Showing papers in "Journal of Counseling Psychology in 1998"
TL;DR: In this article, the use of structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures with latent variables to analyze data from experimental studies is discussed. But the authors do not discuss the issues that arise in applying SEM procedures, such as sample size and distributional characteristics of the measures.
Abstract: This article illustrates the use of structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures with latent variables to analyze data from experimental studies. These procedures allow the researcher to remove the biasing effects of random and correlated measurement error on the outcomes of the experiment and to examine processes that may account for changes in the outcome variables that are observed. Analyses of data from a Project Family study, an experimental intervention project with rural families that strives to improve parenting skills, are presented to illustrate the use of these modeling procedures. Issues that arise in applying SEM procedures, such as sample size and distributional characteristics of the measures, are discussed.
565Â citations
TL;DR: The Differentiation of Self Inventory (DOSI) as discussed by the authors is a self-report instrument for adults (ages 25+) that is based on Bowen's concept of differentiation of self and interlocking triangles.
Abstract: Despite the importance of Bowen theory (M.Bowen, 1976,1978; M. E. KerrB Nichols & Schwartz, 1998). Indeed, Bowen theory provides a foundation for the field of family therapy that renders i t distinct from the multitude of theoretica l approaches to individual psychotherapy. At present, many of Bowen's (1976, 1978) concepts (e.g., differentiation of self, interlocking triangles , o r reactiv e emotiona l distancing ) pervade th e famil y system s literature . Despit e th e vas t attention Bowen theory has received from clinicians and theorists alike, there have been, to date, few programmatic attempts t o tes t it s validit y wit h respec t t o personalit y functioning or quality of interpersonal relations or to changes as a result of psychotherapy. To begin filling this notable gap, we developed the Differentiation o f Self Inventory, a self-report instrument for adults (ages 25+). In this article, we present psychometric support for the measure, validation studies to date, and implications for theory, research, and practice.
539Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, social connectedness and its relationship with anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity was explored in the lives of women, and women with high connectedness reported greater social identification in high, as compared with low, cohesion conditions.
Abstract: Social connectedness and its relationship with anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity was explored in the lives of women. Social connectedness was negatively related to trait anxiety and made a larger unique contribution to trait anxiety than social support or collective self-esteem. Women with high connectedness also reported greater social identification in high, as compared with low, cohesion conditions. Women with low connectedness exhibited no difference in either condition. Social connectedness was also positively related to state self-esteem across both conditions but did not have an effect on state anxiety. Future research in gender and cultural differences, self-evaluation process, and intervention strategies are discussed in light of the findings.
525Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors adapted and extended M. L. Cooper's (1994) Drinking Motives Measure to examine marijuana motives among 299 college students and found that marijuana and alcohol motives predicted comparable amounts of variance in use and use-related problems.
Abstract: This study adapted and extended M. L. Cooper's (1994) Drinking Motives Measure to examine marijuana motives among 299 college students. An exploratory factor analysis supported the hypothesized 5-factor marijuana motives model, resulting in enhancement, conformity, expansion, coping, and social motives. Analyses supported the internal consistency and concurrent validity of the 5 marijuana motives. Marijuana motives were significant predictors of marijuana use and added to the prediction of use-related problems above and beyond the contribution of lifetime use. Motives and gender interacted in predicting use and use-related problems. Parallel regression analyses revealed that marijuana and alcohol motives predicted comparable amounts of variance in use and use-related problems. However, different patterns of relations emerged across drugs, supporting the discriminant validity of the marijuana and alcohol motives. Young adults use alcohol and marijuana more often than any other abusable drug. According to the Monitoring the Future study (Johnston, O'Malley, & Bachman, 1994), 94% of adults between the ages of 18 and 29 years have used alcohol in their lifetimes, and 56% have used marijuana. As for recent use, 87% drank alcohol in the last year, and 25% used marijuana. Increases in abuse of both alcohol and marijuana have been observed in recent years (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA] 1996). Also troubling is evidence that the perceived risk of marijuana use has recently decreased among young adults (NIDA, 1996). In light of these trends, increased attention to psychological factors influencing use of these drugs is clearly warranted.
444Â citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the association between adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism and two mental health outcomes (self-esteem and depression) and found that adaptive perfectionism was not directly or indirectly associated with depression.
