Showing papers in "Journal of cognitive psychology in 2018"
TL;DR: This article showed that maintaining instructed stimulus-response mappings for future recognition, rather than for future execution, can also lead to an instruction-based congruency effect, even when it is very unlikely that participants form the intention to execute instructions.
Abstract: Prior research established that newly instructed stimulus-response mappings, which have never been executed overtly before, can lead to automatic response-congruency effects. Such instruction-based congruency effects have been taken as evidence for the hypothesis that the intention to execute stimulus-response mappings results into functional associations that serve future execution. The present study challenges this hypothesis by demonstrating in a series of four experiments that maintaining instructed stimulus-response mappings for future recognition, rather than for future execution, can also lead to an instruction-based congruency effect. These findings indicate that the instruction-based congruency effect emerges even when it is very unlikely that participants form the intention to execute instructions. Alternative interpretations of the instruction-based congruency effect are discussed.
29 citations
TL;DR: It is found that the PMT map exhibited similar body model distortions, confirming that the body model is involved in motor programming, and that a partial adjustment of the distortions occurs in a motor condition.
Abstract: The representation of our body location is achieved by integrating sensorimotor inputs with information about our body size. Previous studies have shown that the metric representation of our hand, ...
26 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored whether people are more inclined to accept a conclusion that confirms their prior beliefs and reject one they personally object to even when both follow the same logic Most of the time, they agreed with the conclusion.
Abstract: The study explores whether people are more inclined to accept a conclusion that confirms their prior beliefs and reject one they personally object to even when both follow the same logic Most of t
21 citations
TL;DR: This article studied children's inductive inferences within the domain of food categories, and found that children were more likely to make inferences about food than other categories of foods. But there has so far been little research on inductive reasoning about food among children, despite the theoretical and...
Abstract: We studied children’s inductive inferences within the domain of food categories. There has so far been little research on inductive reasoning about food among children, despite the theoretical and ...
17 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that inhibitory mechanisms in MI may be implemented via various routes, and when MI was the only movement mode used, minimal attentional effort was invested during the Go/NoGo responses, suggesting an early implemented, proactive inhibitory strategy.
Abstract: Motor imagery (MI) involves consciously performing an action in our minds without engaging in overt physical movement. Although inhibition is crucial to MI, few studies have explored the nature of ...
14 citations
TL;DR: The rare presentation of a sound that deviates from the auditory background tends to capture attention, which is known to impede cognitive functioning as discussed by the authors, and such disruption is usually measured using per...
Abstract: The rare presentation of a sound that deviates from the auditory background tends to capture attention, which is known to impede cognitive functioning. Such disruption is usually measured using per...
14 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored the priming effects produced by attended and ignored words, in an effort to draw theoretical and empirical parallels and differences between the mechanisms of excitation and inhibition and isolate the different circumstances in which these mechanisms operate in bilingual language processing.
Abstract: In the current experiments, within- and between-language primed lexical decision tasks with Twi-English bilinguals were used. The aim was to explore the priming effects produced by attended and ignored words, in an effort to draw theoretical and empirical parallels and differences between the mechanisms of excitation and inhibition and to isolate the different circumstances in which these mechanisms operate in bilingual language processing. In the within-language (Twi) experiment, facilitatory (positive) priming resulted when a prime word and subsequent probe target word were identical, whereas delayed decisions to probe targets (negative priming) ensued when the ignored prime word was conceptually identical to the subsequent probe target word. In contrast, while the between-language (Twi-English) experiments replicated the ignored repetition negative priming effect, no evidence of positive priming was observed. These between-language findings undermine episodic retrieval models of selective atten...
13 citations
TL;DR: The authors found no evidence of a relationship between the frequency of self-reported media-multitasking and executive functioning, while Trait anxiety was significantly associated with greater frequency of media multitasking.
