Showing papers in "Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology in 1970"
TL;DR: The authors investigated factors that affect translation quality and how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated through an analysis of variance design, and concluded that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target translations are studied.
Abstract: Two aspects of translation were investigated: (1) factors that affect translation quality, and (2) how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated. The variables of language, content, and difficulty were studied through an analysis of variance design. Ninety-four bilinguals from the University of Guam, representing ten languages, translated or back-translated six essays incorporating three content areas and two levels of difficulty. The five criteria for equivalence were based on comparisons of meaning or predictions of similar responses to original or translated versions. The factors of content, difficulty, language and content-language interaction were significant, and the five equivalence criteria proved workable. Conclusions are that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target versions are studied.
9,422 citations
TL;DR: In this article, persons living in an acculturated Aboriginal (Australian) community were interviewed in an attempt to comprehend the relations among a number of scaled variables involved in this and other theoretical approaches.
Abstract: Psychological changes which result from culture contact and social change have been described for many years within a number of theoretical frameworks, among which is the theory of Marginal Man: Persons living in an acculturated Aboriginal (Australian) community were interviewed in an attempt to comprehend the relations among a number of scaled variables involved in this and other theoretical approaches. Measures taken, in addition to psychological marginality itself, were for alienation, social deviance, psychosomatic stress, attitudes to modes of relating to the dominant White society, degree of westernization, personal barriers to interacting with the dominant community, and ethnic identification. A pattern of results emerged which, in part, supported marginality theory, but which also pointed to a pattern involving more marginality, more deviance and more stress for those rejecting the dominant White society. An interpretation of the data, is offered in terms of reaffirmation of traditional values, a ...
307 citations
79 citations
TL;DR: This article examined race and social class differences in the expression of fear of success in women and found that black women would show less M-s than white women, while white women did not.
Abstract: This study sought to examine race and social class differences in the expression of fear of success in women. This concept, termed the Motive to Avoid Success (M-s), was developed and utilized by Horner (1968) to explain sex differences in achievement motivation.In our study, M-s imagery expressed in response to TAT-verbal cues was compared for black and white college women and two social class levels. The hypothesis that black women would show less M-s than white women was supported. The findings held for subjects at two schools and for two verbal cues. Social class differences were not found. Several interpretations and suggestions for follow-up studies are given.
58 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an assessment was made of the development of logical thinking of four samples of Australian children, two of which were full-blood Australian Aboriginal children, one living in an isolated, rural, mainly Aboriginal community, and the other sample living in much closer contact with Europeans and their technology.
Abstract: An assessment was made of the development of logical thinking of four samples of Australian children. Two of these were samples of full-blood Australian Aboriginal children, one sample living in an isolated, rural, mainly Aboriginal community, and the other sample living in much closer contact with Europeans and their technology. The two samples of European children were identified as high-and low-socioeconomic. The measure of logical thinking was a battery of classificatory tests based on tests developed by Inhelder and Piaget. Marked differences in performance were found between the two European and the two Aboriginal groups, especially on a test of multiple classification. A small sub-sample of very high-contact Aboriginals performed at least as well as white Australian children living in a similar environment. Environmental differences between the four populations sampled were considered to have been a major influence in the performance differences found.
52 citations
TL;DR: For instance, this article found that the European sample did not perceive depth in the stimulus containing both overlap and familiar size cues, and failed to do so in response to stimulus containing familiar size clues only.
Abstract: Highly sophisticated Europeans and unsophisticated Zambians responded to two of Hudson's Pictorial Perception Test stimuli displayed in "Pandora's Box. " Neither the application of Hudson's nor of "Pandora's Box" procedure yielded evidence of depth perception in the case of the Zambian samples. The European sample responding to the "Pandora's Box" procedure did perceive depth in the stimulus containing both overlap and familiar size cues, and failed to do so in response to the stimulus containing familiar size cues only. The hypothesis that the two populations will not differ on the task and will both fail to perceive depth as measured by "Pandora's Box" was therefore rejected, as was the hypothesis that the reduction of background cues occurring in the box would lead to an increase in the number of 3-D responses.
49 citations
TL;DR: The authors presented the concepts and terminology of mental disorder as they emerged spontaneously from Malays, both urban and rural, of West Malaysia during nearly 2 years of interviewing and examining patients and nonpatients.