Abstract: This study of college students (N = 464) examined the association between adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism and 2 mental health outcomes (self-esteem and depression). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to develop and assess the measurement model used in this study. Structural equations modeling was used to test a mediational model derived from prior theory and research. Analyses supported the existence of 2 perfectionism factors. Path models revealed that adaptive perfectionism was not directly or indirectly (through self-esteem) associated with depression. Maladaptive perfectionism was negatively associated with self-esteem and positively associated with depression. Self-esteem also buffered the effects of maladaptive perfectionism on depression. Distinguishing adaptive from maladaptive perfectionism is discussed in the context of recommendations for practice and future research.
410Â citations
353Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a meta-analytic review of career interventions was conducted to replicate L. W. Oliver and A. R. Spokane's (1988) study and found that individual career counseling was the most effective and efficient treatment, whereas computer interventions were the most cost-effective.
Abstract: Studies published between 1983 and 1995 that examined the effectiveness of career interventions were subjected to a meta-analytic review to replicate L. W. Oliver and A. R. Spokane's (1988) study. Using a sophisticated coding system and extensive data analyses, this study examined 268 treatment-control contrasts from 47 studies that involved 4,660 participants. The average overall effect sizes were smaller but similar to those found previously. Individual career counseling was found to be the most effective and efficient treatment, whereas computer interventions were the most cost-effective. The results of this study do not support the previous finding that treatment intensity predicted effect-size magnitude.
325Â citations
TL;DR: This paper extended social cognitive career theory and racial identity theory to the math-related interests and academic choice intentions of Black college students and found that self-efficacy and outcome expectations predicted interests, and interests predicted choice intentions, across racial identity attitude levels.
Abstract: This study extended social cognitive career theory (R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, & G. Hackett, 1994) and racial identity theory (J. E. Helms, 1990) to the math-related interests and academic choice intentions of Black college students. Participants were 164 Black 1st-year undergraduates who completed measures of racial identity attitudes and math-related indexes of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, perceived sources of efficacy information, interests, and academic choice intentions. A social cognitive path model of students' math-related interests and choice intentions offered good overall fit to the data. Racial identity attitudes generally yielded small relations to the social cognitive variables and the outcome criteria. Self-efficacy and outcome expectations predicted interests, and interests predicted choice intentions, across racial identity attitude levels. Implications for practice and for further research on Black students' academic and career development patterns are considered.
290Â citations
TL;DR: A structural model predicting the educational and career expectations of 282 Mexican American high school girls was developed and then tested on samples of 247 Mexican American boys and 228 European American girls as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A structural model predicting the educational and career expectations of 282 Mexican American high school girls was developed and then tested on samples of 247 Mexican American boys and 228 European American girls. Predictors included socioeconomic status, acculturation, academic achievement, instrumentality, expressiveness, gender role attitudes, parental and teacher support, family and career commitment, and perceptions of barriers. Results indicated that the initial model was plausible in the sample of Mexican American girls. Findings from the multiple-groups analyses provided evidence supporting the primacy of cultural influences over gender in predicting the educational and career expectations of Mexican American girls.
232Â citations
TL;DR: In this article, self-reported multicultural counseling competencies (MCCs) of 176 university counseling center staff were assessed using a 1-model multiple regression analysis, using a 4-step forced-entry method, accounted for 34% of the variability in MCCs.
Abstract: Self-reported multicultural counseling competencies (MCCs) of 176 university counseling center staff were assessed. A 1-model multiple regression analysis, using a 4-step forced-entry method, accounted for 34% of the variability in MCCs. As hypothesized, after the significant contributions of multicultural (MC) social desirability and race were taken into account, attitudes of feelings of social inadequacy and locus of control racial ideology overall and individually made significant contributions. Then, MC training variables overall and number of minority and international clients, MC research projects, and MC courses individually made significant contributions. Hispanics had significantly higher Multicultural Counseling Inventory scores than did Whites. Minority groups scored differently than Whites on the variables measured, and MCCs increased with training.
228Â citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated a model of predictors of higher level career aspirations among two groups of women: students in mathematics, physical science, and engineering majors and students in biological science majors.
