Journal of Applied Geophysics 

TL;DR: In this article, the potential field tilt is defined in terms of the ratio of the first vertical derivative of a potential field to the horizontal gradient of the field, which has the property of being positive over a source and negative elsewhere.

TL;DR: In this paper, a system for the automatic measurement of electrical resistivity pseudo-sections is described, which comprises a linear array of up to 32 electrodes connected through a multicore cable to a computer controlled switching module and a resistivity meter.

TL;DR: There have been major improvements in instrumentation, field survey design and data inversion techniques for the geoelectrical method over the past 25 years as mentioned in this paper, which has made it possible to conduct large 2D, 3D and even 4D surveys efficiently to resolve complex geological structures that were not possible with traditional 1-D surveys.

TL;DR: A status report of ground-penalizing radar (GPR) highway applications is provided in this paper based on studies conducted in both Scandinavia and the USA, where ground-coupled and air-launched GPR systems together with a discussion of both signal processing and data interpretation techniques are discussed.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed sensitivity of phase velocities of multimodes of surface waves for a six-layer earth model, and then invert surface-wave dispersion curves of the theoretical model and a real-world example.