Abstract: This paper presents the concepts and terminology of mental disorder as they emerged spontaneously from Malays, both urban and rural, of West Malaysia during nearly 2 years of interviewing and examining patients and nonpatients. Translated into a Western framework and summarized, the concepts are: heredity, periodicity, congenitality, brain strain, stress (including interpersonal), susceptibility, infection, contagion, delayed onset, conditioning, and resistance. The parallelism between these folk and modern concepts suggests certain universal bases and clues to labeling and treatment of mental disorders. The study revealed existence of a skeletal community mental health program.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of hospital first-admission statistics at the North Battleford psychiatric institution, for the period from 1961 to 1966, showed that the Indian sample contained significantly higher numbers of schizophrenics and epileptics.
Abstract: Indian communities in Saskatchewan are undergoing social changes as a result of rapid growth in populations and a closer contact with the non-Indian communities. The effect of such changes may be reflected in the nature and extent of the mental health problems among the Indian populations. This paper is an attempt to understand such problems in Saskatchewan. Analysis of hospital first-admission statistics at the North Battleford psychiatric institution, for the period from 1961 to 1966, showed that the Indian sample contained significantly higher numbers of schizophrenics and epileptics. These findings prompted an active case-finding survey for the first time in Canada in an arbitrarily defined geographical area which contained 18 rural municipalities (non-Indian) and ten Indian reserves. Analysis of the data revealed that the prevalence of mental disorder was significantly higher in the Indian communities. Furthermore, the Indian sample contained significantly higher numbers of schizophrenics and mental ...
42 citations
41 citations
TL;DR: In this article, distance between dyads, using an adaption of Kuethe's Felt Figure technique, was investigated as a function of relationship, culture, sex, and conversational content.
Abstract: Distance between dyads, using an adaption of Kuethe's (1962) Felt Figure technique, was investigated as a function of relationship, culture, sex, and conversational content. Relationship was the most powerful determinant of distance. Culture was also significant, but sex and content were not. As predicted, Native Japanese had greater distances than either Hawaii Japanese or American Caucasians. However, no differences were found between Hawaii Japanese and American Caucasians, which was contrary to anticipated results. Sex differences among Native Japanese and American Caucasians were not significant. The hypothesis of greater distances for Hawaii Japanese males was not supported. Previous studies had indicated a more rapid rate of acculturation for Hawaii Japanese females, but on the dimension of interaction distance sex was not a significant determinant for the Hawaii Japanese group.
40 citations
TL;DR: The results of five "lens model" interpersonal conflict (IPC) experiments, carried out in 5 countries: Czechoslovakia, Greece, Japan, Sweden and the U. S. were compared as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The results of 5 "lens model" interpersonal conflict (IPC) experiments, carried out in 5 countries: Czechoslovakia, Greece, Japan, Sweden and the U. S. were compared. Replicating earlier intranational findings, conflict reduction was found to be very slow. Although the subjects reduced the differences between their policies to a considerable extent, the consistency of their policies was also reduced, preventing the subjects from deriving the full benefits of the reduction of the policy differences, and leaving conflict at a high level. No reliable cross-national differences were found. In addition, it was shown that the differences found between American and European subjects in an earlier study were due to procedural differences between the American and European experiments in that study. It was concluded that the phenomena studied in the 'lens model" IPC experiments are independent of cultural factors, and reflect limitations in the human information processing system.
TL;DR: In this article, the magnitude of ethnic identification among three generations of Japanese-Americans in Honolulu, Hawaii was measured by a recently constructed Ethnic Identity Questionnaire, and the first generation Japanese immigrant (Issei) scored higher than the second (Nisei) and third (Sansei) generations.
Abstract: This study compared the magnitude of ethnic identification among three generations of Japanese-Americans in Honolulu, Hawaii. Ethnic identification was measured by a recently constructed Ethnic Identity Questionnaire. The first generation Japanese immigrant (Issei) scored higher than the second (Nisei) and third (Sansei) generations. The EIQ scores between the Nisei and Sansei, although not significantly different, were in the hypothesized direction of attenuation with generations. This was attributed to intermingling of peer self-defined generation groups. The Honolulu sample was then compared to three generations of Seattle Japanese-Americans on the same questionnaire. The former were seen to be less ethnically identified than their Seattle counter-parts. Possible reasons for this unexpected result were discussed in terms of immigration and community history, greater structural assimilation in the areas of political and economic power and social interrelationships, middle-class status conformity, person...
TL;DR: The authors found that female leaders produced greater cohesiveness of group judgment than females and emerging male leaders appeared in the female laissez-faire conditions but not when the laisseze-faires leader was male.
