Showing papers in "Journal of Counseling Psychology in 2001"
TL;DR: Lee et al. as discussed by the authors examined the relationship among social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress and found support for the mediation hypothesis on general psychological distress among college students.
Abstract: The study examined the relationship among social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress. The authors specifically hypothesized that the direct negative effect of social connectedness on psychological distress would be mediated by dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors. Prior to testing the hypothesis, the authors revised the original Social Connectedness Scale (SCS; R. M. Lee & S. B. Robbins, 1995). Studies 1 and 2 describe the revision and validation of the SCS on separate samples of college students. In Study 3, the authors surveyed 184 college students and found support for the mediation hypothesis on general psychological distress. The importance of assessing social connectedness and tailoring counseling interventions for people with low connectedness and dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors is addressed.
584 citations
TL;DR: This article conducted a meta-analysis on 27 component studies culled from the literature and found that the effect size for the difference between a package with and without the critical components was not significantly different from zero, indicating that theoretically purported important components are not responsible for therapeutic benefits.
Abstract: Component studies, which involve comparisons between a treatment package and the treatment package without a theoretically important component or the treatment package with an added component, use experimental designs to test whether the component is necessary to produce therapeutic benefit. A meta-analysis was conducted on 27 component studies culled from the literature. It was found that the effect size for the difference between a package with and without the critical components was not significantly different from zero, indicating that theoretically purported important components are not responsible for therapeutic benefits. Moreover, the effect sizes were homogeneous, which suggests that there were no important variables moderating effect sizes. The results cast doubt on the specificity of psychological treatments.
558 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that self-efficacy and outcome expectations were jointly predictive of interests and choice intentions, while barriers and barriers produced only weak direct relations to choice, though barrier percepts were found to moderate interest-choice relations.
Abstract: Social cognitive career theory proposes that contextual supports and barriers play key roles in the career choice process, yet little research has examined hypotheses involving these variables. Participants (111 1 college students) completed measures of math/science-related course self-efficacy, coping efficacy, outcome expectations, interests, goals, and perceived contextual supports and barriers. Findings indicate that self-efficacy and outcome expectations were jointly predictive of interests and choice intentions. Support and barrier percepts produced only weak direct relations to choice, though barrier percepts were found to moderate interest-choice relations. A model portraying barriers and supports as linked to choice indirectly (via their impact on self-efficacy) produced better fit to the data than did a model specifying barriers and supports as directly linked to choice. Implications for future research and counseling are discussed.
383 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, 39 participants were classified as either happy (19 male, 20 female) or unhappy (n = 20) with a relationship and salivary cortisol was measured.
Abstract: In all, 39 participants (19 male, 20 female) were classified as either happy (n = 19) or unhappy (n = 20) with a relationship. Baseline salivary cortisol was measured. Participants imagined (for a 5-min duration) scenes typical of their relationship, and salivary cortisol was measured again. Participants in unhappy relationships had higher cortisol reactivity (indicating higher stress) following the imagery. Cortisol reactivity was predicted by relationship variables (high love and liking for the partner, high happiness with the relationship) and personality variables (high forgivingness, low trait anger). Personality had an indirect effect through the relationship variables. Physical health was predicted by personality variables. Mental health was predicted by both personality and relationship variables. Implications of these results for counseling health psychology are discussed.
305 citations
TL;DR: In this article, structural equation modeling was used to estimate the models and paths between concepts using data from a sample of 412 12-18-year-olds and found that parental attachment and relational competence were significant predictors of adolescents' emotional adjustment in both age groups.
Abstract: Young people learn from their interactions with their parents how to initiate and maintain satisfying and warm friendships. Attachment with parents thereby plays an important role in adolescents' social and emotional adjustment. The model tested in this study proposes that the relation between parental attachment and emotional adjustment is mediated by social skills and relational competence. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the models and paths between concepts using data from a sample of 412 12-18-year-olds. In the 12-14-year-old age group, no effects of parental attachment on social skills and relational competence were displayed. However, in the 15-18-year-old age group, parental attachment was moderately related to social skills, which, in turn, affected middle adolescents' competence in friendships and romantic relationships. Parental attachment and relational competence were significant predictors of adolescents' emotional adjustment in both age groups.
285 citations
TL;DR: In a qualitative study of negative supervision, 13 master's and doctoral trainees were interviewed about a supervision experience that had a detrimental effect on their training as discussed by the authors, and most participants reported ongoing power struggles with angry supervisors, and most relied on peers, other professionals, and therapists for support.