Abstract: Media-multitasking involves simultaneous engagement with information streams from multiple media sources, and is most prevalent in young adults. Heavy media-multitasking has been associated with differential performance on tasks involving attentional control and working memory relative to light media-multitasking. The aim of the present study was to systematically investigate relationships between executive functions and self-reported media-multitasking. Healthy participants (N = 112, aged 18–25, male N = 36) completed a battery of 10 traditional executive function tasks, that included assessments of attentional inhibition, response inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Scores on the individual executive function tasks were correlated against frequency of self-reported media-multitasking, but no significant relationships were found. Trait anxiety, however, was found to be significantly associated with greater frequency of self-reported media-multitasking. The present study found no evidence of a relationship between the frequency of self-reported media-multitasking and executive functioning. The possible reasons for this are discussed. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
13 citations
TL;DR: The authors showed that 6-year-old children with high working memory capacity are more likely to use their fingers in an addition task than children with lower capacity and pointed out that explicit teaching of finger counting during the first years of schooling should be promoted because it could help less gifted children to overcome their difficulties in arithmetic.
Abstract: In this study, we show that 6-year-old children with high working memory capacity are more likely to use their fingers in an addition task than children with lower capacity. Moreover and as attested by a strong correlation between finger counting and accuracy in the arithmetic task, finger counting appears to be a very efficient strategy. Therefore, discovering the finger counting strategy seems to require a large amount of working memory resources, which could lack in low-span children. Furthermore, when children with low working memory capacities use their fingers to solve addition problems, they more often use the laborious counting-all strategy than children with higher capacities who use more elaborated procedures such as the Min strategy. Consequently, we suggest that explicit teaching of finger counting during the first years of schooling should be promoted because it could help less gifted children to overcome their difficulties in arithmetic.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined whether achievement motivation, reflecti cation motivation, and external rewards affect cognitive control adaptations of cognitive control adaptation and found that achievement motivation has a positive effect on cognitive adaptation.
Abstract: Previous research addressing motivational effects on cognitive control adaptations primarily manipulated external rewards. In the present study, we examined whether achievement motivation, reflecti...
11 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that exposure to Swiss-German (SwissG) dialect exposure was positively associated with early literacy-related skills that drive reading and spelling development, while SwissG exposure was negatively associated with Grade 1 spelling and reading, when statistically controlling for early literacyrelated-skills.
Abstract: During literacy acquisition, children learn to match written and spoken language. Little is known about how this is achieved by children who grow up speaking a dialect. The present study examined literacy-related skills before school in 71 children (meanage: 7.61y) with a differing degree of exposure to Swiss-German (SwissG) dialect and tested their reading and spelling skills at the end of Grade 1. No differences in Grade 1 reading and spelling were found between groups of children with different SwissG exposure. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) revealed that SwissG exposure was negatively associated with Grade 1 spelling and reading, when statistically controlling for early literacy-related-skills. At the same time, SwissG exposure was positively associated with early literacy-related skills that drive reading and spelling development. Thus, literacy acquisition in children speaking a dialect is characterised by disadvantages due to a linguistic mismatch, but also by compensatory advantages of higher metalinguistic skills.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated whether study time modulates the memory performance of post-encoding wakeful rest, in contrast to a cognitive task delay period, and found that wakefulness support memory performance.
Abstract: Recent work shows that post-encoding wakeful rest, in contrast to a cognitive task delay period, supports memory performance. The present study aimed at investigating whether study time modulates t...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tested the hypothesis that individuals with limited executive functions often show difficulties in everyday multitasking and found that the hypothesis was supported by a large amount of empirical evidence.
Abstract: Coordinating multiple tasks requires a high degree of cognitive control, and individuals with limited executive functions often show difficulties in everyday multitasking. We tested the hypothesis ...
TL;DR: This article examined which cognitive processes accounted for differences in mathememechanical giftedness at an earlier than expected age, and found that cognitive processes were associated with mastery in a specific mathematical domain at an early age.
Abstract: Mathematical giftedness refers to mastery in a specific mathematical domain at an earlier than expected age. The present study examined which cognitive processes accounted for differences in mathem...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on memory for scenes depicted in photos and show that the observation of a static scene depicted in a photo which portrays an actor near to perform an action can trigger a kinematic mental simulation of that action unfolding in time.
