Showing papers in "Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research in 2010"

Herbal Remedies of Azadirachta indica and its Medicinal Application

Abstract: The Neem tree ( Azadirachta indica ) has been known as the wonder tree for centuries i n the Indian subcontinent. It has become important in the global context today because it offers answers to the major concerns facing mankind.Neem (Azadirachta indica) is considered harmless to humans, animals, birds, beneficial inse cts and earthworms, and has been approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency for use o n food crops. Azadirachtin and other active ingredients in the neem seed have insecticidal prop erties that are effective against a broad spectrum of insects, many mites and nematodes, and even snails and fungi, and do not seem to generate resistance in the pests they affect. Nowad ays, neem and its extracts are used in numerous herbal and allopathic medicines. What's mo re, even neem contraceptives are available in the market these days.Neem extract which have Ni mbinin, nimbandiol as active constituents, alcoholic extract of the leaves was found to posses s a significant blood sugar lowering effect, which are very useful against diabetes. Neem is use d in Dermatitis Eczema, Acne, Bacterial, Fungal infections and other skin disorders. It has demonstrated its effectiveness as a powerful antibiotic. Neem also has shown antiviral, anti-fun gal and anti-bacterial properties. It helps support a strong immune system and is used in cases of inflammatory skin conditions. Traditionally Neem has been used for skin and blood purifying conditions. Neem not only helps in curing diseases, but it also provides us with th e strength of fighting diseases by enhancing our immunity.

Medicinal uses and health benefits of honey: an overview.

Abstract: Honey is highly nutritious, it has traces of minera ls and vitamins not to mention the antioxidants which destroy free radicals and de lay ageing. In short, it is a safe and wholesome food for old, children and adults. Althou gh not an herb, honey is a plant by-product and used medicinally around the world. Honey is als o an energizer, helping workers and athletes overcome fatigue and regain energy. Children, young and old can alike take honey, without worrying any side effects. Honey is a multivitamin tonic, has antibacterial properties and has antioxidants. Nausea, cough, cold etc can be treate d by taking honey with a tsp of tulsi (basil) leaf juice. Asthmatic persons can also benefit from taking honey everyday. Ayurveda acknowledges honey as a wonder medicine capable of providing longevity. Osteoporosis is another condition, which can be prevented by taking honey regularly. Modern researches have underpinned the wonderful effects of honey, proving honey to be effective against advanced cases of stomach and bone cancer. Taking one tables poon honey with one tsp cinnamon powder three times a day and cancer symptoms receded in on e month. Honey has several antioxidants, effective against cancer growth. You can take honey alone or with milk or water, with or without a pinch of cinnamon powder. Make honey a habit; it will keep you healthy, strong and fruitful. Honey is anti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti-fungal , and all of these properties make it ideal for healing wounds. It also dries out wounds effectivel y because of its low water content while its high sugar content keeps microorganisms from growin g. Honey also contains an enzyme that produces the disinfectant hydrogen peroxide when it touches a damp surface like a wound.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: a safer alternative to conventional antimicrobial and antibacterial agents

Abstract: We present the synthesis of spherical silver nanopa rticles by simple and low cost chemical route. Well-dispersed silver nanoparticles were prepared b y reducing silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) with glucose in presence of protective agent polyvinyl p yrrolidone (PVP). Sodium hydroxide was used to enhance the reaction velocity. The prepared nano particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SE M) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD pattern showed the face centered cubic s tructure of silver nanoparticles. The crystallite size was found to be 18 nm using Scherr er formula. The spherical morphology of silver nanoparticles was confirmed from SEM image. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image showed the average particle size of sil ver nanoparticles was about 15 nm. Silver nanoparticles can kills bacteria when spreads on sh oes, socks, phone and even computer keyboard. A preliminary test shows that silver nano particles are highly active against S. aureus , E. coli , and P. aeruginosa. This reveals that silver nanoparticles could provide a safer alternat ive to conventional antimicrobial and antibacterial age nts.

