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Showing papers in "Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology in 1971"




Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: It was Professor Brashl who in 1935 first suggested that the photographs of the missing person and the skull could be superimposed as an identification tedhnique, and various scientists have utilized this technique in many criminal cases.
Abstract: Identification of the dead from the skull is of primary importance in criminal cases. It is often necessary to undertake examinations in the Forensic Science Laboratories to determine whether a skull could have belonged to a particular person whose photograph is available. It was Professor Brashl who in 1935 first suggested that the photographs of the missing person and the skull could be superimposed as an identification tedhnique. Since then various scientists have utilized this technique in many criminal cases. Mr. G. Webster2 gives a detailed description of the superimposition technique adopted in the Plumbago Pit case. Recently in the Corn field crime case of Peru, Dr. Basauri8 also used superimposed photographs, besides forensic odontology, for identification purposes. In all these cases the technique generally adopted has been described as follows: From the original photograph a negative retake is made. The original photograph may be a bust, a full length photo of the individual or a group photograph. In any case only the face is reproduced on the negative of definite format. The skull is then placed on a tripod, and its position is adjusted exactly to that of the face in the photograph. It is then focused on the ground glass at the same format. The reproduced negative is placed on the ground glass and the image of the skull is adjusted to super impose on the negative and then photographed. The adjustment is made by drawing an outline of the face or by marking the prominent anatomical points of the face on the ground glass. Finally the two negatives are superimposed to give a positive print. Then the photograph is enlarged and points that are coinciding are noted and opinion given.

39 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: The connotation of danger combined with the universality of menstrual taboos raises an intriguing question: to what degree are such taboos justified on the basis of actual social behavior?
Abstract: The belief that a menstruating woman may have harmful effects on others is not novel, nor is it confined to any particular type of society.' Almost two thousand years ago the Roman naturalist Pliny argued for the seclusion of menstruating women on the grounds that menstrual blood could, among other things, "dull a razor . . kill a swarm of bees... make men lose their strength and... cause fishermen and huntsmen to take nothing." The danger and seclusion associated with menstruation are reflected in such euphemisms as "going outside," "the curse," "falling off the roof," and the beautiful Manus word kekanbwot (leg broken).2 The connotation of danger combined with the universality of menstrual taboos raises an intriguing question: To what degree are such taboos justified on the basis of actual social behavior? Could it possibly be that one reason why menstruating women are avoided is simply because they are especially nasty at this time?

33 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this paper, Roebuck and Croebuck present a critique of the Inmate Culture and the Thieves, Convicts, and the Prisoner Culture, in the Other Side 225 (H. Becker ed. 1964).
Abstract: * Assistant Professor of Sociology, The University of Chicago. The author wishes to acknowledge the cooperation of Harold Novick, Superintendent of the Glen Mills Schools, and John Jennings, Director of Social Service, and his staff. The research was partly supported by NDEA (Title IV) and University of Pennsylvania Dissertation Fellowships. 1 Irwin & Cressey, Thieves, Convicts, and the Inmate Culture, in THE OTHER SIDE 225 (H. Becker ed. 1964). 2 Roebuck, A Critique of Thieves, Convicts, and the Inmate Culture, 11 SocIA. PROBLEMS 193-200 (1963). Vol. 62, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A.

31 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this paper, a graduate student in the Psychology Department at California State College at Long Beach who is specializing in police oriented research is described as a specialist in police personnel management and police community relations problems.
Abstract: Helena Carlson is a graduate student in the Psychology Department at California State College at Long Beach who is specializing in police oriented research. Robert E. Thayer, Ph.D. is a Professor of Psychology, California State College at Long Beach and is a specialist of social psychology. Dr. Thayer is specifically interested in the applications of social psychology to the criminal justice area. Dr. A. C. Germann is Professor of Criminology, California State College at Long Beach. He has been a frequent contributor to this Journal and to other professional publications. He is a specialist in police personnel management and police community relations problems.

