Showing papers in "Journal of Career Assessment in 2000"
TL;DR: The Scale of Perceived Social Self-Efficacy (PSSE) as mentioned in this paper ) is a measure of self-efficacy expectations with respect to a range of social behaviors.
Abstract: The present study involved the development and psychometric evaluation of the Scale of Perceived Social Self-Efficacy (PSSE), a measure of self-efficacy expectations with respect to a range of social behaviors. A high degree of internal consistency reliability was found for the PSSE in a development sample of 354 undergraduate students (90 males and 264 females), with coefficient alpha = .94. Test-retest reliability over a 3-week interval was r = .82 (r = .86 for males and r = .80 for females). Data from correlational analyses supported the construct and discriminant validity of the scale in that social self-efficacy was strongly related to both Social Confidence and Enterprising Confidence (from the Skills Confidence Inventory) but was substantially unrelated to confidence in the other four (Holland) confidence scales. Social self-efficacy was also strongly related to shyness, which has been found to seriously hinder career development processes in young adults. Directions for further career research and...
232 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the basic postulates of self-efficacy theory and its applications to the study of career choice and development are discussed, and the relationship of selfefficacy to vocational interests and the particular relevance of the theory to the career development of women and members of racial/ethnic minority groups are also discussed.
Abstract: This article reviews the basic postulates of self-efficacy theory and describes its applications to the study of career choice and development. Following a discussion of issues involved in the measurement of perceived self-efficacy with respect to domains of career behavior, measurement of and research on occupational self-efficacy, mathematics self-efficacy, self-efficacy with respect to basic domains of activity, and career decision self-efficacy are reviewed. The relationship of self-efficacy to vocational interests and the particular relevance of the theory to the career development of women and members of racial/ethnic minority groups are also discussed.
187 citations
TL;DR: Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) and Holland's theory of career choice both make predictions about individuals' occupational considerations as discussed by the authors, and SCCT suggests that occupational considerations are...
Abstract: Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) and Holland's theory of career choice both make predictions about individuals' occupational considerations. SCCT suggests that occupational considerations are ...
130 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the most important trends in vocational research and career assessment, that is, that body of work integrating vocational interest measurement with the concepts of self-efficacy and personal styles.
Abstract: This article reviews what is believed to be one of the most important trends in vocational research and career assessment, that is, that body of work integrating vocational interest measurement with the concepts of self-efficacy and personal styles. Beginning with a review of Bandura's self-efficacy theory, recent work in which parallel measures of interests and self-efficacy (or confidence) are used to improve the prediction of vocational choice behavior and the comprehensiveness of career assessment and counseling is examined. Following this, the use of measures of personal styles, such as those on the Strong Interest Inventory, along with vocational interests in vocational research and counseling are reviewed. Implications of both of these trends for future research and for career counseling are discussed.
82 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a sample of battered women were surveyed regarding their perceived career barriers, self-esteem, locus of control, work-role attitudes, and self-efficacy for making career decisions.
Abstract: A sample of battered women were surveyed regarding their perceived career barriers, self-esteem, locus of control, work-role attitudes, and self-efficacy for making career decisions. In addition, an investigation of these variables with respect to the battered woman's self-reported employment status was provided. Also included was an examination of battered women's beliefs about how the shelters could assist them in their career planning and implementation. Findings revealed that (a) unemployed battered women scored lower on career decision-making self-efficacy and endorsed a more traditional work role attitude as compared to employed battered women, (b) high self-esteem was related to greater self-efficacy for making career decisions, (c) an internal orientation was related to high self-esteem, and (d) higher perceptions of career barriers were related to an external expectancy. Further, self-esteem emerged as the most significant contributor to battered women's self-efficacy for career decision-making t...
73 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the ethical issues which may impact the way in which individuals and counselors access and use assessments offered via the Internet and make recommendations for improving the effectiveness of Internet-based career assessment, in terms of needs for research and development, training, standards development and revision, and stable funding for the development of quality assessments.
Abstract: The availability of career assessment on the Internet has led to many potential benefits for the general public and for career service practitioners. However, many potential problems also exist in terms of the design and use of Internet-based resources and services. This article discusses the ethical issues which may impact the way in which individuals and counselors access and use assessments offered via the Internet. Recommendations are offered for improving the effectiveness of Internet-based career assessment, in terms of needs for research and development, training, standards development and revision, and stable funding for the development of quality assessments. It is hoped that practitioners, test developers, and policy makers will become more aware of the issues involved and what they can do to maximize the potential benefits and minimize the potential problems associated with Internet-based career assessment.
52 citations
TL;DR: This article found that self-efficacy beliefs and self-rated abilities are conceptually overlapping constructs that have emerged from two parallel literatures in career psychology and employed three different analytic strategies to assess empirically whether they represent unique constructs.