Allium cepa: A traditional medicinal herb and its health benefits

Abstract: Allium cepa is highly valued for its therapeutic properties. It has been used as a food remedy from time immemorial . Research shows that onions may help guard against m any chronic diseases. That's probably because onions contain g enerous amounts of the flavonoid quercetin. Studies have shown that quercetin prote cts against cataracts, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In addition, onions contain a variety of other naturally occurring chemicals known as organosulfur com-pounds that have been linked to lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels.Although rarely used specifically as a medic inal herb, the onion has a wide range of beneficial actions on the body and when eaten (espe cially raw) on a regular basis will promote the general health of the body. The bulb is anthelm intic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, lithontripic, stomachic and tonic. When used regula rly in the diet it offsets tendencies towards angina, arteriosclerosis and heart attack. This is used particularly in the treatment of people whose symptoms include running eyes and nose. The o nions ability to relieve congestions especially in the lungs and bronchial tract, is har d to believe until you have actually witnessed the results. The drawing of infection, congestion and colds out of the ear is also remarkable. The onion will relieve stomach upset and other gastroin testinal disorders and it will also strengthen the appetite. Pharmacologically know as Allium cepa , onion is found in every household. The purple skinned onion tastes great. Additionally, it has several health benefits and is part of many home remedies and beauty solutions.

Determination of Lead and Cadmium in cosmetic products

Abstract: Heavy metal toxicity to the humans and animals is t he result of long term low or high level exposure to pollutants common in our environment in cluding in air we breathe, water, food etc. Apart from these, numerous consumer products like c osmetics and toiletries have been reported as a source of heavy metal exposure to human beings . Heavy metals like lead and cadmium were determined in different cosmetics products viz soap , face cream, shampoo, shaving cream etc from local market of Gwalior with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Lead was prominently detected in all of cosmetics products followed by c admium. Among the different cosmetics products studied, the highest heavy metal contamina tion was found in bathing soap. Present study concludes that though in less amount but beau ty cosmetic products are contaminate with heavy metals and hence may results in skin problems .

Production of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles-Drug Loading and Release Mechanism

Abstract: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) introduced at the beginning of the 1990s represents an alternative carrier system to traditional colloidal carriers, such as emulsions, liposomes and polymeric micro and nanoparticles. A number of admi nistration routes such as topical, oral, parenteral, nasal and pulmonary have been proposed for the delivery of SLNs. This paper reviews various production techniques for SLNs incl uding their advantages and disadvantages, drug incorporation, loading capacity with the facto rs affecting drug incorporation and loading capacity and drug release, especially emphasizing o n mechanism drug release.

Aloe vera : A Potential Herb and its Medicinal Importance

Abstract: Aloe vera contains numerous vitamins and minerals, enzymes, a mino acids, natural sugars and agents which may be anti-inflammatory and anti-micr obial. The combination and balance of the plant's ingredients are what purportedly gives it i ts healing properties. The part of the Aloe vera which is used are the leaves. The Aloe is an Emolli ent, Purgative and Vulnerary. It is also used for its antibacterial, anesthetic and antiseptic pr operties, and is good to use as a tool for restoration of tissue. It is most commonly used on burns and minor cuts, especially good for sunburns, although it is being used for the treatme nt of skin cancer. Aloe is very useful on rashes caused by Poison Ivy, and it may help to draw out i nfection. It may help with Vaginal Yeast Infections, although this is not solid at this time . Aloe be made into a warm tea, made from the juice as a wash for eyes. The washing of eyes with Aloe may protect the eyes from ultraviolet rays from the sun. It can be used as a purgative. A loe is also an extremely powerful laxative, and it is not recommended that it is taken internally. It is recommended that the fresh juice from the plant is used, and not the store bought juice withi n other products or on its own. The reason for this is that the medicinal use of the plant diminis hes with time, and there is much questioning about whether or not you can receive benefits from the store bought aloe, even if the product has been filled with preservatives. It gives a healthy and supple look to the skin by reducing wrinkles, curing acne, rejuvenating and giving it a youthful glow.

Preparation of stable zero valent iron nanoparticles using different chelating agents.

Abstract: Zero valent iron nanoparticle (nZVI) technology is becoming an increasingly popular choice for treatment of environmental remediation and remediat ion of contaminated sites as iron is inexpensive, non-toxic and environmentally compatible. Nanoparti cles are attractive for remediation of various contaminants because of their unique physiochemical properties, especially its high surface area over iron filings. Still today the main problem of nZVI based remediation technology is to synthesize air stable nZVI. The present study has attempted to syn thesize air stable nZVI in the presence of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Diethylenet riamine pentacetic acid (DTPA), Nitriloacetic acid (NTA), trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N’,N’tetraacetic acid (CDTA), Hydroxyethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (HEDTA), Tri ethylene tetraamine (TRTA) and N-cetylN,N,N-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) chelating a gents. Nanoparticles have been characterized by using X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Fourier Transformed IR and UV-Vis spe ctrometry. The chelating effect was the best for EDTA, NTA and HEDTA, but the least for CDTA and CTA B. Hydroxyl groups, lone pair electrons on nitrogen atom and steric effects of cyclohexane rin g a d bulky surroundings played the main role to provide air stability towards synthesized nZVI. Fou rier transformed IR study showed that no peak from any chelating agent was observed in the spectr um which was supported by powder XRD study.