Abstract: This study investigated a model of predictors of higher level career aspirations among 2 groups of women: students in mathematics, physical science, and engineering majors and students in biological science majors. On the basis of social-cognitive theory, it was hypothesized that ability, self-efficacy, positivity of role model influence, and role conflict would influence the higher level career aspirations of these women. Data obtained from a mail survey of 546 students revealed that the hypothesized model provided a good overall fit to the data. In contrast to the women in math, physical science, and engineering majors, the relationships between ability and self-efficacy and between positivity of role-model influence and self-efficacy were significantly lower in magnitude for women in the biological sciences group. These findings suggest ideas for interventions designed to increase the number of women aspiring to top positions within nontraditional careers.
TL;DR: In this paper, traditional and innovative uses of the Rasch model in the development and validation of small and large scale psychological instruments are discussed, including reliability and validity of scale scores, whereas discussion of innovative uses included determining the optimal number of response categories for Likert-type items and obtaining a measure of response style for each person.
Abstract: Inferences made from summary indices of psychometric scales must be reliable and valid to advance scientific knowledge in counseling psychology. This article illustrates traditional and innovative uses of the Rasch model in the development and validation of small- and large-scale psychological instruments. Discussion of traditional uses of the Rasch model included reliability and validity of scale scores, whereas discussion of innovative uses included (a) determining the optimal number of response categories for Likert-type items and (b) obtaining a measure of response style for each person. Both mathematical and conceptual explanations are provided, and counseling psychology data are used to illustrate examples.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used contemporary attachment theory (Bowlby, 1988) to generate and test hypotheses regarding individual differences in individuals' internal working models of attachment, and found that those individual differences that dispose persons to experience problems may be distinct from those that orient them favorably toward seeking help from others.
Abstract: A person's internal working models of close relationships (J. Bowlby, 1988) incorporate 2 discrete yet interrelated cognitive schemas: a self model containing perceptions of one's own worth and lovability and an other model embodying core expectations about the trustworthiness and dependability of intimate others in one's social world. This study tested hypothesized interrelationships, in a college-student sample, (a) between self-model differences and self-reported problems and (b) among other-model differences, problem levels, and helpseeking attitudes. As expected, students with positive self models reported significantly fewer problems than did students with negative self models. In addition, students' other-model grouping significantly interacted with their problem levels to predict their expressed willingess to seek counseling. Implications of the findings for counseling practice are discussed. The acknowledgement of personal problems does not, in and of itself, propel affected persons to seek therapeutic help. Presumably, those persons who voluntarily pursue counseling must not only be experiencing distress but must also be inclined, under these circumstances, to perceive others as potential sources of help and support. Because those individual differences that dispose persons to experience problems may be distinct from those that orient them favorably toward seeking help from others, it is important to consider how these person factors may be conceptually interrelated. In this study, we used contemporary attachment theory (Bowlby, 1988) to generate and test hypotheses regarding these individual differences. In particular, we focused on Bowlby's concept of internal working models of attachment as a means of operationaliz ing (a) subgroups assumed to differ in their dispositions to report personal problems and (b) other subgroups assumed to differ in their inclinations to seek therapeutic help when experiencing high levels of problems.
TL;DR: Lent et al. as discussed by the authors applied the R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, and G. Hackett (1994) social cognitive model of interest development to the prediction of interest in research.
Abstract: In this study, the R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, and G. Hackett (1994) social cognitive model of interest development was applied to the prediction of interest in research. Participants included 184 counseling psychology doctoral students. Results of a path analysis indicated that 5 variables were significant predictors of interest in research: research outcome expectations, research self-efficacy beliefs, investigative interests, artistic interests, and age. In addition, several factors indirectly affected interest in research through effects on research self-efficacy-the research training environment, Holland Investigative interests, and year in program. Research training environment, Holland Investigative interests, and research self-efficacy beliefs also had an impact on interest in research indirectly through their effects on research outcome expectations.
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between men's gender role conflict and use of psychological defenses and found that men experiencing greater rigidity about being successful, powerful, and competitive; expressing emotions; and expressing affection to other men used more immature psychological defences and some degree of neurotic defenses.