Abstract: Chinese college students in Hong Kong and Chinese-American college students in Hawaii ranked a list of 9 issues of critical concern to them and their college in terms of their relative importance. These students then met in groups of 6 with a group leader who had been trained in authoritarian, democratic and laissez-faire leadership atmospheres and who utilized one of these conditions. The group was required to discuss the 9 issues and arrive at a group ranking. Finally, all subjects ranked the same issues individually a second time. Intercorrelations between group and final individual rankings were made. With Chinese subjects, it was found that authoritarian leadership produced a greater degree of cohesiveness of judgment than laissez-faire or democratic. Male leaders produced greater cohesiveness of group judgment than females. Emergent male leaders appeared in the female laissez-faire conditions but not when the laissez-faire leader was male. With Chinese-Americans, both democratic and authoritarian le...
TL;DR: In this article, empirical evidence about the nature of personal value systems of 394 Japanese managers and a theoretical rationale for considering the impact of values on behavior are presented, and possible relationships between personal values and related organizational behavior are suggested.
Abstract: A personal value system is viewed as a relatively permanent perceptual framework which shapes and influences the general nature of an individual's behavior. Empirical evidence about the nature of personal value systems of 394 Japanese managers and a theoretical rationale for considering the impact of values on behavior are presented. As a total group, Japanese managers' primary value orientations are pragmatic and secondarily they are morally and ethically oriented. Within these major orientations, there is a great deal of variation when one looks at the personal value system of each individual manager. Possible relationships between personal values and related organizational behavior are suggested.
TL;DR: The smallest space analysis of proximities (SSA-1) developed by Guttman and Lingoes was applied to the intercorrelation matrix of the CPI scales for males given in the manual, and to a matrix for male medical school applicants in Israel as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The smallest space analysis of proximities (SSA-1) developed by Guttman and Lingoes was applied to the intercorrelation matrix of the CPI scales for males given in the manual, and to a matrix for male medical school applicants in Israel. Each of the matrices could be represented in a two dimensional space. A correlation of .92 between the SSA interpoint distances of the American and the Israeli data was obtained proving cross-cultural invariance of the pattern of the scale intercorrelations. Similarity of order relations among variables is also illustrated by gradients showing invariant simplex patterns of the corresponding submatrices.
TL;DR: In this article, 239 urban subjects belonging to four traditional Hindu castes and Harijan castes, checked five traits (from a list of 88) most characteristic of their own and other groups.
Abstract: As part of a project to study the changing inter-caste attitudes in India, 239 urban subjects, belonging to 4 traditional Hindu castes and Harijan castes (former "Untouchables"), checked five traits (from a list of 88) most characteristic of their own and other groups. A comparison of results with similar studies conducted earlier points to the fading of earlier stereotypes about castes. The picture of one's own caste was often similar to the perception of that caste by other castes, indicating a general acceptability of some of the castestereotypes. The higher castes still show resistence to relinquish age-old prejudices against the lower castes.
TL;DR: In this article, an Asian student has an attitude to learning that is markedly different from his Western counterpart, such as being more dependent on authority, less able to think independently, and more dependent on memorization.
Abstract: An hypothesis that the Asian student has an attitude to learning that is markedly different from his Western counterpart is presented. He is more dependent on authority, less able to think independently, and more dependent on memorization. Such an attitude is an impediment to successful academic performance in a Western university. A questionnaire measuring various aspects of this attitude was administered to a group of Asian students and to a similar group of Australian students. The items were subjected to a components analysis and three factors were extracted. The first two factors described the attitudes as hypothesized, and both significantly discriminated Asian from Australian groups. The first factor was found to predict academic performance for the Asian group to a significant extent.
TL;DR: In this paper, fantasy need achievement scores were obtained from male high school students representing three ethnic groups: Filipino-Americans, Japanese-Americans and indigenous Hawaiians who were further categorized into high achieving and low achieving groups.
Abstract: Fantasy need achievement scores were obtained from male high school students representing three ethnic groups: Filipino-Americans, Japanese-Americans, and indigenous Hawaiians who were further categorized into high-achieving and low-achieving groups. The only significant differences were between the Japanese and the two Hawaiian groups who had the lowest n Ach scores. More importantly, the two Hawaiian groups differentiated in terms of experience, ability, achievement, and social class did not differ significantly in terms of n Ach. These findings were interpreted as challenging the usefulness of the notion that Hawaiian children do well or poorly in school because they possess or lack n Ach.
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that Japanese males were more feminine than Caucasian-Americans on the Gough measure, but did not differ from them on the Franck drawing completion test.