Abstract: Our investigation focuses on memory for scenes depicted in photos. According to the mental model theory, the observation of a static scene depicted in a photo which portrays an actor near to perform an action can trigger a kinematic mental simulation of that action unfolding in time. The deriving prediction is that such a kinematic mental model supports the creation of a false memory of the actor performing an advanced phase of the action. We test this prediction in three experiments in which participants are presented with static scenes of actions, and after three days they perform a recognition task in which they assess recognition of old and novel static scenes depicting actions. The results confirm that false memories occur for actions that represent the unfolding over time of the static action initially observed. Our theoretical framework can accommodate also several previous findings in the literature on false memories.
TL;DR: This paper addressed whether relational integration in the n-term task (linear syllogisms with three and four premises) can be found to be useful in many forms of human thinking, including decision making.
Abstract: Relational processing underpins many forms of human thinking. This research addressed whether relational integration in the n-term task (linear syllogisms with three and four premises) can be facil...
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of verbal and visual-spatial components of working memory in children's encoding of virtual routes was investigated and found that children aged 8 and 10 years and adults memorised virtual routes.
Abstract: This study aims to understand the role of verbal and visual-spatial components of working memory in children's encoding of virtual routes. Children aged 8 and 10 years and adults memorised virtual ...
TL;DR: In this paper, individual differences in false memory susceptibility were investigated. But, they focused on individual differences of visual and auditory perception, and did not consider the effect of false memories on false memories.
Abstract: Researchers have long sought to understand individual differences in false memory susceptibility. One particularly interesting direction in this area looks at individual differences in visual versu...
TL;DR: The results show that understanding the way that people use information when making inferences requires a multidimensional approach.
Abstract: The idea that inferential performance cannot be analyzed within a single model has been suggested within two theoretical contexts. The dual strategy model suggests that people reason using differen...
TL;DR: In this paper, the degree of irony perceived in comments relating to five variations of a scenario, ranging from one pole to the opposite pole and passing through three in-between states.
Abstract: In three studies participants were asked to rate the degree of irony perceived in comments relating to five variations of a scenario, ranging from one pole to the opposite pole and passing through three in-between states. In study 1, the comments pertained to the polar extremes of a dimension, e.g. “It’s uphill!” stated with reference to varying degrees of steepness both uphill and downhill (i.e. steep, slightly steep, flat, slightly sloping downhill and steeply sloping downhill). In study 2, the comments were of an “intermediate” nature (e.g. “This hill is neither uphill nor downhill!”) and, as in Study 1, they were used to refer to the same five varying degrees of the same dimension. Study 3 involved the stimuli from both of the first two experiments in a between-participants design.The results consistently demonstrated that verbal irony does not only apply to (weakly or strongly) polarised statements and situations, but it can also apply to intermediate comments and experiences. The perceptual ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated whether the association between motor and verbal tasks is related to the subject-performed task (SPT) effect and found that it is not.
Abstract: Current perspectives on the mechanism underlying the Subject Performed Task (SPT) effect have not yet reached a consensus. This study investigated whether the association between motor and verbal i...
TL;DR: This paper studied visual perspective of three autobiographical memories and three projected future events (i.e., whether the events were experienced from a first-person or third-person perspective, or in b...
Abstract: We studied visual perspective of three autobiographical memories and three projected future events (i.e. whether the events were experienced from a first-person or third-person perspective, or in b...
TL;DR: The authors found that all errors increased looking time but the nature of the error and participant group influenced the time course of the effects, and that the effect was larger for intermediate readers than other groups in total duration.