Abstract: The authors hypothesized that men would report using psychological defenses to the degree they self-reported masculine gender role conflict. One hundred fifteen men completed the Gender Role Conflict Scale, the Defense Style Questionnaire, and the Defense Mechanism Inventory. Canonical correlations indicated that men experiencing greater rigidity about being successful, powerful, and competitive; expressing emotions; and expressing affection to other men used more immature psychological defenses and some degree of neurotic defenses. More specifically, these men tended to use defenses of turning against object and projection and tended not to use principalization and reversal. The discussion focuses on the effects of male gender role strain, implications for treatment, limitations, and future research. Called the cornerstone on which the structure of psychoanalysis rests (Freud, 1914/1959), psychological defenses are important for understanding development, personality, adaptation, and psychotherapy (Plutchik, 1995). Although gender differences between men and women in the development of psychological defenses are recognized (Bogo, Winget, & Gleser, 1970; Cramer, 1991; Gleser & Ihilevich, 1969; Ihilevich & Gleser, 1993a) and instrumentality and expressivity have been related to psychological defenses (Brems, 1990; Juni & Grimm, 1994; Levit, 1991), the effect of gender role strain (Pleck, 1981, 1995) has not been examined in relation to the development of psychological defenses. Because the male socialization experience is theorized to create negative feelings such as anxiety and shame related to all things feminine, the development of rigid traditional male roles, or male gender role conflict (O'Neil, Helms, Gable, David, & Wrightsman, 1986), may help stave off the negative feelings associated with femininity much in the same way that psychological defenses manage negative affect. As such, men's gender role conflict should be related to psychological mechanisms of defense. If true, knowledge of this relationship would shed light on the protective mechanisms used in the development of gender role conflict patterns and would be helpful to those working with men who enact gender role conflict patterns. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between men's gender role conflict and use of psychological defenses.
TL;DR: In this article, a consensual qualitative research strategy was used to examine data from 127 interviews conducted with 8 psychologists immediately following their sessions of brief therapy with 8 clients, which revealed three domains relevant to countertransference: origins (including categories of family issues, needs and values, therapy specific issues, and cultural issues), triggers ( including categories of content of client material, therapist comparing client with others, change in therapy structure or procedures, therapist assessing progress of therapy, therapist perception of client, and emotions), and manifestations (including category of approach, avoidance, negative feelings, and treatment planning
Abstract: A consensual qualitative research strategy was used to examine data from 127 interviews conducted with 8 psychologists immediately following their sessions of brief therapy with 8 clients. Analyses revealed 3 domains relevant to countertransference: origins (including categories of family issues, needs and values, therapy specific issues, and cultural issues), triggers (including categories of content of client material, therapist comparing client with others, change in therapy structure or procedures, therapist assessing progress of therapy, therapist perception of client, and emotions), and manifestations (including categories of approach, avoidance, negative feelings, and treatment planning). The frequency of categories within and across cases was classified, and relationships among categories from the 3 domains were detected, generating hypotheses for future empirical research. Implications for practice, training, and continued research are discussed.
TL;DR: This article investigated the relation between clients' self-reported secret keeping in therapy and symptomatology, and found that keeping secrets in therapy was a significant predictor of having fewer symptoms, and suggested that clients may benefit from hiding undesirable aspects of themselves from their therapists.
Abstract: This research investigated the relation between clients' self-reported secret keeping in therapy and symptomatology Therapy outpatients at a community hospital (N 42) completed surveys that asked them to list relevant secrets that they were keeping from their therapists and their reasons for doing so Over 40% of the clients reported keeping a relevant secret in therapy, and the most frequently listed reason was that they were afraid to express feelings After adjusting for clients' initial symptomatology, tendency to keep secrets in general, and social desirability scores, the analyses showed that keeping secrets in therapy was a significant predictor of having fewer symptoms The results support a self-presentational perspective on secret keeping in counseling and suggest that clients may benefit from hiding some undesirable aspects of themselves from their therapists
TL;DR: For example, Tracey and Rounds as mentioned in this paper examined the structure of interests in children at the scale and item levels using the randomization test of hypothesized order relations and principal-components analysis.
