1,203 measurements of scrotal circumference and testicular consistency, usually made at 6-month intervals, and body weight in 411 Holstein bulls, primarily 6 to 72 months of age, were analyzed. All bulls were weighed within 14 days of testicular measurement. The relationship between body weight in kg (Y) and bull age in months (X) is described by the regression equation, ~ = 6 5 . 1 8 + 42.14 X . 3 9 X 2, (r = .96). The equation that describes the relationship between body weight in kg (X) and scrotal circumference in cm (Y) is, Y = 22.53 + .032 X . 0 0 0 0 1 3 X 2, (r = .81). The linear regression equation relating average testicular tonometer deflections in mm (Y) and bull weight in kilogram (X) is ~' = 15.35 .0028 X, (r = , 4 5 ) . When age was held constant the partial correlation between scrotal circumference and body weight was .58 (P<.01). Thus, as expected, body and testis size were correlated, but reports of similar relationships often have ignored the common and considerable influence of age. There was no uniform relationship between body weight and testicular consistency, although the partial correlat ion of . 16 (P<.01) indicates that heavier bulls, and perhaps those which were fatter, tended to have softer testes. Bulls with large testes may be larger, part ly because of an anabolic effect of androgens, but this is speculative because these data do not permit dist inction between a causal .and . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . , 9 , . . . . casual relationship. (