Abstract: Skilled, typically developing readers and children with dyslexia read correct sentences and sentences that contained verb errors that were pseudo-homophones, morphological over-regularisations or syntactic errors. All errors increased looking time but the nature of the error and participant group influenced the time course of the effects. The pseudo-homophone effect was significant in all eye-movement measures for adults (N = 26), intermediate (N = 37) and novice typically developing readers (N = 38). This effect was larger for intermediate readers than other groups in total duration. In contrast, morphological over-regularisations increased gaze and total duration (but not first fixation) for intermediate and novice readers, and only total duration for adult readers. Syntactic errors only increased total duration. Children with dyslexia (N = 19) demonstrated smaller effects of pseudo-homophones and over-regularisations than controls, but their processing of syntactic errors was similar. We conclu...
TL;DR: The authors investigated the risk perception of young smokers vs non-smokers by a new time-estimation task in which they required participants to estimate the onset time of smoking-related conditions in an average young smoker.
Abstract: Despite all the information about the risks, many people still smoke. Several studies
investigated risk perceptions in smokers. The adequate perceptions of the risks from smoking
is particularly important and this study investigated the risk perception of young smokers vs
non-smokers by a new time-estimation task in which we required participants (smokers and
non-smokers) to estimate the onset time of smoking-related conditions in an average young
smoker. The findings supported our main hypothesis that smokers, compared to non-smokers,
postponed the onset of both mild and severe smoking-related conditions. The results also
revealed that the onset time estimates for mild conditions given by both smokers and nonsmokers
were associated with their self-perceptions of risk and level of fear of developing
smoking-related conditions. The findings cast light on smokers’ distorted temporal perception
of the health-damaging consequences of smoking. Implications for the adequacy of risk
perception in smokers are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of a tropical climate on actual and imagined walking times were investigated and participants had to execute and imagine walking 3 distances with or without a 10-kg weight in ei...
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of a Tropical Climate (TC) on actual and imagined walking times. Participants had to execute and imagine walking 3 distances with or without a 10-kg weight in ei...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a psychometric evaluation of the Expanded Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT7) based on item response theory, where participants completed the CRT7 and provided self-report...
Abstract: This study presents a psychometric evaluation of the Expanded Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT7) based on item response theory. The participants (N = 1204) completed the CRT7 and provided self-report...
TL;DR: In this article, the location updating effect when people passively interacted with an environment was explored experimentally by having one person actively navigate through a virtual environment, and the results showed that the effect of passive interaction on location updating was negligible.
Abstract: The current study explored the location updating effect when people passively interacted with an environment. This was assessed experimentally by having one person actively navigate through a virtu...
TL;DR: This paper investigated the association between autistic personality traits and cognitive and affective Theory of Mind abilities, as well as whether intentionality attribution was atypical i.e., it was not common for people with autism to attribute intentionality to others.
Abstract: The present study investigated the association between autistic personality traits and cognitive and affective Theory of Mind abilities, as well as whether intentionality attribution was atypical i...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors showed that participants' intentionality judgments are related to not only the outcomes themselves but also the probabilities of outcomes predicted from the action, and they employed an identical experimental procedure to Knobe (2003), except that it required not only intentionality but also probability judgments for outcomes that resulted from the actions of a company president.
Abstract: Knobe [2003. Intentional action and side effects in ordinary language. Analysis, 63, 190–194] demonstrated that people’s intentionality judgments in side effects depend on the outcome of the side-effect, indicating that people’s judgments of intentionality of action depend on not only the intention of the actor but also on the result of the action. However, on the basis of findings in judgment and decision making, the current study proposes another hypothesis to Knobe’s (2003) results: the participants’ intentionality judgments are related to not only the outcomes themselves but also the probabilities of outcomes predicted from the action. To test this hypothesis, the present study employed an identical experimental procedure to Knobe (2003), except that it required not only intentionality but also probability judgments for outcomes that resulted from the actions of a company president. The results replicated the findings of Knobe (2003) and showed a relationship between probability and intentiona...
TL;DR: In this article, the role of activation (arousal and subjective significance) was investigated for word processing in an explicit emotional judgement task using a 3'×'3 manipulation.
Abstract: The role of activation (arousal and subjective significance) was investigated for word processing in an explicit emotional judgement task using a 3 × 3 manipulation. We expected to find dissociativ...