Abstract: Two studies were conducted with samples of elementary school, middle school, and college students, who were given the Inventory of Children's Activities, which was designed to assess J. L. Holland's (1973, 1985a) RIASEC (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional) types on interests and competence perceptions. The structure was examined at the scale and item levels using the randomization test of hypothesized order relations and principal-components analysis. Results indicated that (a) there were few differences in structure between interests and competence perceptions, (b) the structure of interests and competence perceptions varied across age, (c) the fit of the circular model was positively related to age, (d) elementary and middle school students evaluated their interests and competencies using different dimensions than did college students, and (e) there were scale score mean differences across gender and age. The prevailing model used in most interest inventories is the one posited by John Holland (1973, 1985a) of six types (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional, hereafter referred to as RIASEC) arranged in a hexagon (or circle). In a meta-analytic examination of the RIASEC structure across 104 different samples, Tracey and Rounds (1993) found support for the circular structure of interests from the age of 14 through adulthood. Also, they found that the structure held equally across gender and the different instruments used. However, it is unknown if this circular structure of RIASEC interest types is valid for children, because age groups younger than 14 have not been examined. The primary purpose of this study was to ascertain the structure of interests in children. Can the interests of children be represented using the six RIASEC types? If so, does the circular arrangement of these types also accurately represent children's data?
TL;DR: In this article, the authors predicted that client attachment status would moderate the relationship between counselor experience and client-perceived working alliance and found that client comfort with intimacy was related to a stronger alliance with the counselors.
Abstract: The authors predicted that client attachment status would moderate the relationship between counselor experience and client-perceived working alliance. Forty clients from 2 university counseling centers completed measures of attachment and the working alliance. Their counselors were classified according to experience level. Client comfort with intimacy was related to a stronger alliance with the counselors. However, counselor experience was unrelated to client-rated working alliance. Client attachment, specifically comfort with intimacy, moderated the relationship between counselor experience and working alliance.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the impact of chance events on the career choices of prominent academic women in counseling psychology and examine the contextual factors surrounding the chance events, finding that chance events affected career choices most often by changing women's career paths or by altering their self-concepts.
Abstract: Consensual qualitative research was used to investigate the impact of chance events on the career choices of prominent academic women in counseling psychology and to examine the contextual factors surrounding the chance events The results suggest that chance events affected career choices most often by changing women's career paths altogether or by altering their self-concepts The results also suggest that both internal characteristics (eg, ability to take risks, self-confidence, etc) and external factors (eg, a strong support system, few external barriers, etc) helped women take advantage of chance opportunities The implications of integrating the concept of serendipity into our existing understanding of career development is discussed
TL;DR: Larson et al. as discussed by the authors examined the role of counselor trainees' self-efficacy on measures of career counseling process, "small o" outcome, and outcome with actual clients.
Abstract: This investigation examined the role of counselor trainees' self-efficacy on measures of career counseling process, "small o" outcome, and outcome with actual clients. Twenty-four counselor trainees saw 55 clients in 3 to 12 individual sessions. Results indicated that (a) career counseling self-efficacy increased by a standard deviation from prepracticum to postpracticum; (b) client scores significantly improved from pretest to posttest across multiple career outcome measures; (c) clients' working alliance, goal attainment, and decidedness indicated significant growth; (d) the significant growth on the process variable and small o outcome variables did not appear to be related to career counseling self-efficacy; and (e) career counseling self-efficacy apparently related to certain career counseling outcome measures in a manner suggesting much greater complexity than the "more self-efficacy is better" philosophy would imply. Counselor self-efficacy has been the subject of numerous investigations (Larson, 1998; Larson & Daniels, 1998); surprisingly, however, no studies have been reported that investigated the relationship between career counseling self-efficacy and process and outcome measures with real clients in naturally occurring counseling settings. There is little question that counselor self-efficacy is potentially an important variable in counselor training. Counselor training programs are invested in having their trainees perform efficaciously, to persist when difficult stages of counseling emerge, to expend effort so as to be effective with a complex array of clients, and to perform at high levels of competence with their clients. All of these critical behaviors have been demonstrated to relate to one's sense of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977, 1982, 1991). Self-efficacy has been denned as "people's judgments in their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performance" (Bandura, 1986, p. 391). The tremendous amount of attention that the construct of self-efficacy has been given in the counseling training literature (see Larson, 1998; Larson & Daniels, 1998) is understandabl e in that self-efficacy beliefs have been demonstrated to predict choice of behavioral activities, effort expended on those activities, persistence despite obstacles, and actual performance (Bandura, 1977). Clearly, these characteristics are all of vital importance to counselor trainees. Theoretically, if
TL;DR: Treatment adherence and differentiation in dynamic cognitive-behavioral therapy and multidimensional family therapy for adolescent substance abuse were evaluated with a treatment adherence process measure as discussed by the authors, and the results demonstrated sound interrater reliability and internal consistency.