Abstract: Self-efficacy beliefs and self-rated abilities are conceptually overlapping constructs that have emerged from two parallel literatures in career psychology. The present investigation employed three different analytic strategies to assess empirically whether they represent unique constructs. In the first analysis, confirmatory factor analyses of measures of each of these two constructs revealed that a two-factor model fit the data better than did a one-factor model. Second, it was found that LISREL estimates of self-efficacy beliefs were more highly related to vocational interests and perceived career options than were estimates of self-rated abilities. Third, the relation of ability self-estimates to interests was found to be mediated by self-efficacy beliefs. The implications of these findings for theory and practice are considered.
52 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the top uses of the Web and their particular utility for career development practitioners and a detailed look at specific career-related Web applications, including the practice of Web counseling, online training, and a special focus on assessment are presented.
Abstract: This article is directed toward career development practitioners. Provided first is an historical perspective on the use of computers in support of career development as well as a brief history of the Internet and the World Wide Web (Web). This is offered to provide the reader with a context for the relevancy of using the Web in career planning and job search assisting. Next is presented an overview of the top uses of the Web and their particular utility for career development practitioners. The remainder of this paper provides a detailed look at specific career-related Web applications, including the practice of Web counseling, online training, and a special focus on assessment. Additionally, the references provided may prove useful to practitioners, their clients, and researchers.
41 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of modern Internet technologies and a discussion of their potential benefits to professionals who wish to engage in Internet-based career assessment. But, they do not address the issues of how to use these technologies appropriately and efficiently.
Abstract: Vocational psychology faces a number of challenges in the next century from the globalization of economies to the changing nature of work and the workforce. Many of the changes facing our profession stem from the explosion in communication technologies during the last 20 years. The Internet is perhaps the most visible of these new technologies. If vocational specialists are to embrace this new technology, they must first arm themselves with the knowledge and skills necessary to utilize it responsibly and efficiently. This article provides both an overview of modern Internet technologies and a discussion of their potential benefits to professionals who wish to engage in Internet-based career assessment.
37 citations
TL;DR: This case demonstrates a number of advantages that underlie the Internet-based model as a vehicle for linking career assessment with career information.
Abstract: This article examines the impact of the Internet on the provision of career information and describes the development of a career and educational information web site. Three models for linking career assessment to career information are evaluated: Print-based, Computer-Assisted Career Guidance systems, and Internet-based. The design of Career Exploration Links is described in detail as a case study in organizing career and educational information on the Internet and guiding a diverse college student population toward accessing this information in meaningful ways. This case demonstrates a number of advantages that underlie the Internet-based model as a vehicle for linking career assessment with career information.
36 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a one-factor model was identified and submitted to confirmatory factor analyses using an independent sample of 284 doctoral students and was found to be a good fit of the data.
Abstract: The Research Outcome Expectations Questions (ROEQ) is a measure of outcomes one might expect to occur as a result of engaging in research activities. Though the ROEQ has good internal consistency, the underlying factor structure of the ROEQ had not yet been examined. Exploratory factor analyses were completed on 183 doctoral students in counseling psychology and counselor education. A one-factor model was identified. The one-factor model was submitted to confirmatory factor analyses using an independent sample of 284 doctoral students and was found to be a good fit of the data. The predictive validity of the revised-ROEQ appears to be adequate. Implications for using the ROEQ in future research studies are discussed.
TL;DR: This article investigated the fit of Holland's vocational interest structure for samples of female and male Native American college students, finding that the female interest data were more consistent with Holland's proposed hexagonal interest structure than were the male interest data.
Abstract: This study investigated the fit of Holland's vocational interest structure for samples of female and male Native American college students. The spatial arrangement of Native American interest types was expected to (a) be ordered in a R-I-A-S-E-C circular order, (b) approximate a hexagon, and (c) occupy a two-dimensional space. Strong Interest Inventory General Occupational Theme scores for 103 female and 73 male Native American college students first were submitted to a multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis. The MDS analysis allowed a visual test of the circular order and hexagonal hypotheses and a statistical test of the two-dimensional hypothesis. A randomized test of hypothesized order also was used to statistically test the circular order hypothesis. All of the statistical tests and visual analyses supported the circular order and two-dimensional hypothesis. The female interest data, however, were more consistent with Holland's proposed hexagonal interest structure than were the male interest data.
TL;DR: In this paper, a discussion of social constructionist theory and item response theory is presented as a conceptual lens with which to consider career assessment, and the unificationist perspective is used to enhance career assessment in the 21st century.