Abstract: In a qualitative study of negative supervision, 13 master's and doctoral trainees were interviewed about a supervision experience that had a detrimental effect on their training. Many supervisors were described as not being invested in the relationship and as being unwilling to own their role in conflicts. Many trainees described being overworked without proper supervision, some felt expected to support their supervisors, and many underwent extreme stress and self-doubt. Most participants reported ongoing power struggles with angry supervisors, and most relied on peers, other professionals, and therapists for support. Qualitative themes were consistent with trainees' high scores on the Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Inventory (M.E. Oik & M.L. Friedlander, 1992) and with their low ratings of their supervisors' attractiveness and interpersonal sensitivity on the Supervisory Styles Inventory (M.L. Friedlander & L.G. Ward, 1984).
283 citations
TL;DR: This paper assessed psychotherapy clients' beliefs about the appropriateness of discussing religious and spiritual concerns in counseling, clients' preferences for such discussion, and identified explanatory variables for these beliefs and preferences.
Abstract: The current study assessed psychotherapy clients' beliefs about the appropriateness of discussing religious and spiritual concerns in counseling, clients' preferences for such discussion, and identified explanatory variables for these beliefs and preferences. These variables were assessed using the Client Attitudes toward Spirituality in Therapy survey; the Index of Spiritual Experiences (J. D. Kass, R. Friedman, J. Leserman, P. C. Zuttermeister, & H. Benson, 1991); the Expectations About Counsel-ing-Brief Form (H. E. A. Tinsley, 1982); the Religious scale of the Counseling Appropriateness Check List (R. Warman, 1960); the Socially Desirable Response Set-5 Scale (R. D. Hays, T. Hayashi, & A. L. Stewart, 1989); and the Religion Section of the Mooney Problem Check List-Adult Form (L. V. Gordon & R. L. Mooney, 1950). Clients believed religious concerns were appropriate for discussion in counseling and had a preference for discussing spiritual and religious issues in counseling. Spiritual experience was the most potent variable for explaining preferences for discussing spiritual issues. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.
230 citations
TL;DR: This paper conducted interviews with 13 psychotherapy trainees about a counterproductive event that occurred in individual supervision, defined as any experience that was hindering, unhelpful, or harmful in relation to the trainee's growth as a therapist.
Abstract: The authors conducted interviews with 13 psychotherapy trainees about a counterproductive event that occurred in individual supervision, which was defined as any experience that was hindering, unhelpful, or harmful in relation to the trainee's growth as a therapist. A qualitative analysis revealed that trainees typically attributed their experiences of counterproductive events to their supervisors dismissing their thoughts and feelings. All trainees experienced a negative interaction with their supervisors following the counteractive event, yet most did not believe their supervisors were aware of the event's counterproductive nature. All trainees believed the counterproductive event weakened the supervisory relationship and led to a change in the way they approached their supervisors. Although trainees typically thought the counterproductive events negatively affected their work with clients, most did not disclose their counterproductive experience with their supervisors.
191 citations
TL;DR: This article examined indirect and direct coping strategies as potential mediators in the relationship between intergenerational family conflict and psychological distress in Asian American, Hispanic, and European American college students, finding that indirect coping partially mediated the effect of family conflict on psychological distress.
Abstract: Using a stress-coping framework, the authors examined indirect and direct coping strategies as potential mediators in the relationship between intergenerational family conflict and psychological distress in Asian American, Hispanic, and European American college students. Asian American college students reported the highest likelihood of family conflict. Students from all cultural groups also used direct coping slightly more often than they did indirect coping. Only indirect coping mediated the effect of family conflict on distress for Asian Americans and European Americans, but it did so in the opposite direction than hypothesized. For these two cultural groups, indirect coping fully accounted for the variance shared between family conflict and psychological distress. For Hispanics, indirect coping partially mediated the effect of family conflict on psychological distress.
187 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors constructed the Advisory Working Alliance Inventory (AWAI) to measure the graduate advising relationship from the student's perspective, and found that the AWAI showed very good internal consistency reliability.