Abstract: Treatment adherence and differentiation in dynamic cognitive-behavioral therapy and multidimensional family therapy for adolescent substance abuse were evaluated with a treatment adherence process measure Full-length videotapes of 90 treatment sessions (36 clients) were reviewed by nonparticipant raters Adherence scales for each treatment generated through factor analysis of observational ratings demonstrated sound interrater reliability and internal consistency Therapists in each condition used techniques unique to their own model and avoided those unique to the competing model Individual therapists emphasized behavioral and substance-use interventions, whereas family therapists focused on interactional and affective interventions Challenges in conducting adherence research that compares individual and family treatments are addressed as are implications of these results for advancing treatment development for adolescent drug users
TL;DR: This article found that older Latinas were less likely than younger Latinas to make behavior changes or use barrier methods of contraception to prevent HIV and they had higher rates of unintended pregnancies, while marriage was associated with greater relationship risk and less behavior change.
Abstract: Latinas are nearly 3 times more likely to acquire AIDS than other women in the United States. It is critical to understand this vulnerability and to identify predictors of risk. Structural equation models were used to test predictors mediators (including components of the health belief model) and sex-related outcomes and behavior. Interview data were collected from a random cross-sectional community sample of 227 sexually active Latinas (M age = 32 years). Acculturation was associated with higher HIV-related risks within primary relationships. Older Latinas were less likely than younger Latinas to make behavior changes or use barrier methods of contraception to prevent HIV and they had higher rates of unintended pregnancies. Marriage was related to greater relationship risk and less behavior change. Theoretical models must account for ethnicity race and culture to understand better unwanted sexual outcomes for Latinas including HIV risks. Strategies are needed that specifically address these issues in HIV prevention and counseling programs. (authors)
TL;DR: The authors used structural equation modeling to test a theoretically based, fully mediated model in which masculine gender roles influence vocational interests that, in turn, influence the traditionality of career choice for men.
Abstract: The authors used structural equation modeling to test a theoretically based, fully mediated model in which masculine gender roles influence vocational interests that, in turn, influence the traditionality of career choice for men. The authors also tested a competing partially mediated model that included an additional direct effect of masculine gender roles on career choice traditionality. Participants were 212 male undergraduate and graduate students representing 51 different majors. Results indicated that the direct relation between masculine gender roles and career choice traditionality was nonsignificant; however, vocational interests mediated the relation between these variables, thus providing support for the fully mediated model.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined physical, psychological, and societal correlates of bulimic symptomatology in African American college women and found that body mass, body dissatisfaction, and low self-esteem were significantly related to bulimics.
Abstract: Although eating disorders have been the focus of considerable research, African American women generally have been overlooked, despite recent investigations indicating they also are at risk. In this study, the authors examined physical, psychological, and societal correlates of bulimic symptomatology in African American college women. Regression analysis revealed that body mass, body dissatisfaction, and low self-esteem were significantly related to bulimic symptomatology, accounting for 29% of the variance. Internalization of U.S. societal beliefs about attractiveness, level of identification with White culture, and level of depression, however, were not significant predictors of bulimic symptoms in the regression equation. The findings are discussed in the context of sociocultural approaches to understanding eating disorders. Implications for counseling interventions as well as directions for future research are provided.
TL;DR: Long et al. as mentioned in this paper used multivariate analysis of variance and multiple-group structural equation modeling to compare female clerical workers with the original sample of managerial women (n = 249) and found that women had fewer coping resources, appraised the stress event as less controllable, experienced more work demands and less support, used relatively less engagement coping and were more distressed and less satisfied than managers.