Abstract: In this article, we propose that the major challenge facing career assessment scholars and practitioners in the 21st century is the need to affirm cultural diversity. Beginning with a discussion of social constructionist theory, we suggest that existing career assessment practice needs to embrace the "local" realities that exist within diverse cultural contexts. We then present the unificationist perspective as a conceptual lens with which to consider career assessment. Building on the need for psychometric tools that can address the changing cultural context of career assessment, we also advance generalizability and item response theories as viable approaches to developing culturally affirming measures and practice standards for diverse clients. The article concludes with an integrative view of how these conceptual and methodological tools can enhance career assessment in the 21st century.
TL;DR: This article examined racial/ethnic identity attitudes, career maturity, and life role salience in Black and Asian American college students, using multivariate analyses of variance and canonical co-occurrence.
Abstract: The present study examined racial/ethnic identity attitudes, career maturity, and life role salience in Black and Asian American college students. Multivariate analyses of variance and canonical co...
TL;DR: A distinct body of research literature as discussed by the authors reflects work initiated in the last decade of the 20th century to examine issues in the development and use of career assessment instruments across cultures across cultures.
Abstract: A distinct body of research literature reflects work initiated in the last decade of the 20th century to examine issues in the development and use of career assessment instruments across cultures. ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe three Internet programs relevant to career counseling that have been developed at Arizona State University, focusing on changing irrational career beliefs and occupational stereotyping common among young women, educating parents on practices affecting the career outcomes of their children, and altering attributions relevant to the academic motivation and performance of at-risk youth.
Abstract: We describe three Internet programs relevant to career counseling that have been developed at Arizona State University. These interactive interventions have evolved from earlier work on simulations and computer-based learning; however, they incorporate recent technological advances and more current psychological research in differential diagnosis and cognitive restructuring. They focus, respectively, on changing the irrational career beliefs and occupational stereotyping common among young women, educating parents on practices affecting the career outcomes of their children, and altering attributions relevant to the academic motivation and performance of at-risk youth.
TL;DR: In this paper, an understanding of vocational interests and Holland's RIASEC theory are helpful ideas for most persons involved in career decision making. Yet, sometimes dysfunctional thinking interferes with thi...
Abstract: An understanding of vocational interests and Holland's RIASEC theory are helpful ideas for most persons involved in career decision making. Yet, sometimes dysfunctional thinking interferes with thi...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider dysfunctional career thoughts and the lack of development of career interests as key factors related to the inability of individuals to formulate educational and career goals and...
Abstract: Dysfunctional career thoughts and the lack of development of career interests may be considered as key factors related to the inability of individuals to formulate educational and career goals and ...
TL;DR: In this paper, two separate studies with veterans seeking vocational assistance within a Veteran's Affairs Medical Center were conducted, and the interventions themselves were designed around the strengthening of specific self-efficacy expectations.
Abstract: Self-efficacy is a useful construct in vocational psychology because it helps us conceptualize client issues, interventions to address those issues, and instrumentation to assess vocational status and improvement. This article details two separate studies with veterans seeking vocational assistance within a Veteran's Affairs Medical Center. In both studies, the interventions themselves were designed around the strengthening of specific self-efficacy expectations. In the first study, patients' efficacy regarding general job search and decision-making behaviors was targeted using little more than traditional resume preparation. In the second study, personality and cognitive functioning test feedback provided a platform to discuss difficult personality issues, their usual manifestation in the patient's work life, and the patient's efficacy about integrating this information in future career decision-making, job seeking, and work. In both studies, moderate to large effect sizes supported the effectiveness of ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe several different data collection approaches suitable for Internet career assessment, and compare them with several data collection methods suitable for different types of data collection, such as:
Abstract: Research is essential for the development of Internet career assessment, yet little research has been published to date This paper describes several different data collection approaches suitable f
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the challenges and ethical issues involved in designing a site, developing content, and selecting instruments, and preliminary data on the psychometric qualities of the instruments are presented, along with the results of a pilot study evaluating the site's components.
Abstract: This article details the steps in planning and delivering a quality, Internet-based career assessment system. Using Careerhub.org as a model, the authors describe the challenges and ethical issues involved in designing a site, developing content, and selecting instruments. Preliminary data on the psychometric qualities of the instruments are presented, along with the results of a pilot study evaluating the site's components.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify important new directions in the assessment of vocationally relevant socio-structural variables and how to assess them in career choice and decision-making.
Abstract: The purpose of career assessment is to gather the relevant information for assisting clients in career choice and decision making. There is increasing recognition that until persons who are female or are ascribed as members of racial and ethnic minority groups have equal economic, educational, social, and political opportunities throughout their lives, socio-structural realities and their psychological concomitants will continue to be significant factors to assess. Importantly, the significance of those features lies in both their reality and perceived reality. But what factors should be assessed and how are we to assess them? The purpose of this article is to identify important new directions in the assessment of vocationally relevant socio-structural variables.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess the impact of various activities that may affect individuals' career development, including employee staffing, training, formal mentoring programs, and career counseling, and assess employability.