28 citations




Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: Although political crime is the oldest and most recurring criminal phenomenon of history, it has been largely ignored by criminologists and other social scientists, and any analysis of political criminals might be facilitated by a finding that most of them seem to exhibit common elements.
Abstract: The political crime is perhaps the oldest of all crime-types. It is virtually impossible to find a history of any society which does not record political criminals. They have always existed, they exist now, and they will exist in the future, in spite of the historical experience that the ideal behind the political crime is often destroyed the moment it becomes reality. Although political crime is the oldest and most recurring criminal phenomenon of history, it has been largely ignored by criminologists. It has been considered merely a criminological satellite, a strange body of law violations revolving around the concept of ordinary crimes. This neglect of political crimes by criminologists and other social scientists is all the more surprising because the available data are quite extensive and there are no peculiar difficulties in attempting to analyze them. If we view only contemporary twentieth-century history, the most profound changes we find are political. The rise and fall of empires, charismatic leaders, races, classes and social systems have been the dominant features of these changes, and almost without exception these changes involved political crimes. It may be that the overly behavioral approach of contemporary criminology has been more interested in the expressions and results of conduct than in the conduct itself. Furthermore, any analysis of political criminals might be facilitated by a finding that most of them seem to exhibit common elements. Political criminals may generally be termed methodological kleptomaniacs who steal style from one another. Acknowledged by writers in the past as the passionate offenders, the political criminals of our time are simply technologically modern criminals wearing the cloak of old age. As the problem of political crime becomes more topical, it is difficult to feel anything except disquietude at experiencing so many revolutions, upheavals, and violet social movements. Yet this dis-

13 citations





Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In the realm of police science, this article pointed out that the problems facing the police, as we enter this new decade, are coming at a far greater rate than there is time to solve them.
Abstract: And so it would seem in the realm of police science as well. The problems facing the police, as we enter this new decade, are coming at a far greater rate than there is time to solve them. This is hardly news to anyone, for we all are well aware that the twentieth century has shown itself to be a period of great upheaval, a period in which the very fiber of urban life has undergone a profound and fundamental change. The introduction of high speed communications systems and the mobility provided by the automobile and airplane, as well as other technological wonders, have totally altered the character and style of our living among one another, bringing us from a simplistic family oriented society to an ultrasophisticated industrial state. This impact has not been overlooked in so far as patterns of criminal behavior are concerned. But what of the police? The police, on the other hand, as social entity are what educators would probably call "late bloomers." The foundations of the police system (as we know it) stem from the Industrial Revolution of the 1700's in England. The Industrial Revolution drew human resources from the country to the cities and as the cities expanded they experienced a corresponding growth in strife and disorder. The problems which arose from the lawlessness bred by the poverty and other social ills of the time finally culminated in the formation of the metropolitan police force in London in 1829. The American police system is also the product of major urban unrest, most notably the period from 1830 through the 1850's,l but has

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: Mohan Jauhari has been actively carrying out various research projects in connection with the relations of the angle of incidence and richochet of fired bullets, and has published several articles in this and other journals on the subject.
Abstract: Mohan Jauhari, M.Sc., F.A.F.Sc., is Assistant Director (Ballistics) in the Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Government of India, Calcutta. He is a fellow in the Indian Academy of Forensic Science and serves as a member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of this Academy. Mr. Jauhari has been actively carrying out various research projects in connection with the relations of the angle of incidence and richochet of fired bullets, and has published several articles in this and other journals on the subject.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: The purpose of this article is to challenge Mr. Chevigny's assertion that academic training for patrolmen is largely irrelevant and to examine the portrait of an ideal police oicer, inferred from his criticisms of police conduct.
Abstract: In his book Police Power Paul Chevigny maintains that academic training for patrolmen is largely irrelevant.l He offers three reasons and one example in support of his position: first, college education is unnecessary for patrol purposes; second, police academies provide adequate technical training; third, the authoritarian aspects of police work will, in any event, overwhelm any liberal impulses derived from a college experience; and, finally, by way of example, a hapless law trained police officer is brought on the scene as a paradigm of educational failure. The purpose of this article is to challenge Mr. Chevigny's assertion by examining: (1) the portrait of an ideal police oicer, inferred from Mr. Chevigny's criticisms of police conduct, (2) the nature of police functions; (3) professions engaged in making decisions similar to those made by police; (4) the conclusions of advocates for police education; (5) police education in the academy; (6) the values and attitudes developed in college, their enduring power, the impact of bureaucratic organizations on sucih values and the probable direction of organizational change resulting from an increased level of education among employees; (7) the validity of Mr. Chevigny's legally-trained officer as a paradigm. An ideal type of patrol oicer can be inferred from an examination of Mr. Chevigny's book. For purposes of discussion his criticisms have been divided into three broad categories: legal, nonlegal, and a third group in which both legal and non-legal elements play an important part. The obvious overlapping is unavoidable. The book catalogues police failures in non-legal interaction with the community. Racial slurs, police-mob violence, hothead tactics and behavior best described as foolish and provocative are common-place forms of police conduct. The police believe in conventional wisdom, are intolerant of