Adsorption dynamics of methylene blue by acid activated carbon

Abstract: A carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from an indigenous waste by acid treatment was tested for its efficiency in removing Methylene blue. The parameters studied include agitation time, initial dye concentration, carbon dose, pH and temperature. The adsorption followed first order reaction equation and the rate is mainly controlled by intra-particle diffusion. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data. The adsorption capacity (Qm) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm plots were 60.61, 59.95, 62.11 and 62.50 mg/g respectively at an initial pH of 7.0 at 30, 40, 50 and 600C. The temperature variation study showed that the Methylene blue adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous with increased randomness at the solid solution interface. Significant effect on adsorption was observed on varying the pH of the Methylene blue solutions. Almost 68% removal of Methylene blue was observed at 600C. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms obtained, positive
H0 value, pH dependent results and desorption of dye in mineral acid suggest that the adsorption of Methylene blue on MCC involves physisorption mechanism.

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Albizzia lebbeck.

Abstract: Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Albizzia lebbeck leaves were assessed. Phytochemical screening of Successive extract Albiz zia lebbeck leaves shows presence of alkaloids, glycoside, tannins, saponins, flavanoids , and carbohydrates. The Successive ethyl acetate extract Albizzia lebbeck leaves are found i nhib tory effect against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and B cillus cereus. The extract shows sensitivity for both gram positive and gram negativ e bacteria with maximum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and minimum against Escheric hia coli.

Simultaneous isolation and identification of phytoconstituents from Terminalia chebula by preparative chromatography.

Abstract: A reversed-phase preparative HPLC method with UV spectrophotometric detection has been developed for the simultaneous isolation of eight hydrolysable tannins from dried fruits of Terminalia chebula, a traditional herbal medicine. Isolation of phytoconstituents was achieved by preparative HPLC using C18 column and acetonitrile – 0.2% formic acid in water as mobile phase. The purities of the phytoconstituents were determined by HPLC and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic (UV, 1H-NMR, ESI-MS) techniques. These phytoconstituents can be used as marker compound to develop suitable identification test for raw materials, to determine the assay of active constituents of known therapeutic activity as well as stability of the extracts.

Indian traditional herbs Adhatoda vasica and its Medicinal application

Abstract: Vasaka is a well-known herb in indigenous systems o f medicine for its beneficial effects, particularly in bronchitis.Vasaka leaves, bark, the root bark, the fruit and flowers are useful in the removal of intestinal parasites. Vasaka herb is used for treating cold, cough, chron ic bronchitis and asthma. The decoction of its root an d bark in doses of 30 grams twice or thrice a day for 3 days can be given for this purpose. The j uice of its fresh leaves can also be used in doses of a teaspoon thrice a day for days. In acute stages of bronchitis, vasaka gives unfailing relief, especially where the sputum is thick and st icky. It liquefies the sputum so that it is brought up more easily. For relief in asthma, the dried lea ves should be smoked. In Ayurveda, a preparation made from vasaka flowers, known as gulk and is used to treat tuberculosis. The juice from its leaves should be given in doses of 2 to 4 grams in treating diarrhea and dysentery.A few fresh petals of vasaka flowers should be bruised an d put in a pot of china clay. Some sugar crystals are added and the jar kept in the sun. It should be stirred every morning and evening. The preserve is ready for use in about a month. A p oultice of its leaves can be applied with beneficial results over fresh wounds, rheumatic joi nts and inflammatory swellings. A warm decoction of its leaves is useful in treating scabi es and other skin diseases. In olden times its leaves were made into a decoction with pepper and d ried ginger. But the modern medicine searched its active ingradients and found out that vasicine,oxyvascicine and vasicinone are the alkaloids present in vasaka and in which vasicine i s the active ingradient for expelling sputum from the body .

A review on chemistry and pharmacological activity of Nerium oleander L.

