Showing papers in "Journal of Counseling Psychology in 1981"

The Relationship of Career-Related Self-Efficacy Expectations to Perceived Career Options in College Women and Men.

Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the applicability of Bandura's self-efficacy theory to the process of career decision making and, in particular, to investigate the possible importance of self-efficacy expectations in the explanation of women's continued underrepresentation in many professional and managerial occupations. Subjects, 134 female and 101 male undergraduates, were asked to indicate their perceptions of their capabilities to successfully complete the educational requirements and job duties of each of 10 traditionally female and 10 traditionally male occupations. In addition, subjects indicated their degree of interest in and extent of consideration of each occupation. Finally, American College Test Math and English subtest scores were obtained. Results indicated significant and consistent sex differences in selfefficacy with regard to traditional versus nontraditional (for females) occupations: Males reported equivalent self-efficacy with regard to the two classes of occupations, females reported significantly higher levels of self-efficacy with regard to traditional occupations and significantly lower levels of self-efficacy with regard to nontraditiona l occupations. Further, self-efficacy expectations were related to both the type and number of occupations considered and to expressed interest in traditional and nontraditional occupations. Implications for further investigation of the utility of self-efficacy theory to the understanding of vocational behavior and for the applications of the model to career counseling are discussed.

Approaching Supervision from a Developmental Perspective: The Counselor Complexity Model.

Abstract: This article presents a developmental model of counselor supervision that conceptualizes the training process as a sequence of identifiable stages through which the trainee progresses. The progress of the supervisee is described from the entry level counselor through the advanced master counselor stage. Characteristics of supervisees at each of the four levels of the model are discussed as well as the appropriate supervision environments that encourage development to the next highest level. The supervisor skills of discrimination and the creating of environments are discussed in relation to the characteristics of supervisees and the appropriate environments for the supervision process. Suggestions are offered for future directions of supervision research. Counselor training lacks a systematic de

The empathy cycle: Refinement of a nuclear concept.

Abstract: Delineates a sequence of distinct stages involved in empathic interaction and describes conditions that initiate this sequence, which has 3 main interior phases: (Phase 1) empathic resonation by Person A in response to B (who is personally expressive in some way), (Phase 2) A's attempt to convey responsive understanding to B, and (Phase 3) B's actual reception/awareness of A's communication. When the process continues, Phase 1 is again the core feature, and 2 and 3 follow in cyclical mode. There is room for considerable slippage between the inner resonation, communication, and reception levels, and measures based on data from different phases would at best be moderately associated. Principal existing (state) scales are located in reference to the model, and illustrative results take on new meaning not involving contradiction.