Abstract: Sexual role identity was investigated by administering short forms of the Gough (CPI) femininity scale and the Franck Drawing Completion Test to 369 Japanese-American and Caucasian-American high school students in Hawaii and to 93 students in Japan. Across sex, Japanese were more feminine on both measures than either American group; within the American group, Japanese-Americans were more feminine than Caucasian-Americans on the Gough measure, but did not differ from them on the Franck. Sex-by-ethnicity results showed that males followed the ethnic pattern on both measures, whereas Japanese females were less feminine on the Gough than Japanese-American females and were equal to Caucasian-American females. Higher femininity of Japanese males may be understood as reflecting an Oriental factor of greater femininity related to definitional models of masculinity common to the East, in contrast to Western proof-of-masculinity models. Lower femininity of Japanese women may result from shifting conceptions of femi...
TL;DR: Significant differences in head circumference and growth rate, the Draw-A-Man IQ and measures of visual-motor development were found between inadequately and adequately nourished New Delhi nursery school children from lower-middle class homes.
Abstract: Significant differences in head circumference and growth rate, the Draw-A-Man IQ and measures of visual-motor development were found between 24 inadequately and 16 adequately nourished New Delhi nursery school children from lower-middle class homes. No differences were found on measures of language development when parental income, occupation and nursery school attendance were controlled. Results of achievement motivation tests varied with the sex of the child. On most measures, inadequately nourished children showed greater variability than the adequately nourished, and inadequately nourished girls had lower mean scores than inadequately nourished boys.
TL;DR: A cross-cultural survey of birth patterning revealed marked differences in the speed of labor and indicated extreme variations in the psychological environment during labor and delivery as mentioned in this paper, which may be related to acceptance of birth as a normal physiologic phenomena uncomplicated by sexual shame or fear-inducing rituals.
Abstract: A cross-cultural survey of birth patterning revealed marked differences in the speed of labor and indicated extreme variations in the psychological environment during labor and delivery. Speedier, easier labors appear to be related to acceptance of birth as a normal physiologic phenomena uncomplicated by sexual shame or fear-inducing rituals. The hypotheses developed from cross-cultural surveys were then tested experimentally in mice. Disturbance applied during labor resulted in reduction of labor speed immediately after the disturbance. Mice continuously disturbed at term delivered first pups significantly later, and had a 54% higher pup mortality rate. When expectant mice were rotated between familiar environment with shelter and glass fish bowl imbued with cat odor, spending equal amounts of time at each, significantly fewer births took place in the latter.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of the subject group on qualifier meaning was investigated using a new technique for comparing different factor analyses, called transformation analysis, which proved useful in a detailed analysis of the kind of change in meaning as well as in providing exact indices of factorial similarity.
Abstract: Changes in the affective meaning of semantic differential scales, resulting from differences in the background of subjects who do the rating, were investigated using a new technique for comparing different factor analyses, called transformation analysis. An illustration of the influence of the subject group on qualifier meaning was obtained from ratings of the concept "Work" by Finnish white-collar workers and farmers. In addition, the American, English and Finnish ratings of concepts employed in cross-cultural studies with a set of translation-equivalent scales served as an example of the influence of language translation on qualifier meaning. The results showed that the interaction effects in question, if carefully measured, provide useful information for further interpretation. The method of transformation analysis proved useful in a detailed analysis of the kind of change in meaning as well as in providing exact indices of factorial similarity.
TL;DR: In this article, ratings of pattern goodness and of pattern preferences were made by 96 Brazilian subjects for each of 50 stimulus patterns of known pattern uncertainty, with equal numbers of male and female subjects in each of four age groups (9-10, 13-14, 17-18, 20-21).
Abstract: Ratings of pattern goodness and of pattern preferences were made by 96 Brazilian subjects for each of 50 stimulus patterns of known pattern uncertainty. Equal numbers of male and female subjects were used in each of four age groups (9-10, 13-14, 17-18, 20-21). Ratings of pattern goodness were highly correlated with pattern uncertainty for all groups, with results very similar to those previously obtained with subjects in the United States. The youngest group showed more variability among patterns equivalent by reflection and/or rotation than did the older groups, consonant with the U. S. data. However, the two younger Brazilian groups showed even higher variability than the comparable U.S. subjects. The development of equivalency under such transformations occurred later for Brazilian as compared to U. S. students. Pattern preference was similar for all ages, and like that in the U. S., reflected preference for the least uncertain patterns.