Abstract: Nerium oleander L. is an important Chinese folk med icine. It is a vegetatively propagated ornamental plant, valued for its evergreen foliage and showy terminal flower clusters that are available in different colors. Oleander is cultivat ed recently as a flowering pot plant and therefore abundant propagation of plant material fo r commercial use is of great importance. This species also produces secondary metabolites, s ome of which are pharmacological interests. The important pharmacological activities are anti-i nflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, antinociceptive, and CNS depressant activity. This paper explains the evidence-based information regarding the phytochemistry and pharma cological activity of this plant.

Innovations in Sustained Release Drug Delivery System and Its Market Opportunities

Abstract: Sustained release dosage forms are designed to rele ase a drug at a predetermined rate by maintaining a constant drug level for a specific pe riod of time with minimum side effects. In the recent years, focus on the development of controlle d release drug delivery systems has increased. The basic rationale of controlled release drug deli very system optimises the biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug in such a way that its utility is maximized, side-effects are reduced and cure or con trol of the condition is achieved, in the shortest possible time by using smallest quantity o f drug administered by the most suitable route. There are several advantages of sustained release d rug delivery over conventional dosage forms like improved patient compliance due to less freque nt drug administration, reduction of fluctuation in steady-state drug levels, maximum ut ilisation of the drug, increased safety margin of potent drug, reduction in healthcare costs throu gh improved therapy, shorter treatment period and less frequency of dosing. SR products are desig ned to bring the blood level of a drug immediately to therapeutic concentrations by means of an initial dose portion and then sustain this level for a certain predetermined time with th e maintenance portion .SR of drugs in gastro- intestinal tract following oral administration is n ot affected by the absorption process. SR oral dosage forms have become more important in therapy as a means of reduced dosing frequency, hence potentially improving patient compliance and consequently efficacy. The principal goal of SR dosage forms is the improvement of drug therapy assessed by the relationship between advantages and disadvantages of the use of SR syste ms.

Formulation and evaluation of in situ ophthalmic gels of Diclofenac sodium

Abstract: In ocular delivery the physiological constraints im posed by the protective mechanisms of the eye lead to low absorption of drugs, resulting in a sho rt duration of the therapeutic effect. Thus with the use of these in situ gelling systems, residence time of the drug in the eye is increased. Continuous delivery of drugs in a controlled manner to the anterior chamber of the eye will eliminate the requirement for frequent drug adminis tration, causing better patient compliance and resulting in extended duration of action. The p resent work describes the formulation and evaluation of an ophthalmic delivery system of an a nti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium, based on the concept of pH triggered in situ gelati on by using sodium alginate, In vitro release studies indicated Among the all formulations F1 sho ws better drug release when contacted with STF solution at 8 hrs study period. It shows antimi crobial, antibacterial and antifungal efficacy with selected microorganisms. These results demonst rate that the developed system is an alternative to conventional ophthalmic drops, patie nt compliance, industrially oriented and economical.

Review on chemistry and pharmacology of Murraya koenigii Spreng (Rutaceae).

Abstract: Murraya koenigii Spreng (Rutaceae), a medicinally important herb of Indian origin, has been used for centuries in the Ayurvedic System of Medicine. The leaves, bark and the roots of the plant are used in indigenous medicine as tonic, stomachic, stimulant and carminative. An infusion of the roasted leaves is used to prevent vomiting. The green tender leaves are eaten raw for the cure of dysentery. The juice of the root is taken to relieve pain associated with kidney ailments. The aim of the present review is to summarize the research related to the chemistry and pharmacology of this popular Indian Species.

Antimicrobial Activity of Cassia didymobotrya and Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus

Abstract: The in vitro antimicrobial activity of Cassia didymobotrya and Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus leaf extracts were studied against selected bacteria and fungi following Agar disc diffusion method. Leaves were extracted using distilled water, methanol and ethyl acetate. Three different concentrations were applied to the disc (100μg, 250μg and 500μg/disc) for each extracts. While the aqueous extracts of the selected plants leaves showed mild to moderately effective, the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were more efficient compared to the aqueous extract. The inhibition zone diameter was seen to increase with the concentration. The results were compared with results obtained using standard antibiotics Kanamycin and Fluconazole which serve as a reference for inhibition zone diameter.

Evaluation of biochemical contents, nutritional value, trace elements, SDS-PAGE and HPTLC profiling in the leaves of Ruellia tuberosa L. and Dipteracanthus patulus (Jacq.).

Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the presence of biochemical contents, trace elements, nutritive value evaluation and determinat ion of molecular weight of proteins by SDSPAGE and phytochemicals detection by HPTLC in the l eaves and 50% hydroethanolic leaf extracts of Ruellia tuberosa L. and Dipteracanthus patulus (Jacq.). The biochemical contents, trace elements, nutritive value were determined by ifferent biochemical methods, trace elements presence was detected by using Atomic Absorption Sp ectroscopy (AAS), while the proteins and phytochemicals were detected by using SDS-PAGE and HPTLC. Ruellia tuberosa L. and Dipteracanthus patulus (Jacq.) leaves confirmed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, phenols saponins and showed minimum amount of trace element s with moderate nutritive value. Vitamins (E, C), total phenolics, carotenoid content and nut ritive value were found to be greater in the leaves of Ruellia tuberosa L. The protein bands obt ained in the SDS-PAGE was found to be similar for both the plant leaves. Our findings sug gest that leaves of Ruellia tuberosa L. and Dipteracanthus patulus (Jacq.) is endowed with anti oxidant phytochemicals and moderate nutritive value could serve as a base for future dr ugs.

Antibacterial activity of Moringa Oleifera (drumstick) root bark

Abstract: The antibacterial activity of different extracts of M.oleifera root bark was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Sa lmonella gallinarum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro . Both the gram-positive and gr am-negative organisms showed variable sensitivity to different extracts of M.oleifera roo t bark in organic solvents like methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and chloroform and in inorga nic solvent, water. In general, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts showed maximum antibac terial activity. The aqueous extract had minimum antibacterial activity against the test organisms.

In vitro studies on antibacterial activity and separation of active compounds of selected flower extracts by HPTLC.

Abstract: The antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of Nerium indicum, Tagetus erecta, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Rosa centrifolia, Jasminum angustifolium, Torenia fournieri against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria were studied invitro. The objective of this research was to confirm the antibacterial activity and perform HPTLC analysis of methanolic extracts of various flower extracts. The methanolic extracts of Nerium indicum, Tagetus erecta, Rosa centrifolia, Torenia fournieri exhibited growth inhibition on selected bacterial strains viz., Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli., Klebsiella sp., Yersinia sp., Enterococcus sp. Based on the results, the methanol extract of Rosa centrifolia was considered to be the most effective and also indicated that all the flower extracts exhibited inhibitory action against the growth of Lactobacillus sp., whereas Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Jasminum angustifolium, did not show any inhibition on the test bacterial species. Further the extracts were separated on the TLC plates on selected mobile phase and analysed in HPTLC using CAMAG software.

Pharmacological investigation of Bacopa monnieri on the basis of antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Abstract: Bacopa monniera, also referred to as Bacopa monnier i, Herpestis monniera, water hyssop, and “Brahmi,” has been used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for centuries. The whole plant extracts of the plant were evaluated for antioxidan t, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The methanol extracts of the plant wer e found to have potent antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Th e aqueous extracts of the plant were found to have fewer activities in comparison to methanol ext racts. Petroleum ether and hexane extracts showed negligible activities in comparison to the a bove extracts. These active crude methanol extracts were also assayed for cellular toxicity to fresh sheep erythrocytes and found to have no cellular toxicity.

Effective alternative methods of LD50 help to save number of experimental animals.

Abstract: The most common test of acute toxicity is the LD 50 test. LD 50 means, if administered dose of drug to animal group, for experimental purpose for the eof therapeutic effectiveness kills 50% of animals, than it means that particular dose of drug is lethal dose 50 (LD 50 ). It was developed in 1920’s and called “classical LD50” inv olved 100 animals for 5 dose-groups, later in 1981 it was modified by the Organization for Eco nomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and reduced number upto 30 for 3 dose-groups . Methods to calculate LD50 values are Litchfield and Wilcoxson, Reed-Muench, Miller-Taint er and Karber’s method. But all these methods require large number of animals. Factors wh ich affect the results of LD 50 are- Species, Age, Sex, Amount of food, Social environment etc. L D 50 study has some Limitations and results may vary greatly. Due to excess of animal sacrifice we should go to alternative methods which minimum number of animals is required. FRAME (Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiment) believes that the lethal dose t est is unnecessarily cruel and scientifically invalid. Several countries, including the UK, have taken steps to ban the oral LD 50 . The OECD, the international governments’ advisory body abolis hed the requirement for the oral test in 2001. Three alternative methods and these are: Fixed Dose Procedure (FDP)-OECD TG 420, Acute Toxic Class method (ATC)-OECD TG 423, Up-and-Down P