Abstract: Drawing from the working alliance literature, the authors constructed the Advisory Working Alliance Inventory (AWAI) to measure the graduate advising relationship from the student's perspective. Two hundred eighty-one counseling psychology doctoral students participated in the 1st study (79% response rate). Three factors (Rapport, Apprenticeship, and Identification-Individuation) were extracted by factor analysis. The AWAI showed very good internal consistency reliability. Scale validity was supported by positive correlations between the AWAI and measures of advisee research self-efficacy and attitudes toward research, as well as the perceived expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness of the advisor. Forty-one students participated in the 2nd study, in which the AWAI demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability over a 2-week interval. Implications of the advising working alliance are discussed for doctoral training and areas for future research are provided.
172 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined associations between attachment orientations and coping with conflict in romantic relationships in a sample of college students (N = 357) by developing a path analytic model and found that adolescents with more-insecure attachment orientation were predicted to report more negative affect during disagreements, less confidence in coping during arguments, and less optimal conflict tactics (e.g., more conflict escalation) than youth with moresecure representations.
Abstract: Although research has linked late adolescent attachment difficulties with broad problems in romantic relationships, less work has focused on how these difficulties relate to precise problems in these relationships. In the current study, the authors examined associations between attachment orientations and coping with conflict in romantic relationships in a sample of college students (N = 357) by developing a path analytic model. Adolescents with more-insecure attachment orientations were predicted to report more negative affect during disagreements, less confidence in coping during arguments, and less optimal conflict tactics (e.g., more conflict escalation) than youth with more-secure representations. The predictions imbedded within the model were generally supported. Although more-avoidant and more-ambivalent adolescents reported less optimal conflict tactics than did more-secure adolescents, individual differences in the attachment process predicted differential affective-cognitive responses during these disputes. This study has implications for attachment research and interventions with adolescents.
TL;DR: The Evaluation Process Within Supervision Inventory (EPSI) as mentioned in this paper ) is a measure that examines evaluation practices in clinical supervision, including goal setting and feedback that is systematic, timely, clear, and balanced between positive and negative statements.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop the Evaluation Process Within Supervision Inventory (EPSI), a measure that examines evaluation practices in clinical supervision. Results based on 274 trainees with diverse training experiences indicated that the measure yields 2 theoretically consistent factors: goal setting (e.g., goals that are specific; feasible in regard to capacity, opportunity, and resources; and measurable) and feedback (e.g., feedback that is systematic, timely, clear, and balanced between positive and negative statements). Evidence of validity was based on theoretically consistent relationships between more effective goal-setting and feedback practices and (a) a stronger working alliance, (b) enhanced trainee perception of supervisor influence on self-efficacy, and (c) increased trainee satisfaction with supervision.
TL;DR: Hierarchical linear modeling showed that negative problem orientation explained significant variation in the rates of change in caregiver depressive behavior, anxiety, and health complaints over the year.
Abstract: The authors examined the relation of social problem-solving abilities to trajectories of adjustment of family caregivers in the initial year of their caregiving role. Persons who recently assumed the caregiver role for a family member with a recent-onset spinal cord injury completed measures of problem solving, depression, anxiety, and health during the inpatient rehabilitation program and at 3 other times throughout the year. Hierarchical linear modeling showed that negative problem orientation explained significant variation in the rates of change in caregiver depressive behavior, anxiety, and health complaints. Caregivers with a greater negative orientation were at risk to develop psychological and health problems at a significantly higher rate over the year. Implications for psychological interventions and health policy concerning the needs of family caregivers and their care recipients are discussed.
TL;DR: The authors used qualitative methodology to investigate the career development of 20 notable Latinas and found that career paths tended to be unplanned and nonlinear; background variables, socioeconomic status, and educational experiences influenced the participants' sense of self and career motivation; family, culture, and cultural identity were influential; relational support systems, particularly those that involved extended family, spouses, and mentors, were important.
Abstract: This study used qualitative methodology to investigate the career development of 20 notable Latinas. The emergent theory proposed that Latina career development is influenced by sociopolitical, cultural, contextual, and personal variables. Results suggested that (a) career paths tended to be unplanned and nonlinear; (b) background variables, socioeconomic status, and educational experiences influenced the participants' sense of self and career motivation; (c) family, culture, and cultural identity were influential; (d) relational support systems, particularly those that involved extended family, spouses, and mentors, were important; and (e) the participants' optimism, persistence, passion, and capacity for cognitive reframing helped them cope with challenges and remain true to their values, beliefs, and sense of self.
TL;DR: This paper conceptualized and investigated career-relevant parent-child conversations and other actions over time as a family project, including joint goals, communication, goals-steps congruence, and individuation.