Abstract: Organizations engage in several activities that may affect individuals' career development, including employee staffing, training, formal mentoring programs, and career counseling. Assessing employ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze the current state of the Internet for career assessment and find that individuals will increasingly use the Internet to access career assessments in the new millennium, and the purpose of this article is to analyze the state of Internet caree...
Abstract: Indications are that individuals will increasingly use the Internet to access career assessments in the new millennium. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current state of Internet caree...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight unfolding technological and scientific developments that will transform career assessment in the next 30 years and consider the part that vocational psychologists will play in this process. But they do not consider the role of career assessment professionals.
Abstract: This article highlights unfolding technological and scientific developments that will transform career assessment in the next 30 years and considers the part that vocational psychologists will play...
TL;DR: In the diadic method of measuring environmental congruence (or P-E Fit), the personality type of each individual in an environment is compared with that of each of the others in the same environment, using Holland's typology as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the diadic method of measuring environmental congruence (or P-E Fit), the personality type of each individual in an environment is compared with that of each of the others in the same environment, using Holland's typology. Congruence score is defined as the mean of these comparisons, and the environmental homogeneity as the mean of the relevant congruence scores. In an effort to test the efficacy of this method, a study was conducted on 205 participants in 25 environments. Correlations of .22 and .46 were found between diadic congruence scores and satisfaction in individual and environmental analyses, respectively. These figures are similar to the correlations found between homogeneity and satisfaction (congruence and homogeneity correlated .81). A comprehensive interpretation of the findings, relating to environmental importance as well, is suggested.
TL;DR: In the 21st century, the way we assess career interests will change in response to a revolution in the world of work as discussed by the authors, which includes information technology, globalization, a change to the service sector, and the increasing diversity in the work force.
Abstract: In the 21st century, the way we assess career interests will change in response to a revolution in the world of work. The changes in the world of work include information technology, globalization, a change to the service sector, and the increasing diversity in the work force. Clients will need assessment of clusters of interests, skill-sets, values, relational skills, and adaptability because they will seek employment that fits these clusters, rather than seeking an occupational title, and will need to seek employment many times over their life spans. Assessments will need to incorporate up to the moment data on employment trends, hiring practices, skill-level requirements, and corporate cultures to better position the individual in vocational self-understanding. Assessments will begin earlier and extend later into life as people better manage their preparation for serial career associations with employers.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tested whether persons with similar psychological types are found in the same occupation and academic majors in Poland and in the United States, and found that the psychological type distributions of the Polish managers and the Polish M&M students demonstrated convergent validity with one another.
Abstract: We tested whether persons with similar Psychological Types are found in the same occupation and academic majors in Poland and in the United States. A measure of Psychological Type was completed by three Polish samples: 71 managers; 107 marketing and management (MM and 75 English Language (EL) students. As hypothesized, the Psychological Type distributions of the Polish managers and the Polish M&M students demonstrated convergent validity with one another—and with type distributions of American managers and business students—with all four groups showing preferences for Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Judging. Also as hypothesized, discriminant validity for Psychological Type was demonstrated when Polish students of EL showed a nearly opposite type distribution (Introversion, Intuition, and Perceiving) from those the Polish managers and M&M students. Further, the type distribution of the Polish students of EL demonstrated convergent validity with a type distribution of American liberal arts...
TL;DR: The history of assessment can be traced back to the study of individual differences (e.g., Galton, 1869), statistics and psychometric theory as mentioned in this paper, and the development of different item formats, such as projective and semantic differential.
Abstract: Milestones in the history of assessment often acknowledge developments in the study of individual differences (e.g., Galton, 1869), statistics and psychometric theory (e.g., Pearson, 1901; Spearman, 1910; Thurstone, 1935), and development of different item formats, such as projective (e.g., Rorschach, 1921) and semantic differential (e.g., Osgood, 1957) techniques (as cited in Walsh & Betz, 1995). Significant technological developments that spurred assessment are cited less frequently but are equally important. For example, the development of computerized scanning and scoring greatly expanded assessment by increasing accessibility to a larger audience (e.g., Campbell, 1971). Similarly, electronic delivery of psychological instruments is revolutionizing career assessment and increasing accessibility to the general public. This accessibility is a fulcrum upon which rests the greater good and the greater harm of assessment.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between the polar dimensions of the MBTI and the Personal Style Scales of the Strong Interest Inventory (SII) and found that the personal style scales of the SII are related to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator polar dimensions in various combinations.
Abstract: The present study examines the relationship between the polar dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Personal Style Scales of the Strong Interest Inventory (SII). The sample consisted of 426 undergraduate students who completed both instruments as part of a career and life-planning course. Results indicate that the Personal Style Scales of the SII are related to the MBTI polar dimensions in various combinations. Implications of these results for career counselors are provided.