Abstract: This study cross-validated and refined a causal model of workplace stress (B. C. Long, S. E. Kahn, & R. W. Scnutz, 1992). Multivariate analysis of variance and multiple-group structural equation modeling were used to contrast female clerical workers (n = 214) with the original sample of managerial women (n = 249). Consistent with the effects of social roles, clerical workers had fewer coping resources, appraised the stress event as less controllable, experienced more work demands and less support, used relatively less engagement coping, and were more distressed and less satisfied than managers. Moreover, the personality disposition of agentic traits had a stronger influence on coping strategies for clerical workers than for managers. Although recent research has aimed at the development of integrative models of the stress and coping process of employed women (B. C. Long, Kahn, & Schutz, 1992; Portello, 1996; Terry, Tonge, & Callan, 1995), little attention has been paid to the impact of institutional ized social roles on women's experience of work stress. Pearlin (1989) posited that greater vulnerability to stress may be attributable to social roles that reflect the "unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and self-regard" (p. 245). Ironically, women in management and professional occupations have been the focus of considerable research that has examined the impact of work-related stress on adjustment
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined alexithymia as a mediator by which dysfunctional family environment in childhood affects adult clients' attachment relationship to their therapist and found that fear of separation was associated with both alexity and poor client attachment to therapist.
Abstract: Alexithymia involves problems differentiating affective states such as fear, sadness, or anger; difficulty expressing feelings; and a tendency to rely on external cues rather than internal experience for making decisions. This study examined alexithymia as a possible mediator by which dysfunctional family environment in childhood affects adult clients' attachment relationship to their therapist. Clients (N = 61) completed measures of dysfunctional family structure (Family Structure Survey), alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale), and their counseling relationship (Client Attachment to Therapist Scale). Findings suggest that fear of separation was associated with both alexithymia and poor client attachment to therapist. Parent-child role reversal was associated with problems in identifying feelings. Role reversal and marital conflict were both associated with problems in client attachment to therapist. Results suggest that alexithymia may be a significant mediator of the relationship between family dysfunction and client attachment to therapist.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the psychometric properties of the Central Relationship Questionnaire (CRQ), a measure of central relationship patterns, and concluded that the CRQ components could be differentiated into meaningful subscales.
Abstract: This study presents an initial evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Central Relationship Questionnaire (CRQ), a measure of central relationship patterns. These patterns refer to people's characteristic ways of relating to significant others in terms of their wishes, their perceptions of others' responses to them, and their own responses to both of these. The self-report CRQ is derived from L. Luborsky's (1977) clinician-rated Core Conflictual Relationship Theme. Overall, the results indicated that the CRQ components could be differentiated into meaningful subscales. These subscales were internally consistent, demonstrated significant stability over a year, and evidenced preliminary convergent and divergent validity with measures of interpersonal problems and symptomatology. It is concluded on the basis of these promising results that the CRQ merits further empirical development. Specific suggestions for accomplishing this are presented. Central interpersonal patterns refer to characteristic ways of relating to others and are thought to be the product of highly ingrained patterns or schemas of relationships with important others. These relational patterns are presumed to be initially constructed from emotionally laden interactions with parental figures in the earliest years of life that are then carried forward into subsequent relationships. According to psychodynamic theory, the patterns are compromise formations (Brenner, 1982) of conflicts between incompatible wishes (impulses) or between unacceptable wishes and prohibitions. A primary aim of dynamic psychotherapy is to address maladaptive interpersonal patterns across the client's different relationships as a means of achieving insight and eliciting therapeutic change (e.g., Davanloo, 1980; Luborsky, 1984; Malan, 1976a, 1976b; Strupp & Binder, 1984). The clinical utility of theory-driven measures of central relationship patterns has long been recognized by researchers as a central component of dynamic formulation, as an important focus of interpretatio ns, and as a theoretically relevant measure of outcome and change. Although early attempts to assess these theoretical constructs failed to
TL;DR: This article examined the construct validity of the Strong Interest Inventory and the Study of Values for 695 intellectually talented 13-year-olds and found that preference assessments may complement routine ability assessments of gifted adolescents and counselors may use such information to encourage students to take a more active role in their personal development.
Abstract: Study 1 examined the construct validity of the Strong Interest Inventory and the Study of Values for 695 intellectually talented 13-year-olds. Study 2 consisted of a generalization probe to 695 graduate students enrolled in select universities. This analysis manifested an impressive degree of adolescence-to-adult cross-validation. Well-known preference questionnaires appear to assess meaningful individual differences among intellectually talented young adolescents. How preference assessments may complement routine ability assessments of gifted adolescents and how counselors may use such information to encourage students to take a more active role in their personal development are discussed. The authors also present a methodological application, responsive to R. V. Dawis's (1992) concern about the amount of redundancy in psychological measuring tools.