Journal of Applied Biomedicine 

Abstract: An extensive amount of information is currently available to clinical specialists, ranging from details of clinical symptoms to various types of biochemical data and outputs of imaging devices. Each type of data provides information that must be evaluated and assigned to a particular pathology during the diagnostic process. To streamline the diagnostic process in daily routine and avoid misdiagnosis, artificial intelligence methods (especially computer aided diagnosis and artificial neural networks) can be employed. These adaptive learning algorithms can handle diverse types of medical data and integrate them into categorized outputs. In this paper, we briefly review and discuss the philosophy, capabilities, and limitations of artificial neural networks in medical diagnosis through selected examples.

Abstract: Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing science of producing and utilizing nano-sized particles that measure in nanometers. These nanomaterials are already having an impact on health care. Now-a-days we are using nanoproducts in various fields. Of these, silver nanoparticles are playing a major role in the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicine. Their unique size-dependent properties make these materials superior and indispensable as they show unusual physical, chemical and biological properties. Silver nanoparticles have potential antimicrobial activity towards many pathogenic microbes. Along with this antimicrobial activity, silver nanoparticles are showing unacceptable toxic effects on human health and the environment. The chronic exposure to silver causes adverse effects such as permanent bluish-grey discoloration of the skin (argyria) and eyes (argyrosis). Besides argyria and argyrosis, exposure to soluble silver compounds may produce other toxic effects like liver and kidney damage, irritation of the eyes, skin, respiratory and intestinal tract and changes to blood cells. This review summarizes the hazardous effects of silver nanoparticles in the environment and theirs toxic effects on human health.

Abstract: The ability to detect pathogenic and physiologically relevant molecules in the body with high sensitivity and specificity offers a powerful opportunity in the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Early detection and diagnosis can be used to greatly reduce the cost of patient care associated with the advanced stages of many diseases. However, despite their widespread clinical use, these techniques have a number of potential limitations. For example, a number of diagnostic devices have slow response times and are burdensome to patients. Furthermore, these assays are expensive and cost the health care industry billions of dollars every year. Therefore, there is a need to develop more efficient and reliable sensing and detection technologies. A biosensor is commonly defined as an analytical device that uses a biological recognition system to target molecules or macromolecules. Biosensors can be coupled to a physiochemical transducer that converts this recognition into a detectable output signal. Typically biosensors are comprised of three components: (1) the detector, which identifies the stimulus; (2) the transducer, which converts this stimulus to a useful output; and (3) the signal processing system, which involves amplification and display of the output in an appropriate format. The goal of this combination is to utilize the high sensitivity and selectivity of biological sensing for analytical purposes in various fields of research and technology. We review here some of the main advances in this field over the past few years, explore the application prospects, and discuss the issues, approaches, and challenges, with the aim of stimulating a broader interest in developing biosensors and improving their applications in medical diagnosis.

Abstract: Humic substances as part of humus-soil organic matter - are compounds arising from the physical, chemical and microbiological transformation (humification) of biomolecules. They are important because they constitute the most ubiquitous source of non-living organic material that nature knows. Approximately 80% of the total carbon in terrestrial media and 60% of the carbon dissolved in aquatic media are made up of humic substances. Humic substances have important roles in soil fertility, and are considered to have primal relevance for the stabilization of soil aggregates. They can be divided into three components according to their solubility: humic acids, fulvic acids and humin. Humic acids are the most explored group of humic substances. Beyond their relevance for life these substances have industrial applications in the development of absorbents to be used at the sources of metal-poisoning. Being natural substances, their purification process is cheaper than the synthesis of any other sorbent and, moreover, due to their high operability, they absorb more than the absorbents used to date, such as active charcoals or clays. The specific properties of humic acid products enable their application in industry, agriculture, environmental and biomedicine.

Abstract: Summary The first scientifically proposed as well as successfully commercialized biosensors were those based on electrochemical sensors for multiple analytes. Electrochemical biosensors have been studied for a long time. Currently, transducers based on semiconductors and screen printed electrodes represent a typical platform for the construction of biosensors. Enzymes or enzyme labeled antibodies are the most common biorecognition components of biosensors. The principles of, and the most typical applications for electrochemical biosensors are described in this review. The relevant systems are divided into three types according to the operating principle governing their method of measurement: potentiometric, amperometric and impedimetric transducers, and the representative devices are described for each group. Some of the most typical assays are also mentioned in the text.