Showing papers in "Journal of Counseling Psychology in 1999"
TL;DR: Suinn et al. as discussed by the authors developed the Asian Values Scale (AVS) to measure ethnic cultural values, and the results of four studies investigating the psychometric properties of the AVS are reported.
Abstract: Multicultural researchers and theorists have noted that client adherence to culture-of-origin values plays an important role in the provision of culturally relevant and sensitive psychological services. However, lack of instruments that measure ethnic cultural values has been a shortcoming in past research that attempted to examine this relationship. In this article, the development of the Asian Values Scale (AVS) is described, and the results of 4 studies investigating the psychometric properties of the AVS are reported. The results indicate that the AVS has adequate internal and 2-week test-retest reliability. Also, factor analysis and comparisons of AVS scores to scores on the Individualism-Collectivism Scale (H. Triandis, 1995) and the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (R. M. Suinn, K. Rickard-Figueroa, S. Lew & P. Vigil, 1987) provided evidence of convergent and divergent validity for the AVS.
655 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the minority stress theory was used to develop models of antecedents and outcomes of heterosexism in the workplace, and the results indicated that experiencing heteroseXism was associated with adverse psychological, health, and job-related outcomes.
Abstract: This study used the minority stress theory to develop models of antecedents and outcomes of heterosexism in the workplace. Heterosexism was assessed via the Workplace Heterosexist Experiences Questionnaire, a new scale assessing direct (e.g., anti-gay jokes) and indirect experiences (e.g., assumptions of heterosexuality). Structural equation modeling with two community samples (N = 287) of gay, lesbian, and bisexual people indicated that heterosexism was best predicted by perceptions that the employer does not take heterosexism seriously (i.e., organizational climate). Experiencing heterosexism was associated with adverse psychological, health, and job-related outcomes, thus supporting the minority stress theory. In addition, outness was positively related to experiences of direct heterosexism but negatively related to indirect experiences. The minority stress theory is discussed in light of the mental health history of pathologizing homosexuality.
468 citations
TL;DR: This article investigated the extent to which four theoretically relevant variables moderated the perceived racism-mental health relation and found that greater experience with racial socialization messages attenuated the link between reports of racist events and poorer mental health.
Abstract: This research responded to researchers' calls for investigation of potential moderators of the link between perceptions of racist discrimination and mental health. In a sample of 119 African American young adults, the authors investigated the extent to which 4 theoretically relevant variables moderated the perceived racism-mental health relation. Consistent with predictions, results revealed that greater experience with racial socialization messages attenuated the link between reports of racist events and poorer mental health. Self-esteem also moderated the relation, but in a direction opposite that predicted. Neither racial socialization beliefs nor African American social networks moderated the relation. Overall, results indicated that individual differences shape the extent to which African Americans' mental health is related to perceptions of racist discrimination.
460 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed the Attitudes Regarding Bisexuality Scale (ARBS) to assess attitudes about female and male bisexuality, and two different forms of the ARBS were created: a form to assess attitude about female bisexuality (i.e., ARBS-FM) and a form assessing attitudes about male bi-phobia (a.k.a., male biophobia).
Abstract: Five studies on the development and validation of the Attitudes Regarding Bisexuality Scale (ARBS) were conducted. Factor analysis of an initial pool of 80 items yielded 2 factors assessing the degree to which bisexuality is viewed as a tolerable, moral sexual orientation (Tolerance) and a legitimate, stable sexual orientation (Stability). Three forms of the ARBS were created: a form to assess attitudes about female and male bisexuality (i.e., ARBS-FM) and forms to assess attitudes about female bisexuality (i.e., ARBS-F) and male bisexuality (ARBS-M). These forms evidenced moderate-to-high internal consistency reliability in both lesbian and gay samples and heterosexual samples. In heterosexual women and men, subscales were most strongly related to attitudes toward lesbians and gay men; frequency of religious attendance; political ideology; and prior contact with lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. In lesbians and gay men, subscales correlated with prior experiences with bisexual people, desired contact with bisexual people, contact with heterosexual people, and sexual orientation identity.