Abstract: This study conceptualizes and investigates career-relevant parent-child conversations and other actions over time as a family project. Dyads composed of a parent and an adolescent from 20 families participated in a videotaped career-related conversation to determine a family career-development project that was subsequently monitored for a 6-month period and followed up with a 2nd videotaped conversation. On the basis of a systematic qualitative analysis, several dimensions were identified as facilitating the family career-development project, including joint goals, communication, goals-steps congruence, and individuation. These family career-development projects were organized as part of broader relationship, identity, parenting, and cultural projects that also played a decisive role in the success of the family career-development projects themselves.
TL;DR: In this article, an exploratory qualitative study was conducted to examine the meaning of career and related concepts for adult American Indians, and several categories emerged, with differences noted between those participants with postsecondary education and those with secondary education.
Abstract: This exploratory qualitative study was conducted to examine the meaning of career and related concepts for adult American Indians. Eighteen Northern Plains American Indians were interviewed, and the resulting data were analyzed using consensual qualitative research strategies (C. E. Hill, B. J. Thompson, & E. N. Williams, 1997). Five major topic areas emerged from the data: the meaning of career, definitions of success, supportive factors, obstacles, and living in 2 worlds. Within these domains, several categories emerged, with differences noted between those participants with postsecondary education and those with secondary education in 3 of the domains. Following discussion of and comparison of the categories across the 2 groups, implications for future research and theory development are presented.
TL;DR: Mintz et al. as discussed by the authors used the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) to establish prevalence rates for eating disorders by targeting an entire sample of African American college women.
Abstract: This study was the first to establish Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) prevalence rates for eating disorders by targeting an entire sample of African American college women. Participants were 413 African American women enrolled at a large, predominantly Caucasian public university in the midwestern United States. Participants were given the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnoses (L. B. Mintz, M. S. O'Halloran, A. M. Mulholland, & P. A. Schneider, 1997). No respondents were classified as having anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, and 2% were classified as having an eating disorder not otherwise specified. Twenty-three percent were classified as symptomatic. Although there is some evidence that these prevalence rates may be underestimated, they are nevertheless in the same range as those obtained for comparative Caucasian samples. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the mentoring relationship was integrated into the research training environment and research outcome expectations as an additional mediator, as guided by social-cognitive career theory (SCCT).
Abstract: J. H. Kahn and N. A. Scott's (1997) model of scholarly activity was refined by integrating the mentoring relationship as an element of the research training environment and research outcome expectations as an additional mediator, as guided by social-cognitive career theory (SCCT). A national survey of 149 counseling psychology students was used to test the refined model. Results supported an indirect effect of the research training environment on scholarly activity through research interest and research self-efficacy; the student's relationship with his or her mentor did not predict these outcomes. In accord with SCCT, research self-efficacy and research outcome expectations mediated the relationships between students' investigative interests and perceptions of the research training environment (predictors) on research interest and scholarly activity (criteria). This model extends Kahn and Scott's work and suggests the value of integrating SCCT into models of student scholarly activity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors described the development and validation of the Cultural Values Conflict Scale (CVCS) for South Asian women in the United States, and the results indicated that the internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities were adequate.
Abstract: This article describes the development and validation of the Cultural Values Conflict Scale (CVCS) for South Asian women in the United States. Three hundred nineteen participants were administered the CVCS. Exploratory factor analysis supported a 2-factor model of cultural value conflict, namely intimate relations and sex role expectations. Results indicated that the internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities were adequate. Discriminant validity was demonstrated by differences shown between 1st and 2nd-generation South Asian women. Convergent validity was demonstrated by a positive relationship between the CVCS and measures of anxiety and cultural adjustment difficulties. Finally, it appears that social desirability plays a role in the self-representation of this group of South Asian women.
TL;DR: This paper explored the relative contributions of counselor and client race or ethnicity, counselor-client racial or ethnic match, previous academic training in multicultural counseling, and self-reported multicultural counseling competence to observer ratings of trainees' multicultural competence.
Abstract: Using transcribed intake sessions of 52 counselor-client dyads, this study explored the relative contributions of (a) counselor and client race or ethnicity, (b) counselor-client racial or ethnic match, (c) previous academic training in multicultural counseling, and (d) self-reported multicultural counseling competence to observer ratings of trainees' multicultural counseling competence. Results revealed that (a) Black American and Latino American counselor trainees were rated as more multiculturally competent than their White American peers, and (b) prior multicultural training was positively predictive of observer-rated multicultural counseling competence. Implications of the findings for counselor training and practice are presented.