Synthesis and Characterization of Copper doped ZnO nanoparticles

Abstract: Nanocrystals of undoped and copper doped zinc oxide (Zn1-x Cu x O (where x = 0.00 to 0.05) were synthesized by coprecipitation method. Crystalline phases and optical absorption of prepared samples were determined by X-ray diffraction and UV-visible spectrophotometer. The average particles size was determined from X-ray line broadening. X-ray analyses reveals that Cu doped ZnO crystallizes in hexagonal wurtzite structure. The incorporation of Cu+2 in the place of Zn2+ provoked an increase in the size of nanocrystals as compared to undoped or pure ZnO. Optical absorption measurement indicates red shift in the absorption band edge upon Cu doping. The band gap decreases from 3.15 eV to 2.92 eV with copper (5 %) doping at temperature 450 oC.

Pharmacognostic standardization and phytochemical screening of Albizzia lebbeck.

Abstract: Pharmacognostical standardization and phytochemical screening of Albizzia lebbeck leaves were assessed. Transverse section of Albizzia lebbeck le aves shows an upper and lower single horizontal layered epidermis followed by spongy par enchyma on both lower and upper surfaces, parenchymatous cells are thin-walled with intercell ular space. Bundle sheath is present surrounding vascular bundle consist 8-10 layers of parenchymatous cells. Phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate, ethanolic and water mac eration extracts of leaves shows presence of different chemical constituents like alkaloids, tan nins, carbohydrates, flavanoids, proteins and Amino acids. Foaming index is less then 100 which i ndicate presence of saponins in leaves which finally proves by quantitative determination of total saponin 1.4% and total flavanoids 0.6%. Water soluble extractives are more then alcoh ol soluble extractives show more water soluble constituents in the leaves.

Swertia chirayita: a traditional herb and its medicinal uses.

Abstract: Chirayata is an excellent remedy for strengthening the stomach and promoting its action. It is used in the treatment of dyspepsia and diarrhea. Ch iretta stimulates the digestion and helps to normalize blood sugar, which makes it useful for di abetics. Studies with animals suggest that this herb reduces the sugar levels only when they are hi gh, which lowers the risk of hypoglycemia. The bitterness of the herb stimulates saliva and ga stric juices, which help stop nausea, bloating, indigestion and hiccups. It is also used for fever and to rid the body of parasites. It is a tonic for the heart, liver and eyes, and can be useful to rel ieve sciatica, cough, scanty urine and melancholia.Chiretta is used as a preventative meas ure for malaria during epidemics. It is given as a tonic to people convalescing from a long illne ss. This herb is antimicrobial. Studies are underway to see if this herb continues to offer a r eduction in cancer cells when taken to fight cancer Its medicinal uses are Bitter tonic, stomach ic, febrifuge and anthelmintic, appetizer, laxative,alterative, antidiarrhoeic and antiperiodi c. Chiretta decoction can be added to a soma online bath to help skin rashes. Skin diseases with burning sensat ions, oozing and itching respond well to this herb. The traditional uses of medicinal plants in h ealthcare practices are providing clues to new areas of research; hence its importance is now well recognized. Swertia chirayita is widely demanded for its unmatched medicinal properties to the gentian. Swertia chirayita provided by us is valued as a soma buy febrifuge and tonic. Perfect for var ious diseases like diarrhea, fever and weakness, our Swertia chirayita is available at very affordab le prices. We are well reckoned as the most preeminent Chirata Manufacturer and Exporter based in India.

Quantitative structure-activity relationships of antioxidant phenolic compounds.

Abstract: In the present work, we carried out a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study, using 15 phenolic compounds with antioxidant activi ty. For each compound, two electronic properties, BDE-OH (OH bond homolytic dissociation e thalpy) and IP (ionization potential), and two lipophylic parameters, LogP (lipophilicity) and LogD (relative lipophilicity), were estimated. The best QSAR model obtained by multiple regr ssion analysis, using the systematic approach for variable selection, corresponds to the equation: pIC50 = 6.68 – 0.023(BDE-OH) – 0.0036(IP), which showed a high statistical signifi cance (N = 15, R = 0.941, R 2 = 0.885, Q = 0.807, s = 0.057, F = 46.09, p = 0.05).