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: The extent of criminal involvement by persons who use marihuana has historically produced emotionally charged discussion and recent efforts to assemble objective information on the subject are virtually nonexistent.
Abstract: The extent of criminal involvement by persons who use marihuana has historically produced emotionally charged discussion. Recent efforts to assemble objective information on the subject are virtually nonexistent. There are, of course, earlier examples in the literature considering this question.l As with many aspects of the drug problem, generalizing from the exceptional case is not uncommon. At other times it is either assumed that the question cannot be answered or the question is side-stepped by the refusal to take a position. Without maliing any apparent effort to assess the credibility of its sources and before any discussion, it is of interest to note that the President's Task Force on Narcotics and Drug Abuse initiated its discussion on this matter saying, "Here differences of opinion are absolute and the claims are beyond reconciliation." 2 The belief that marihuana smokers also engage in criminal activities remains deeply ingrained. Undoubtedly, this is partly a function of the association of all drugs with the unsavory, the lazy, the licentious and the uninhibited. Simmons refers to the conventional "stereotype of the marihuana user as a half-human addict, skulking through the shadowy byways of society, bereft of willpower or decency, or any future except untimely death." 3 Few would probably accept such a generalization today and it appears that some of the traditional stereotypes of the marihuana smoker may be breaking down.4 The claim, how-

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: Germann, D.A. as mentioned in this paper is a coauthor of the well known Introduction to Law Enforcement, and a frequent contributor to professional journals, including the National Conference on Police-Community Relations.
Abstract: A. C. Germann, D.P.A. is Professor of Criminology, California State College at Long Beach. Dr. Germann is responsible for the development of the Police Science Program at Long Beach State College. He had served for a number of years as a member of the Los Angeles Police Department and subsequently as a member of the faculty of the School of Public Administration, Michigan State University, prior to coming to Long Beach State College in 1957. He is a coauthor of the well known Introduction to Law Enforcement, and a frequent contributor to professional journals. His present paper is adapted from a commentary prepared for the National Conference on Police-Community Relations, Western Center on Law and Poverty, Los Angeles, California, November 1970.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: Gerald A. Lorenzen Ph.D. is a Research Biologist at the Engineering Experimental Station, Texas A&M University, College station, Texas and his research has included the effects of radiation upon reproductive performance in various species.
Abstract: Gerald A. Lorenzen Ph.D. is a Research Biologist at the Engineering Experimental Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. After completing his graduate work at Texas A&M University he served as an aerospace technologist for NASA and a research physiologist for the Department of Interior. Rommon L. Lawson, Ph.D. is in charge of the Radiation Testing Laboratory of the Radiation Biology Section of the Texas A&M Research Foundation, College Station, Texas. His research has included the effects of radiation upon reproductive performance in various species.


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: The Assistant Director in charge of the Biology Division, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Ministry of Home Affairs (Government of India), Hyderabad, is succeeded by P. P. Bhatia, a master of science degree from Delhi University.
Abstract: R. Y. P. Bhatia has been Assistant Director in charge of the Biology Division, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Ministry of Home Affairs (Government of India), Hyderabad since 1968. Mr. Bhatia holds a master of science degree from Delhi University and has served with the Indian Council of Medical Research for a number of years before assuming his present duties. S. Raghavan is a Scientific Assistant in the Biology Section of the Central Forensic Laboratory. He joined this staff in 1970 having received a master of science degree from Madras University in 1969. K. V. S. Rao is a Junior Scientific Officer (Biology) at the Central Forensic Science Laboratory. He has had previous experience in the Central Fingerprint Bureau, Calcutta, and holds a master of science degree from Agra University.



Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: Osterburg was a member of the faculty of the University of Indiana for a number of years following his retirement from the New York Police Department, and served during the 1968-1969 academic year as a visiting professor at the School of Criminology, University of California, Berkeley, when he worked closely with Professor Paul L. Kirk.
Abstract: James W. Osterburg is professor in the Criminal Justice Curriculum program at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Professor Osterburg was a member of the faculty of the University of Indiana for a number of years following his retirement from the New York Police Department, and served during the 1968-1969 academic year as a visiting professor at the School of Criminology, University of California, Berkeley, when he worked closely with Professor Paul L. Kirk. Professor Osterburg is also a past president of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences.