Showing papers in "Journal of Counseling Psychology in 1995"
TL;DR: This paper developed two measures of belongingness based on H. Kohut's self psychology theory, the Social Connectedness Scale and the Social Assurance Scale, which were constructed with a split-sample procedure on 626 college students.
Abstract: The study developed 2 measures of belongingness based on H. Kohut's (1984) self psychology theory. The Social Connectedness Scale and the Social Assurance Scale were constructed with a split-sample procedure on 626 college students. Internal reliability estimates for the 2 scales were.91 and.82, respectively. Test-retest correlations revealed good test stability over a 2-week period (rs = .96 and .84, respectively). Cross-validation for the 2 measures was achieved with confirmatory factor analysis with an incremental fit index greater than .90. Scale functions are described and results are discussed in light of current research and theory
953 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that students' confidence to solve the problems they were later asked to solve was a more powerful predictor of that performance than was either their confidence to perform math-related tasks or to succeed in mathematics-related courses.
Abstract: In this study, 391 students were asked to provide 3 types of mathematics self-efficacy judgments: confidence to solve mathematics problems, confidence to succeed in math-related courses, and confidence to perform math-related tasks. Criterial tasks were solution of math problems and choice of math-related majors. As hypothesized, students'reported confidence to solve the problems they were later asked to solve was a more powerful predictor of that performance than was either their confidence to perform math-related tasks or to succeed in math-related courses. Similarly, confidence to succeed in math-related courses was a stronger predictor of choice of math-related majors than was either confidence to solve problems or to perform math-related tasks. Results support A. Bandura's (1986) contention that, because judgments of self-efficacy are task specific, measures of self-efficacy should be tailored to the criterial task being assessed and the domain of functioning being analyzed to increase prediction
504 citations
TL;DR: This article explored the relation among self-concealmention, attitudes toward seeking psychological help, and intentions to seek counseling, and found that self concealment was associated with less favorable attitudes towards seeking help, whereas it was also associated with greater intention of seeking counseling.
Abstract: In study 1 (N = 257 undergraduates) the relations among self-concealment, attitudes toward seeking psychological help, and intentions to seek counseling were explored. Results revealed that even though self-concealment was associated with less favorable attitudes toward seeking help, it was also associated with greater intentions to seek counseling. In Study 2, high and low self-concealers (N = 83) read a description of counseling that either (a) indicated that counseling involves revealing highly personal information or (b) made no mention of such disclosure. Results revealed that in the former condition, high self-concealers were less favorable toward counseling than were low self-concealers, whereas in the latter condition, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Implications of these findings for future research are discussed
313 citations
TL;DR: In this article, personal constructs of survival and coping by 11 women who have survived childhood sexual abuse were investigated, and a theoretical model was developed describing the causal conditions that underlie the development of coping strategies, phenomena that arose from those causal conditions, context that influenced strategy development, intervening conditions that influenced strategies development, actual survival strategies, and consequences of those strategies.
Abstract: This qualitative study investigated personal constructs of survival and coping by 11 women who have survived childhood sexual abuse. In-depth interviews, a 10-week focus group, documentary evidence, and follow-up participant checks and collaborative analysis were used. Over 160 individual strategies were coded and analyzed, and a theoretical model was developed describing (a) causal conditions that underlie the development of survival and coping strategies, (b) phenomena that arose from those causal conditions, (c) context that influenced strategy development, (d) intervening conditions that influenced strategy development, (e) actual survival and coping strategies, and (f) consequences of those strategies. Subcategories of each component of the theoretical model were identified and are illustrated by narrative data. Implications for counseling psychology research and practice are addressed
299 citations
TL;DR: The first version of the Client Attachment to Therapist Scale (CATS) contained 100 items that were administered at 4 counseling agencies in survey packets to 138 clients who had completed at least 5 sessions with their therapists as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A panel of 9 therapists generated items for an instrument designed to measure the psychotherapy relationship from the perspective of attachment theory. The initial version of the Client Attachment to Therapist Scale (CATS) contained 100 items that were administered at 4 counseling agencies in survey packets to 138 clients who had completed at least 5 sessions with their therapists. Factor analysis suggested that 36 items loaded on 3 subscales, which we labeled Secure, kvoidant-Fearful, and Preoccupied-Merger. CATS factors correlated in expected directions with survey measures of object relations, client-rated working alliance, social self-efficacy, and adult attachment. Cluster analysis identified 4 types of client attachment. Significant differences in social competencies (object relations, etc.) were evident across types of attachment. Implications of attachment patterns for the understanding of client transference are discussed. Attachment theory was originally developed to explain the behavioral and emotional responses that keep young children and their caregivers in close physical proximity (Bowlby, 1969). From this foundation, attachment theory offers an explanation for responses to separation and loss (Bowlby, 1973) and the development of emotional attachments after infancy (Ainsworth, 1989; Bowlby, 1977). In an optimal attachment bond, the caregiver provides a comforting presence for the child that reduces anxiety and promotes feelings of security. From this secure base, the child is able to explore the physical and social environment (Bowlby, 1969, 1988). In Ainsworth's pioneering studies of attachment (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978), in sequential phases of a laboratory observation, children explored a novel play environment in the presence of their mother and were then observed during a brief separation from their mother, exposure to a stranger, and reunion with their mother. Three patterns of attachment were identified. Infants who displayed the secure pattern freely explored in their mother's
281 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the psychometric properties of the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS) were examined through confirmatory factor analyses, internal consistency estimation, and construct validation, and using 130 male university counseling center clients across two samples, the relation between gender role conflict and psychological distress was examined.
Abstract: Two distinct deficits in research on male gender role conflict are addressed: (a) lack of psychometric information and (b) lack of research involving clinical samples. First, using 1,043 men across three samples, the psychometric properties of the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS) were examined through confirmatory factor analyses, internal consistency estimation, and construct validation. Next, using 130 male university counseling center clients across two samples, the relation between gender role conflict and psychological distress was examined. The GRCS demonstrated good internal consistency and was best modeled as 4 intercorrelated factors, as originally proposed by J. M. O'Neil, B. Helms, R. Gable, L. David, and L. Wrightsman (1986). Construct validity was supported through correlations with attitudes about masculinity, fear of intimacy, and social desirability in expected directions. However, reservations about the Conflicts Between Work and Family Relations subscale are noted. Male gender role conflict was significantly related to psychological distress, with the Restrictive Emotionality subscale being the best predictor of distress level. Implications for mental health practice and future research are discussed
252 citations
TL;DR: The Zuni Life Skills Development curriculum was introduced in the tribal high school and evaluated using a multimethod approach including self-report, behavioral observation, and peer rating.
Abstract: In collaboration with the Zuni pueblo, a culturally tailored intervention program was designed using a model of social cognitive development to remediate the behavioral and cognitive correlates of suicide. The Zuni Life Skills Development curriculum was introduced in the tribal high school and evaluated using a multimethod approach including self-report, behavioral observation, and peer rating. Students exposed to the curriculum scored better than the no-intervention group at posttest on suicide probability and hopelessness. In addition, the intervention group showed greater ability to perform problem-solving and suicide intervention skills in a behavioral assessment. The effectiveness of the program and recommendations for similar prevention programs are discussed.
251 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined gender role conflict in college-aged and middle-aged men and found that middle aged men were less conflicted about success, power, and competition, but were more conflicted between work and family responsibilities.