TL;DR: In this article, a quasi-experimental design was used to examine the effectiveness of motivational enhancement techniques in increasing session attendance and reducing dropout among 189 men undergoing group domestic abuse counseling.
Abstract: A quasi-experimental design was used to examine the effectiveness of motivational enhancement techniques in increasing session attendance and reducing dropout among 189 men undergoing group domestic abuse counseling. The treatment retention procedures were associated with significantly greater session attendance and lower dropout rates even after controlling for demographic factors. Increased session attendance was associated with lower posttreatment relationship violence and criminal recidivism among those who received the treatment retention intervention. The intervention appeared to be particularly effective with ethnic minority clients. Findings indicate that supportive treatment retention procedures during the course of therapy can reduce the high dropout rates commonly reported in counseling programs for male domestic abuse perpetrators.
TL;DR: This paper found that men's sense of general and sexual entitlement completely mediated the relations between masculinity and rape-related attitudes and behaviors in three of the four models and partially in the fourth.
Abstract: Previous research has found masculine gender roles to predict rape-related behaviors and attitudes, but there is some ambiguity in the literature regarding the mechanisms of these associations. Further, theoretical literature has suggested repeatedly that men's sense of entitlement to women is crucial in understanding rape-related behaviors and attitudes. On the basis of these 2 bodies of literature, we speculated that men's sense of entitlement may be an important 3rd variable partially driving the relations between masculine gender roles and rape-related variables. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the relations among entitlement, rape-related behaviors and attitudes, and masculine gender roles. More specifically, the authors used path analyses to test a conceptual model whereby entitlement mediated the links between masculine gender roles and 4 rape-related variables. Results revealed that men's sense of general and sexual entitlement completely mediated the relations between masculinity and rape-related attitudes and behaviors in 3 of the 4 models and partially in the 4th.
TL;DR: Results suggest that psychologists can improve patients' recovery from serious orthopedic problems by augmenting their self-efficacy beliefs, as well as moderate expectancy-outcome relationships.
Abstract: The authors tested whether self-efficacy for orthopedic rehabilitation tasks accounted for significant variance in rehabilitation outcome, over the variance accounted for by dispositional optimism, health competence, and health value. Whether health value moderated expectancy-outcome relationships also was examined. One hundred five older clients at 2 orthopedic rehabilitation facilities completed a battery of instruments; physical functioning also was assessed. After controlling for physical functioning at admission and for other variables, self-efficacy predicted significant variance in rehabilitation outcome. Health value did not moderate expectancy- outcome relationships. Results suggest that psychologists can improve patients' recovery from serious orthopedic problems by augmenting their self-efficacy beliefs.
TL;DR: Career certainty, gender, and ethnicity were examined as moderating effects, resulting in support only for ethnicity being a moderator, and interests and abilities were found to have a high level of correspondence with occupational choice and to overlap in their correspondence with occupation choice.
Abstract: The correspondence of interests and self-estimates of ability with occupational choice was examined in a nationally representative sample of high school seniors (N = 4,679). Correspondence was examined with D. J. Prediger's (1982) things–people and data–ideas dimensions on interests, ability self-estimates, and occupational choice by means of canonical correlation analyses. Interests and abilities were found to have a high level of correspondence with occupational choice and to overlap in their correspondence with occupational choice. Interests were found to have a higher correspondence to occupational choice than ability self-estimates. Career certainty, gender, and ethnicity were examined as moderating effects, resulting in support only for ethnicity being a moderator.
TL;DR: The authors found that psychopathology has a varied and weak association with academic performance, while substance use disorders were associated with lower semester grade-point averages, whereas anxiety disorders are associated with increased grades.
Abstract: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; A. T. Beck & R. A. Steer, 1987) and a computerized version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (A. G. Blouin, E. L. Perez, & J. H. Blouin, 1998), which was scored according to the criteria of the revised, 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987), were administered to 412 university students. After statistical adjustment for academic potential reflected in college admission test scores was made, semester grades were found to be weakly associated with overall levels of DSM-III-R-defined psychopathology, but not with BDI-defined depression. Substance use disorders were associated with lower semester grade-point averages, whereas anxiety disorders were associated with increased grades. Results suggest psychopathology has a varied and weak association with academic performance. More dynamic models are required to capture the complex interplay between academic success and emotional and behavioral maladjustment.