311 citations
TL;DR: The Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale (M-GUDS) as mentioned in this paper was defined as an attitude of awareness and acceptance of both the similarities and differences that exist among people.
Abstract: Universal-diverse orientation was defined as an attitude of awareness and acceptance of both the similarities and differences that exist among people. A 45-item scale developed to measure the construct was administered to 4 separate samples (ns = 93, 111, 153, and 135). Internal consistency and retest reliability for the Miville-Guzman Universality-Diversity Scale (M-GUDS) ranged from .89 to .95. The M-GUDS significantly correlated in theoretically predicted ways with measures of racial identity, empathy, healthy narcissism, feminism, androgyny, homophobia, and dogmatism (the last 2 correlations were negative). The M-GUDS displayed discriminant validity by failing to correlate with Scholastic Achievement Test Verbal scores, although mixed results were obtained with social desirability. In summary, the data suggest considerable reliability and initial construct validity for the M-GUDS.
302 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reanalyzed the data from two studies using path modeling and found that self-concealment is more important in the intensification rather than relief of psychological difficulties.
Abstract: Two recent studies tested whether personal distress, attitudes toward counseling, social support, and self-concealment predicted the likelihood that psychology undergraduates would seek psychological help. The present study reanalyzed the data from these investigations using path modeling. By evaluating direct and indirect effects, results supported the following hypothesized model across both samples: Individuals are more likely to seek counseling when distress is high and attitudes toward counseling are positive; distress is higher when social support networks are impaired and individuals conceal personally distressing information from others; and individuals who conceal information often have negative attitudes toward counseling and impaired social support networks. A direct path from self-concealment to help seeking provided a substantially better fit in only 1 sample. Overall, self-concealment is more important in the intensification rather than relief of psychological difficulties.
273 citations
TL;DR: Cognitive, emotional, and relational characteristics among 10 peer-nominated master therapists were identified through qualitative research methods as discussed by the authors, which indicated that master therapists are voracious learners, draw heavily on accumulated experiences, value cognitive complexity and ambiguity, are emotionally receptive, are mentally healthy and mature and attend to their own emotional well-being.
Abstract: Cognitive, emotional, and relational characteristics among 10 peer-nominated master therapists were identified through qualitative research methods. Results suggest that master therapists (a) are voracious learners; (b) draw heavily on accumulated experiences; (c) value cognitive complexity and ambiguity; (d) are emotionally receptive; (e) are mentally healthy and mature and attend to their own emotional well-being; (f) are aware of how their emotional health impacts their work; (g) possess strong relationship skills; (h) believe in the working alliance; and (i) are experts at using their exceptional relational skills in therapy. These findings suggest that researchers studying therapist expertise may want to explore emotional and relational characteristics in addition to an almost exclusive focus on the therapist's cognitive attributes.
261 citations
TL;DR: This article evaluated the effects of both performance accomplishment and vicarious learning experiences on the math/science selfefficacy and career interests, goals, and actions (i.e., choice of major and enrollment in courses) of college students.
Abstract: This investigation evaluated the effects of both performance accomplishment and vicarious learning experiences on the math/science self-efficacy and career interests, goals (i.e., aspirations), and actions (i.e., choice of major and enrollment in courses) of career undecided college students. Undergraduates who possessed at least a moderate level of math ability and who self-reported at least a moderate level of career undecidedness were randomly assigned to I of 4 treatment conditions: performance accomplishment only, vicarious learning only, combined treatment (performance accomplishment and vicarious learning), or the control group. Pre- and posttreatment assessments of participants' math/science self-efficacy, vocational interests, career aspirations, and career choice actions (i.e., choice of major and courses) revealed significant effects of the performance accomplishment and combined treatments on several of the dependent variables. Theoretical and counseling implications of the results are discussed.
240 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a meta-analysis addressed the question of how effective grief therapy is and for whom, using B. J. Becker's (1988) techniques for analyzing standardized mean-change scores.
Abstract: This meta-analysis addressed the question of how effective grief therapy is and for whom, using B. J. Becker's (1988) techniques for analyzing standardized mean-change scores. Analyses were based on 35 studies (N = 2,284), with a weighted mean effect size (ES) of Δ + = 0.43 (95% confidence interval = 0.33 to 0.52). Clients in no-treatment control groups showed little improvement (d + = 0.06), possibly because of the relatively long delay between loss and treatment in most studies (mean delay = 27 months). Moderators of treatment efficacy included time since loss and relationship to the deceased. Client selection procedures, a methodological factor not originally coded in this meta-analysis, appeared to contribute strongly to variability in ESs: A small number of studies involving self-selected clients produced relatively large ESs, whereas the majority of studies involving clients recruited by the investigators produced ESs in the small to moderate range.
190 citations
TL;DR: A modification of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) yielded reliable and valid scores, and was more strongly related to disordered eating than measures of body image attitudes, and its psychometric properties further supported.
Abstract: Body image disturbance is both positively associated with the development of eating disorders and negatively associated with recovery. However, the aspects of body image most relevant to eating disorders have not been clearly established. Body image preoccupation may be particularly relevant to disordered eating. Yet, its measurement has proven problematic. In Study 1, a modification of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), a measure of body image preoccupation (P. J. Cooper, M. J. Taylor, Z. Cooper, & C. G. Fairburn, 1987), was developed in a sample of female undergraduates. The BSQ-R-10 yielded reliable and valid scores, and was more strongly related to disordered eating than measures of body image attitudes. In Study 2, the BSQ-R-10 was cross-validated in another sample of female undergraduates, and its psychometric properties further supported.
163 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined what clients experience as helpful in counseling via concept mapping, a methodological approach combining qualitative and quantitative strategies, and identified five thematic clusters consistent with previous research: Counselor Facilitative Interpersonal Style, Counselor Interventions, Generating Client Resources, New Perspectives, and Client Self-Disclosure.
Abstract: The question of what clients experience as helpful in counseling was examined via concept mapping, a methodological approach combining qualitative and quantitative strategies. The purpose of the study was to clarify the scope and interrelations among elements of the retrospective experience of helpfulness among 36 clients who had completed counseling after an average of 11 sessions. Five thematic clusters consistent with previous research were identified: Counselor Facilitative Interpersonal Style, Counselor Interventions, Generating Client Resources, New Perspectives, and Client Self-Disclosure. Four new thematic clusters were also identified: Emotional Relief, Gaining Knowledge, Accessibility, and Client Resolutions. The structure of the concept map generated by the participants in this study was found to be consistent with an integrative, pantheoretical model of the counseling process.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the academic-subject-matter domain specificity of selfefficacy, interests, outcome expectations, and goals, and found that a factor solution that accommodated both distinct subject matters and distinct constructs provided the best fit to the data.
Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the academic-subject-matter domain specificity of self-efficacy, interests, outcome expectations, and goals. Four major subject-matter domains were selected to investigate this issue: math/science, art, social studies, and English. To examine this question, 16 instruments were constructed to measure the 4 concepts across the 4 subject domains. An analytical strategy similar to that used in multitrait multimethod studies was used. Using this strategy, a series of factor models was tested for fit to the data using confirmatory factor analytic procedures. Results indicated that a factor solution that accommodated both distinct subject matters and distinct constructs provided the best fit to the data, supporting the existence of the constructs of academic self-efficacy, interests, outcome expectancies, and goals that are specific to each subject-matter domain.
TL;DR: In this paper, a meta-analysis examined data from five studies (N = 111) that compared the efficacy of standard approaches to counseling for depression with religion-accommodative approaches.
Abstract: The present meta-analysis examined data from 5 studies (N = 111) that compared the efficacy of standard approaches to counseling for depression with religion-accommodative approaches. There was no evidence that the religion-accommodative approaches were more or less efficacious than the standard approaches. Findings suggest that the choice to use religious approaches with religious clients is probably more a matter of client preference than a matter of differential efficacy. However, additional research is needed to examine whether religion-accommodative approaches yield differential treatment satisfaction or differential improvements in spiritual well-being or facilitate relapse prevention. Given the importance of religion to many potential consumers of psychological services, counseling psychologists should devote greater attention to religion-accommodative counseling in future studies.
TL;DR: The authors suggest that by experiencing helpful conditions in their own therapy, participants seemed better able to provide them for their clients.
Abstract: Surveys have tended to conclude that personal therapy for therapists is useful, but they have offered little information about how it is useful. The authors interviewed 7 practicing therapists about their personal therapy and how it affected their clinical work. In an intensive qualitative analysis of the interview transcripts, the authors identified 12 common themes, which they organized into the following 3 domains: (a) orienting to the therapist: humanity, power, boundaries; (b) orienting to the client: trust, respect, patience; and (c) listening with the third ear. Within each domain, participants appeared to translate their experiences as clients into skills and attitudes used in their practice. Thus, the authors suggest that by experiencing helpful conditions in their own therapy, participants seemed better able to provide them for their clients.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the incremental validity, beyond vocational interest, of the General Confidence Themes of the Skills Confidence Inventory (N. E. Betz, F. H. Borgen, & L. W. Harmon, 1996a) as measures of vocational selfefficacy in identifying tenured and satisfied membership in 21 occupational groups for 1,105 employed women and men.
Abstract: The authors examined the incremental validity, beyond vocational interest, of the General Confidence Themes of the Skills Confidence Inventory (N. E. Betz, F. H. Borgen, & L. W. Harmon, 1996a) as measures of vocational self-efficacy in identifying tenured and satisfied membership in 21 occupational groups for 1,105 employed women and men. The General Occupational Themes of the Strong Interest Inventory (L. W. Harmon, J. C. Hansen, F. H. Borgen, & A. L. Hammer, 1994) were used to measure interest. The results replicated T. J. G. Tracey's (1997) finding that self-efficacy and interest form similar structures. Results also demonstrated the explanatory power of self-efficacy and interest and the incremental validity of self-efficacy. The authors suggest that the Skills Confidence Inventory is (a) a valid measure of tenured and satisfied occupational membership, (b) a distinct measure from interest but similar in structure, and (c) a potentially useful career assessment measure.
TL;DR: Mintz et al. as mentioned in this paper explored the construct validity of eating disorder continuum hypothesis and found that eating disorder severity increased with the severity of disturbed eating, and women adopted a more internal dieting locus of control.
Abstract: Although many counseling psychologists conceptualize eating disturbances along a continuum of degree, there appears to be a dearth of research exploring the construct validity of this eating disorder continuum hypothesis (L. B. Mintz et al., 1997). Specific psychological, behavioral, and cognitive characteristics known to be related to clinical eating disorders (C. Fairburn, 1995; D. M. Garner, 1991) were examined in 2 studies undertaken to explore whether these characteristics vary by eating disorder continuum placement. In Study 1, Neuroticism, as measured by the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (FFI), was found to vary by continuum placement in a sample of 169 women. In Study 2, 8 out of 9 Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) subscales and dieting locus of control varied significantly by continuum placement for a sample of 135 women. Scores on Neuroticism and many EDI-2 subscales (i.e., on which higher scores are more indicative of disordered eating) increased in a linear fashion, and women adopted a more internal dieting locus of control as the severity of disturbed eating increased, supporting the construct validity of the eating disorder continuum.
TL;DR: Male role variables were unrelated to women's alcohol consumption, but women who believed more in the traditional role of men suffered from more alcohol-related problems, and experiencing masculine gender role stress was a risk factor for these problems.
Abstract: Most research on sex differences in alcohol involvement suggests that drinking is a component of the male gender role, but the impact of specific male role factors on alcohol involvement has not yet been studied. The authors used structural modeling to examine the relationships among 3 male role variables (agency, traditional male role attitudes, and masculine gender role stress), alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related problems in a sample of women and men. To determine whether sex moderates this relationship, models were computed separately for men and women. For men, traditional attitudes led to more alcohol consumption, whereas agentic traits protected them from experiencing alcohol-related problems, and experiencing masculine gender role stress was a risk factor for these problems. Male role variables were unrelated to women's alcohol consumption, but women who believed more in the traditional role of men suffered from more alcohol-related problems. Discussion centers on the contribution of components of the male role on alcohol outcomes as well as the different implications for men and women.
TL;DR: In this article, personal growth orientation and hardiness mediated the relations of parental alcoholism and family functioning to psychological well-being and distress, and the mediational model was invariant across women and men.
Abstract: The purposes of this study were to (a) determine whether personal growth orientation and hardiness mediated the relations of parental alcoholism and family functioning to psychological well-being and distress; (b) determine whether this mediational model was invariant across women and men; and (c) examine the role of parental alcoholism in a model that included family functioning. Personal growth orientation appeared to mediate fully the relation of family functioning to distress for both genders. For women, hardiness appeared to mediate partially the relation of family functioning to well-being. For men, this relation appeared to be fully mediated by hardiness. The models were predominantly invariant across genders. Parental alcoholism had no direct effects on well-being or distress; indirect effects were found through family functioning, personal growth orientation, and hardiness. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
TL;DR: The relationship between childhood sexual abuse and victimization in adulthood was studied using a sample of 548 university women, including 56 who reported childhood incidences of incestuous abuse, 98 who reported sexual abuse by a peer or a nonfamily member, and 394 who reported no childhood abuse experiences.
Abstract: The relationship between childhood sexual abuse and victimization in adulthood was studied using a sample of 548 university women, including 56 who reported childhood incidences of incestuous abuse, 98 who reported sexual abuse by a peer or a nonfamily member, and 394 who reported no childhood sexual abuse experiences Possible mediating variables of shame and dissociation were investigated Chi-square analyses showed that there was a statistically significant association between women who were abused in childhood and adult victimization Logit regression analyses demonstrated that the odds of revictimization in adulthood were greater for women who were abused in childhood than for those who were not abused Dissociation was not found to be a predictor of adult victimization, whereas shame was found to be a statistically significant predictor
TL;DR: This paper explored the relationships among self-reported attachment styles, gender, and several aspects of subjective emotional experience pertinent to the counseling situation: (a) attention to emotion, (b) intensity of emotion, and (c) emotional expressivity).
Abstract: This study explored the relationships among self-reported attachment styles, gender, and several aspects of subjective emotional experience pertinent to the counseling situation: (a) attention to emotion, (b) intensity of emotion, and (c) emotional expressivity. Four self-report measures, including an adult attachment style questionnaire and 3 measures of emotion, were given to 140 undergraduates. Results show that attachment groups could be distinguished on the basis of their emotional experience along 2 dimensions: (a) expressivity and (b) intentness, a combination of attention and intensity. Men and women could be distinguished on a combination of all 3 dependent measures. Gender differences were less prominent, however, when men and women within the same attachment style were compared. Implications for counseling are discussed.
TL;DR: A content analysis of the research published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology (JCP) was conducted for a 26-year period (1973-1998) as mentioned in this paper, which revealed that the research reported in the JCP has remained consistent with the mission statement of the journal.
Abstract: A content analysis of the research published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology (JCP) was conducted for a 26-year period (1973-1998). A total of 2,027 articles were classified into 14 substantive content categories. Frequency distributions were used to identify the most frequently published authors and institutional affiliations, as well as the gender and ethnic characteristics reported. The principal areas of research activity and publication in the JCP were process only, process and outcome, vocational behavior research, and the development and evaluation of tests and measures. These 4 categories accounted for 55.2% of the articles examined. Typical reported samples contained college students of both genders. This content analysis revealed that over this 26-year time span, the research reported in the JCP has remained consistent with the mission statement of the journal.
TL;DR: In this paper, a marker-based method for tracking the assimilation of a previously outcast voice into the self, conceived as a community of voices, is presented. But the authors focus on a single case and do not consider other voices.
Abstract: The authors present a marker-based method for tracking the assimilation of a previously outcast voice into the self, conceived as a community of voices. In a qualitative assimilation analysis of the case of Jan, a woman whose depressive symptoms abated in process-experiential psychotherapy, the authors tracked 2 major themes, excerpted 43 relevant passages, and rated each passage on the Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale (APES). Ratings by 3 independent raters who used a marker-based APES manual were highly correlated with the investigators' consensus ratings. APES ratings tended to increase across sessions, as expected in successful therapy. The authors present passages to illustrate the assimilation of a voice of neediness and weakness by Jan's dominant superwoman voice and the assimilation of a voice of rebellion and assertiveness by Jan's dominant good-girl voice, yielding a more complex and flexible community.
TL;DR: The impact message inventory (IMI) is a unique clinical and research instrument that describes an individual's interpersonal behaviors through the internal reactions and perceptions evoked in others as discussed by the authors, and the IMI-C represents a substantial development for researchers who wish to study interpersonal impacts in counseling and psychotherapy research.
Abstract: The Impact Message Inventory (IMI) is a unique clinical and research instrument that describes an individual's interpersonal behaviors through the internal reactions and perceptions evoked in others. The present article describes an extensive analysis of a revised 8-scale, circumplex version of the IMI (the IMI-C) across a combined sample (N = 1,109) from 8 studies. Overall, the IMI-C demonstrates adequate psychometric and structural properties; principal-components and multidimensional scaling analyses suggest that the scales generally conform satisfactorily to a circular ordering, and conservative confirmatory factor analyses suggest some departure of the IMI-C scales from true circumplexity. It is argued that the IMI-C represents a substantial development for researchers who wish to study interpersonal impacts in counseling and psychotherapy research.
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that people holding hypoemotional stereotypes of men were most likely to blame the husband, as opposed to the wife, for a heterosexual married couple's difficulties.
Abstract: Previous research documents that mental health professionals' attitudes reflect the general public's stereotype of women as hyperemotional. This article reports the results of 6 studies exploring the existence of a complementary stereotype of men as hypoemotional. As predicted, counselors and college students consistently stereotyped men as hypoemotional (all ps <.01). Data from these studies also suggest that this stereotype of men as hypoemotional is associated with biased counseling-relevant judgments. For example, people holding hypoemotional stereotypes of men were most likely to blame the husband, as opposed to the wife, for a heterosexual married couple's difficulties (p <.01). The implications of this stereotype for counseling, as well as areas for future research, are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the short and long-term effectiveness of a theoretically driven, programmatic rape prevention intervention on a sample of primarily White and Black college men, and found that Black students in the culturally relevant treatment condition were more cognitively engaged in the intervention than their peers in the traditional treatment condition.
Abstract: The authors investigated the short- and long-term (5-month) effectiveness of a theoretically driven, programmatic rape prevention intervention on a sample of primarily White and Black college men. A racially diverse sample was included, and the potential effectiveness of both a culturally relevant and a traditional colorblind intervention was assessed. In contrast to earlier investigations, which have consistently reported an overall rebound of scores at the follow-up assessment, results from a hierarchical cluster analysis indicated 3 patterns of treatment response: improving, deteriorating, and rebounding. Results also indicated that Black students in the culturally relevant treatment condition were more cognitively engaged in the intervention than their peers in the traditional treatment condition.
TL;DR: In this paper, a measure of attitudes toward career counseling, the Attitudes Toward Career Counseling Scale (ATCCS), was developed and validated by five studies, and the results showed that the scale correlated with general help-seeking attitudes, decision-making styles, satisfaction with a career exploration course, and intentions of seeking help for different psychological problems including career counseling.
Abstract: This article reports on 5 studies that addressed the development and validation of a measure of attitudes toward career counseling. Factor analyses of the Attitudes Toward Career Counseling Scale (ATCCS) yielded 2 factors that measured perceived value and stigma related to career counseling. Internal consistency estimates and test-retest reliability estimates across studies were moderate to high. As evidence of convergent validity, the Value and Stigma scales correlated in the expected directions with general help-seeking attitudes, decision-making styles, satisfaction with a career exploration course, and intentions of seeking help for different psychological problems including career counseling. A discussion of how this scale adds to the help-seeking literature and suggestions for future research are provided.
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that preoccupied attachment was associated with higher levels of intrusive psychological symptoms and higher overall psychological distress, although specific predictions concerning characteristic styles of coping received mixed support.
Abstract: From a sample of 1,157 prescreened individuals, a sample of 193 participants with clearly identifiable attachment styles completed a stress narrative, a measure of coping styles, and a measure of emotional distress. Results of the 4 (attachment style: secure, fearful, preoccupied, and dismissing) X 2 (gender) study provided general support for predictions. Compared with secure attachment, for example, preoccupied attachment was associated with higher levels of intrusive psychological symptoms and higher levels of overall psychological distress, although specific predictions concerning characteristic styles of coping received mixed support. The nature and limitations of these findings are discussed in relation to contemporary issues in attachment theory, research, and measurement.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined male therapists' gender role conflict, client sexual orientation, and client emotional expression as they interrelated with clinical judgments about male clients, and found that therapists' ratings of the male client's prognosis and how much therapists liked, had empathy for, had comfort with, and had willingness to see the client on several clinical dimensions.
Abstract: This study examined male therapists' gender role conflict, client sexual orientation, and client emotional expression as they interrelated with clinical judgments about male clients. Using a series of written clinical vignettes to manipulate the client variables of sexual orientation and emotional expression, 196 experienced male therapists completed a measure of male gender role conflict, read a clinical vignette varying the client's sexual orientation and emotional expression, and rated the client on several clinical dimensions. Canonical analysis revealed 2 roots indicating that therapist gender role conflict factors, in combination with client sexual orientation and emotional expression, were associated with therapists' ratings of the male client's prognosis and how much therapists liked, had empathy for, had comfort with, and had willingness to see the male client. Implications for counseling practice, limitations, and future research are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the dimensions underlying a comprehensive set of 15 work-relevant abilities were similar to the Data/Ideas and Things/People Work Task Dimensions (D J Prediger, 1996) underlying J L Holland's (1997) hexagonal model of interest and occupational types.
Abstract: This study sought to determine whether the dimensions underlying a comprehensive set of 15 work-relevant abilities were similar to the Data/Ideas and Things/People Work Task Dimensions (D J Prediger, 1996) underlying J L Holland's (1997) hexagonal model of interest and occupational types The work task dimensions and a general ability dimension served as factor targets in principal components analyses of ability self-estimates obtained from nationally representative and cross-sectional samples of 4,387 and 618 12th graders The composition of the factors that were extracted corresponded to expectations based on the work task dimensions and Holland's hexagon Implications for practice are noted Study results also suggest the need for a new look at the structure of human intelligence
TL;DR: Harmon et al. as discussed by the authors used the Strong Interest Inventory (SII) to identify race-ethnicity and career of over 55,000 employed adults in 50 different occupations.
Abstract: During the revision of the 1994 Strong Interest Inventory (SII; L. W. Harmon, J. C. Hansen, F. H. Borgen & A. L. Hammer, 1994), information was obtained about the race-ethnicity and careers of over 55,000 employed adults in 50 different occupations. The national norm group, the general reference sample, contains 18,789 individuals who identified their race-ethnicity in the following manner: 378 African Americans; 363 Asian Americans; 17,365 Caucasian Americans; 349 Hispanic Americans/Latinos (Latinas); and 77 Native Americans/American Indians. Concurrent validity across racial-ethnic groups was examined by typing their 50 occupations into the appropriate J. L. Holland (1997) job family. Then the General Occupational Themes, the SII scales corresponding to Holland's (1997) 6 vocational personality types, were examined for their ability to predict Holland (1997) job family in similar ways for the different racial--ethnic groups. Results generally showed comparable validity and interpretive counseling implications in using the SII with these racial-ethnic groups. Some interesting trends and important limitations were also noted.