Abstract: This study examined gender role conflict in college-aged and middle-aged men. Eighty-eight college-aged men and 89 middle-aged men completed 5 measures that assess gender role conflict and psychological well-being. Multivariate analysis of variance results indicated that, compared with college-aged men, middle-aged men were less conflicted about success, power, and competition, but were more conflicted between work and family responsibilities. Canonical analysis indicated two significant roots between (a) gender role conflict and psychological well-being and (b) age group, gender role conflict, and psychological wellbeing. The discussion focuses on implications for counseling, limitations, and future research. The construct of gender is a major organizing principle underlying roles in society and the nature of interpersonal relationships (Cook, 1990). A major body of literature examining masculine, feminine, and androgynous gender roles suggests that the masculine role has beneficial effects for those who enact the role. In the psychological sphere, the masculine role has been cited as fostering psychological well-being, assertiveness, self-esteem, and psychological health (Antill & Cunningham, 1979; Whitley, 1983, 1985). In contrast to this research, others have suggested that there are liabilities associated with the male gender role, which include increased risk-taking and self-destructive behaviors (Meth, 1990), increased stress (Stewart & Lykes, 1985),
222 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the development of a multidimensional instrument of stable coping styles that focused on whether one's problem-focused coping efforts were facilitating or inhibiting progress toward resolving a problem.
Abstract: This investigation reports the development of a multidimensional instrument of stable coping styles that focused on whether one's problem-focused coping efforts were facilitating or inhibiting progress toward resolution of a problem. Study 1 describes the steps in scale construction, including the factor analyses, normative information, and reliability estimates. Study 2 provides initial estimates of the stability of the factor structure and construct, concurrent, and discriminant validity. Study 3 provides evidence for the test-retest stability of the Problem-Focused Style of Coping (PF-SOC) factors, an examination of the relations between the PF-SOC factors and neuroticism as another estimate of discriminant validity, and additional concurrent validity by comparisons with a well-developed coping styles inventory.
219 citations
Abstract: This study examined the therapeutic alliance from the perspective of the involved client, using 66 descriptive accounts provided by 34 clients over 3 phases of therapy. Through phenomenological analysis, 3 relatively distinct types of perceived alliance were identified across therapy, which were labeled nurturant (46% of reports), insight-oriented (39%), and collaborative (15%) to emphasize therapist facilitative attitudes, client improved self-understanding, and client involvement, respectively. A 2nd method of content analysis provided a list of the individual characteristics representative of clients' perceptions and their prevalence within and across the 3 types of alliance. Findings suggest that theoretician-defined alliance variables are not equally relevant for clients and that some crucial features of the perceived working relationship are not accounted for in current alliance theory.
211 citations
TL;DR: A needs-based taxonomy of leisure activities is proposed in this article, where respondents experienced in a given leisure activity were asked to indicate the extent to which it met different psychological needs, as measured by the Paragraphs About Leisure (PAL) questionnaire.
Abstract: In this study, a needs-based taxonomy of leisure activities is proposed. Respondents experienced in a given leisure activity were asked to indicate the extent to which it met different psychological needs, as measured by the Paragraphs About Leisure (PAL) questionnaire. Each of the 3,771 participants completed the PAL on only 1 of the 82 leisure activities for which data were collected. The leisure activities were cluster analyzed with the scores on the PAL, and 12 leisure activity clusters were revealed. One group was judged to be a residual, and the other 11 groups were named agency, novelty, belongingness, service, sensual enjoyment, cognitive stimulation, self-expression, creativity, competition, vicarious competition, and relaxation
TL;DR: In this article, the relation between the working alliance and therapeutic outcome was examined in 21 therapist-client dyads in 21 therapists-client pairs, in terms of the level of alliance at the third counseling session, midpoint of treatment, and last session with linear and curvilinear models of the temporal development of the working alliances.
Abstract: The relation between the working alliance and therapeutic outcome was examined in 21 therapist-client dyads. This relation was analyzed in terms of the level of alliance at the third counseling session, midpoint of treatment, and last session with linear and curvilinear models of the temporal development of the working alliance. Analyses were conducted with hierarchical linear modeling. Results revealed a significant association between the linear growth function of therapist ratings of the working alliance and therapeutic outcome. The use of hierarchical linear modeling in counseling psychology research and the need for conceptualizing the working alliance as a temporally variant, as opposed to a static, process are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined how psychopathology, defined as high psychological distress with concomitant limited coping resources, relates to students' academic performance and its determinants, finding that more poorly adjusted students perceived themselves as less competent to succeed, experienced greater test anxiety, and were less likely to regulate their study environment, persist in the face of difficulty, and seek academic assistance when needed.
Abstract: How psychopathology, defined as high psychological distress with concomitant limited coping resources, relates to students' academic performance and its determinants is examined The correlation between college students' (N = 326) level of psychopathology and their course grade was not significant However, psychopathology was significantly related to students' motivation and use of leaming strategies that were, in tum, related to academic performance Specifically, more poorly adjusted students perceived themselves as less competent to succeed, experienced greater test anxiety, and were less likely to regulate their study environment, persist in the face of difficulty, and seek academic assistance when needed Structural equation modeling (EQS) provided evidence that psychopathology had a significant indirect effect on performance and demonstrated the important role of self-efficacy and resource management
TL;DR: In this article, a meta-analysis of studies that assessed ethnic minorities' perceptions of and preferences for ethnically similar counselors and European American counselors showed that ethnic minorities tended to prefer ethnic similar counselors over EAs.
Abstract: A meta-analysis of studies that assessed ethnic minorities' perceptions of and preferences for ethnically similar counselors and European American counselors showed that ethnic minorities tended to prefer ethnically similar counselors over European American counselors. However, the perceptions of and preferences for counselors were influenced by the cultural affiliation of the participants and the research methods used. More precise methods for determining the degree to which ethnic minorities' preferences for ethnically similar counselors is a function of inferences concerning attitudes, values, and skill needs to be developed
TL;DR: In this article, current social competencies and memories of attachment bonds with each parent were examined as they related to influences on formation of the working alliance, and the results indicated that parental bonds, especially with fathers, were significantly associated with social competence.
Abstract: Current social competencies and memories of attachment bonds with each parent were examined as they related to influences on formation of the working alliance. Female clients (N = 76) at 4 university and community agencies completed surveys containing the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Self-Efficacy Scale, the Adult Attachment Scale, and the Working Alliance Inventory. Results indicated that parental bonds, especially with fathers, were significantly associated with social competencies. Multiple regression analyses indicated that social competencies (self-efficacy and adult attachment) accounted for 14% of the variance in client working alliance ratings, whereas recalled parental bonds accounted for 23% of the variance. Working alliance was negatively associated with father bonds, positively associated with mother bonds, and-among social competencies-significantly associated with capacity for adult attachment
TL;DR: The authors evaluated whether type of programming differentially affects elaboration likelihood model central route processing of rape prevention messages, attitudes, knowledge, behaviors, and stability of change, and found that didactic-video intervention was more effective than the control at altering men's rape myth acceptance at 1 month, but change was not stable.
Abstract: This investigation evaluated whether type of programming differentially affects elaboration likelihood model central route processing of rape prevention messages, attitudes, knowledge, behaviors, and stability of change. The 258 participants were assigned to a didactic-video program, an interactive drama, or control. Measured over 5 time periods, results indicated that (a) the interactive drama was most effective in promoting central route processing; (b) the didactic-video intervention was more effective than the control at altering men's rape myth acceptance at 1 month, but change was not stable; (c) a pattem of rebounding scores on rape attitudes occurred for both interventions; (d) interactive drama participants were more able to identify consent versus coercion; and (e) interactive drama participants demonstrated differences on behavioral indicators.
TL;DR: For example, this article found that for women persistence was related to the number of elective high school science courses taken and that women who had higher career commitment were more likely to have switched aspirations to another career field.