TL;DR: The authors found that distress disclosure was associated with a decrease in client-rated stress and symptomatology over the course of counseling, indicating the importance of attending to client differences in tendencies to disclose versus conceal personally distressing information both at intake and as it relates to change in counseling.
Abstract: Client tendencies to disclose versus conceal personally distressing information (termed distress disclosure) were hypothesized to relate to measures of social support, personality, perceived stress, and symptomatology at intake, as well as improvement over the course of counseling. Seventy-nine college counseling center clients completed questionnaires at intake; 45 of these clients also completed measures at termination. Distress disclosure was related to social support, trait positive affectivity, and trait negative affectivity at intake; and distress disclosure was associated with a decrease in client-rated stress and symptomatology over the course of counseling. These findings point to the importance of attending to client differences in tendencies to disclose versus conceal personally distressing information both at intake and as it relates to change in counseling.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed and tested a model of marital quality among individuals (52 men, 55 women) in dual-career marriages, which was constructed within a social role framework and includes variables that positively influence marital quality, those that negatively influence spouse quality, and those that mediate the relationship between the negative factors and marital quality.
Abstract: In the present study, the authors proposed and tested a model of marital quality among individuals (52 men, 55 women) in dual-career marriages. The model was constructed within a social role framework and includes variables that positively influence marital quality, those that negatively influence marital quality, and those that mediate the relationship between the negative factors and marital quality. A path analysis indicated that marital quality was predicted directly by love, sexual satisfaction, communication, and satisfaction with the dual-career lifestyle. Objective demands of job and family roles predicted perceived job-family role strain. Coping, but not perceived equity, mediated the relationship between role strain and marital quality. Combined income and social support impacted marital quality indirectly through satisfaction with the dual-career lifestyle. Implications for counselors are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, an integrative model involving perfectionism and negative attributional style as predictors of depressive symptoms was proposed and tested in 222 college students and found that dimensions of perfectionism (P. Hewitt & G. Flett, 1991b) predicted depressive symptoms (2 months later).
Abstract: An integrative model involving perfectionism and negative attributional style as predictors of depressive symptoms was proposed and tested in 222 college students. Beyond the expected additive influences of the 2 predictors in the prediction of dysphoria, negative attributional style was also hypothesized to moderate the link between perfectionism and depressive symptoms. As theorized, results indicated that dimensions of perfectionism (P. Hewitt & G. Flett, 1991b) predicted depressive symptoms (2 months later) and that a negative attributional style added incremental validity to these predictions. Moreover, consistent with the proposed model, the Perfectionism × Negative Attributional Style interaction was found to further augment the prediction of depressive symptoms. These findings are taken to offer preliminary support for the proposed model. Some implications for future studies are discussed.
TL;DR: The authors found that counselors with the most negative attitudes regarding bisexuality were more likely than others to have negative reactions to the client, anticipate responding to the clients in a biased and judgmental manner, believe the client had problems in areas related to bisexual stereotypes, and rate the client as having a low level of psychosocial functioning.
Abstract: Ninety-seven counselors read a fictitious intake report about a bisexual woman who was seeking counseling services for several psychological concerns. Counselors then rated the woman's psychological functioning and their own anticipated reactions to having the woman as a client. As the authors hypothesized, counselors with the most negative attitudes regarding bisexuality were more likely than others to have negative reactions to the client, anticipate responding to the client in a biased and judgmental manner, believe the client had problems in areas related to bisexual stereotypes, and rate the client as having a low level of psychosocial functioning. Attitudes regarding bisexuality were significantly related to counselors' clinical judgments and reactions even after controlling for attitudes toward lesbians and gay men.
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that the most salient variables related to career development included family emphasis on education, relationships with family members, and family's social and economic resources, and other variables that shaped the career development of this sample included family gender role socialization and values toward work.
Abstract: In spite of racism, African American women have pursued career goals, entered the workplace, and maintained successful careers. This persistence by African American women can be connected theoretically to several phenomena-the most notable being the family experience. The purpose of this study was to describe how 14 African American women in the midpoint of their careers perceived their family's influence on their career development. Consensual qualitative research (C. E. Hill, B. J. Thompson, & E. Nutt-Williams, 1997) was used to analyze the interview responses of these women. The most salient variables related to career development included family emphasis on education, relationships with family members, and family's social and economic resources. Other variables that shaped the career development of this sample included family gender role socialization and values toward work.