Abstract: This study was part of a longitudinal study of factors related to persistence in a science-related career. Participants (N = 173; 97 women and 76 men) were a subsample of matched participants from the 1980 and 1990 phases of data collection in the midwestern United States who in 1980, while in high school, aspired to a science, math, or technology career. By 1990, 36% of women and 46% of men had persisted in a science-related career. Structural equation model testing indicated that for women persistence was related to the number of elective high school science courses taken and that women who had higher career commitment were more likely to have switched aspirations to another career field. For men, persistence was related to their 1980 and 1990 career aspiration level and needing and obtaining financial support for college. For men these relationships also incorporated the largely indirect effects of high school science grade point average. Implications for counseling include encouraging interested adolescent girls to take elective science courses and nurturing aspiration level in adolescent boys who have science ability and are interested in a science career. In the 1970s and 1980s, the United States witnessed several changes in the opportunity structure for women that positively affected their career opportunities. Although women have increased their participation in science, math, and technology careers in the 20 or more years since educational equity legislation was passed, that participation is still well below parity (Brush, 1991; Dix, 1987; National Science Foundation, 1990). A priority for government agencies such as the National Science Foundation and the Department of Education is to increase the parity (i.e., equal participation) of women in science and technical occupations. A major purpose of the longitudinal study reported here was to identify factors related to persistence and nonpersistence in science, math, and technology careers for a group of students who aspired to a science-related career when they were originally studied in 1980 when they were 9th or 12th graders in high school. A particular focus was to identify factors related to women's persistence in these career fields. Knowledge of the factors found to relate to persistence in a science-related career should be useful to counselors in high schools and colleges in designing interventions that will lead to greater persistence of women and
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between three human agency indices (assertiveness, instrumentality, and interpersonal facility), career search self-efficacy, and three career indices (vocational identity, career decision needs, and career activities performed).
Abstract: The nature of the relationship between 3 human agency indices (assertiveness, instrumentality, and interpersonal facility), career search self-efficacy, and 3 career indices (vocational identity, career decision needs, and career activities performed) is examined. Data from 426 college men and women were analyzed using hierarchical regression to assess whether career search self-efficacy was able to mediate the relationship between human agency and each career index. For all 3 career indices, the mediator hypothesis was supported. No support was found for human agency mediating the relationship between career search self-efficacy and the career indices, nor for human agency moderating the relationship between career search self-efficacy and career indices. Implications for conducting counseling intervention programs focusing on development of career search self-efficacy expectations are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the career-related preferences of 2,000 young adults who were in the process of making their career decisions were analyzed, elicited during their dialogues with a computer-assisted career guidance system.
Abstract: To identify possible sources of the observed differences in the career choices of women and men, three facets of career preferences were examined: the relative importance attributed to career-related aspects, the within-aspect preferences (i.e., desirable characteristics of occupations), and the structure of aspects derived from these within-aspect preferences. The career-related preferences of 2,000 young adults who were in the process of making their career decisions were analyzed. These career-related preferences were elicited during their dialogues with a computer-assisted career guidance system. The analyses revealed (a) only small gender differences in the relative importance of the aspects, (b) considerable gender differences in the within-aspect preferences, and (c) certain gender differences in the structure of aspects. The findings and their possible theoretical and practical implications are discussed
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationships among three dimensions of client attachment (depend, anxiety, and close) and client ratings of the working alliance were examined in a sample of first-time clients (N = 60) seeking services through a university-based counseling clinic.
Abstract: The relationships among 3 dimensions of client attachment (depend, anxiety, and close) and client ratings of the working alliance were examined in a sample of first-time clients (N = 60) seeking services through a university-based counseling clinic. Working alliance ratings were collected from all participants immediately after their 3rd counseling session with a counselor-in-training. A significant association was found between the depend dimension of attachment and client working alliance ratings
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined male and female counselors' countertransference reactions to lesbian and heterosexual client actresses and the role of counselor homophobia and CT management ability in CT reactions, finding that counselor homophobia correlated with counselor avoidance behavior in the lesbian condition and that female counselors had greater recall problems than male counselors with the lesbian client.
Abstract: This study examined (a) male and female counselors' countertransference (CT) reactions to lesbian and heterosexual client actresses and (b) the role of counselor homophobia and CT management ability in CT reactions. Sixty-seven counselors viewed a videotaped client actress in 1 of 2 conditions : lesbian or heterosexual. The client discussed sexual problems within a stable relationship. Counselors responded to the taped client at 8 points. CT, the dependent variable, was assessed at behavioral, affective, and cognitive levels. Contrary to prediction, counselors did not exhibit more CT with a lesbian client. As hypothesized, (a) counselor homophobia correlated with counselor avoidance behavior in the lesbian condition and (b) female counselors had greater recall problems than male counselors with the lesbian client, whereas male and female counselors had equivalent recall with the heterosexual client. CT management ability was uncorrelated with CT reactions in all but a few instances.
TL;DR: According to the social problem-solving model, a positive problem orientation wards off negative affect and promotes positive affect to enhance problem solving as mentioned in this paper, however, the relation of the problem orientation variables to distress appeared to be mediated by trait affectivity.
Abstract: According to the social problem-solving model, a positive problem orientation wards off negative affect and promotes positive affect to enhance problem solving It was hypothesized that the Problem-Solving Confidence and Personal Control factors on the Problem-Solving Inventory (Heppner, 1988) constitute facets of the problem orientation component; therefore, these variables should be significantly associated with negative affect, positive affect, and psychological distress over time In a series of studies, a positive problem orientation was prospectively associated with greater positive and lower negative affect under a variety of conditions However, the relation of the problem orientation variables to distress appeared to be mediated by trait affectivity Results are interpreted in light of the social problem-solving model, and implications for counseling are discussed
TL;DR: In this article, a sample of 187 medical center nurses described two stressful occupational episodes varying in perceived controllability and provided information regarding the coping strategies used, and the effectiveness of coping across three dimensions: perceived coping effectiveness, job affect, and psychological adjustment.
Abstract: A sample of 187 medical center nurses described 2 stressful occupational episodes varying in perceived controllability and provided information regarding the coping strategies used. Outcome measures assessed effectiveness of coping across 3 dimensions : perceived coping effectiveness, job affect, and psychological adjustment. Negative affectivity was measured to control for its tendency to inflate stress-adjustment relationships. Use of problem-solving strategies was related to perceived coping effectiveness only for high-control episodes. However, differential use of coping across levels of controllability was not related to job affect or psychological adjustment. Avoidant coping was strongly associated with negative affect at work. In contrast, problem-reappraisal and problem-solving strategies were related to positive affect at work. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
TL;DR: For example, Tracey et al. as mentioned in this paper found that for both the high school and college samples, the individual interest items were uniformly arranged in a circle, indicating that there are no preferred points around the circle.
Abstract: Samples of high school (n = 370) and college (n = 223) students completed the Vocational Preference Inventory (J. L. Holland, 1985b) and the Inventory of Occupational Preference (IOP; T. J. Tracey & J. Rounds, in press). Their responses were examined with respect to whether they fit a uniform circular distribution. For both the high school and college samples, the individual interest items were uniformly arranged in a circle, indicating that there are no preferred points around the circle. Also, the 8 IOP octant scales and the 6 RIASEC scales (i.e., Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional) fit the data equally well, indicating that the 6 RIASEC scales are only one of many scale configurations that will fit a circular ordering. The results confirm that vocational interests have a uniform distribution along a circle and that the number of scales used is a matter of convenience. The relative utility of 6 or 8 scales and viewing interests as a set of concentric circles are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the issue of premature termination by using the client readiness variables reflected in the stages of change and processes of change proposed in J. O. Prochaska and C. C. DiClemente's (1982) transtheoretical model.
Abstract: This study explored the issue of premature termination by using the client readiness variables reflected in the stages of change and processes of change proposed in J. O. Prochaska and C. C. DiClemente's (1982) transtheoretical model. This study used these variables in an attempt to distinguish between premature and nonpremature terminators in a college counseling center. Results indicated that the two termination groups were distinguishable on stages and processes of change, though some results were not predicted by the transtheoretical theory or model. Recommendations are made for future research to identify and predict clients at risk for premature termination and to determine how to avert such termination
TL;DR: In this article, a framework for defining stress and categorizing psycho-educational stress reduction programs was developed, and the overall effect as a single treatment type of seven psychoeducational programs based on physiological (M), coping-with-people (A), or interpersonal awareness (I) processes was determined as well as the relative effect of each program in the near and long term.
Abstract: Participants in this 3-year field study were 373 employees in the emergency medical service of a municipal fire department. A framework for defining stress and categorizing psychoeducational stress reduction programs was developed. The overall effect as a single treatment type of seven psychoeducational programs based on physiological (M), coping-with-people (A), or interpersonal awareness (I) processes, and the four combinations programs, A & I, M & A, M & I, and M & A & I, on measures related to job stress was determined as well as the relative effect of each program in the near and long term. Pre- and postfollow-up improvements were found on standardized psychological instruments and on a job performance measure. Findings support the value of psychoeducational training programs for preventative mental health in the workplace
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relation of client resistant behavior to therapist directive behavior in a sample of 10 prominent archival therapy sessions, with the behavior being aggregated into 1st-order 2 x 2 sequential frequency matrices for each dyad.
Abstract: This study examined the relation of client resistant behavior to therapist directive behavior in a sample of 10 prominent archival therapy sessions. Client and therapist speaking tums were coded, with the behavior being aggregated into 1st-order 2 x 2 sequential frequency matrices for each dyad: one set with therapist behavior as antecedent and another set with client behavior as antecedent. The dependency of client and therapist behavior on the behavior of the other was considered across different dyads. The results indicated an overall trend, with therapist directive behavior slightly increasing the probability of subsequent client resistance. No similar effect of client behavior on subsequent therapist behavior was found. Implications of the findings with respect to research and practice are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the association between sexual abuse and eating disorders (EDs) and found that those with the lowest levels of social competencies and poorest bonds with their mothers had more ED symptoms.
Abstract: Childhood attachment, family environment, and adult social competencies were examined to explain the association between sexual abuse and eating disorders (EDs). Female college students (n = 102) and female clients sexually abused in childhood (n = 52) completed surveys retrospectively that assessed parental bonds, family environment, and sexual abuse, as well as current self-efficacy, social support, intimacy, adult attachment style, and ED symptoms. Client incest survivors had a higher ED rate (47%) than did sexually abused clients (22%), student incest survivors (24%), or nonabused students (17%). Significant associations were found between family environment, incest, social competencies, and eating disorders. Incest survivors had more dysfunctional families and lower social competencies than did nonabused women. Among incest survivors, those with the lowest levels of social competencies and poorest bonds with their mothers had more ED symptoms
TL;DR: In this paper, career decision groups were compared across Erikson's first five stages of ego identity development as measured by the Ego Development Scale (R. Ochse & C. Plug, 1986).
Abstract: Four cluster groups of career-undecided college students (N = 423) were formed from Career Factors Inventory scores. Career decision groups were compared across Erikson's first 5 stages of ego identity development as measured by the Ego Development Scale (R. Ochse & C. Plug, 1986). It was predicted that career decision groups would differ in level of ego identity resolution, with groups that experienced the most indecision reporting the least successful resolution. Using profile analysis, overall profile parallelism, level, and shape were examined, and comparisons of career decision groups within the substages were made. Results indicated that the 4 career decision groups differed in their degree of successful identity resolution in the predicted direction. Results are related to career interventions and treatment.
TL;DR: The social relations model presented in this article provides a solution to some of the problems that plague group psychotherapy research and can be used to study the ways in which group members interrelate and influence one another.
Abstract: The social relations model presented in this article provides a solution to some of the problems that plague group psychotherapy research. The model was designed to analyze nonindependent data and can be used to study the ways in which group members interrelate and influence one another. The components of the social relations model are the constant (i.e., group effect), the perceiver effect, the target effect, the relationship effect, and error. By providing estimates of the magnitude of these 5 factors and by examining the relationships among these factors, the social relations model allows investigators to examine a host of research questions that have been inaccessible. Examples of applications of the social relations model to issues of group leadership, interpersonal feedback, and process and outcome research are discussed.