Showing papers in "Journal of Energetic Materials in 1994"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found examples for all classes of explosives: primary explosives, IHE, and gas generators by reaction with methazonic acid 3-amino-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA) could be converted into a new explosive with theoretically improved performance, a bitriazolyl compound.
Abstract: Nitrotriazoles and tetrazines - among them compounds without nitro groups - are multi-purpose energetic materials We found examples for all classes of explosives: primary explosives, IHE, and gas generators By reaction with methazonic acid 3-amino-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA) could be converted into a new explosive with theoretically improved performance, a bitriazolyl compound Starting with 3, 6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine three compounds of differing explosive behaviour were prepared Physical data and small scale explosive properties of the new substances are published
64 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a method based on a tunable 180 W CW CO2-laser for measuring the effect of laser wavelength, and hence optical absorbance coefficient, on the threshold ignition energy of explosives, has been developed.
Abstract: A method, based on a tunable 180 W CW CO2-laser (9–11 μm), for measuring the effect of laser wavelength, and hence optical absorbance coefficient, on the threshold ignition energy of explosives, has been developed. To determine how the laser beam interacts with the high explosives, a theory for the connection between the ignition energy and the optical absorption coefficient is formulated. The dependence of the threshold ignition energy of RDX on laser wavelength, and hence on the optical absorption coefficients for RDX, was studied at two pressures: 1.1 and 3.1 MPa. In this wavelength interval (9–11 μm), the ignition energy varied between 30 and 330 mJ for a beam radius of 0.9 mm and at a pulse width of ≈ 4ms. At wavelengths with large optical absorption depth (25–60 μm), the ignition energy was the same for both pressures, while at wavelengths with small optical absorption depth (< 15 μm), the ignition energy was much higher at 1.1 MPa than at 3.1 MPa. This behavior is discussed in detail, and ...
31 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mechanism for electrostatic discharge (ESD) ignition of composite rocket propellants was developed based on review of recent literature on spark-induced ignition of gaseous fuel/air mixtures, dispersions of liquid fuel droplets in air, and solid energetic materials.
Abstract: A mechanism for electrostatic discharge (ESD) ignition of composite rocket propellants was developed based on review of recent literature on spark-induced ignition of gaseous fuel/air mixtures, dispersions of liquid fuel droplets in air, and solid energetic materials. Ignition implies substantial amounts of available propellant are consumed subsequently. The role of mechanical properties in facilitating ignition by maintaining subsurface hot spot pressure developed by the discharge and products of reaction was identified. Other analysis demonstrated additional thermophysical, thermochemical, chemical kinetics, and electrical propellant properties important to ESD sensitivity. Properties which facilitate ignition (e.g., low activation energy for ignition delay) and high propellant burn rate (e.g., small median diameter of oxidizer particle size distribution) favor combustion of the energetic material after a discharge, as do those which inhibit heat losses (small propellant thermal diffusivity) an...
10 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a sigmoidal profile of 2,5-Dipicryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (DPO) was analyzed in terms of the two standard rate laws, viz. the Prout-Tompkins rate law and the Avrami-Erofe'ev rate law.
Abstract: 2,5-Dipicryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (DPO) is a thermally stable, high impulse shock sensitive explosive, which decomposes in the solid state at a rate easily followed by isothermal differential scanning calorimetry between 575 K (302°C) and 598 K (325°C). The α-t plots follow a typical sigmoidal profile and the kinetic data has been analysed in terms of the two standard rate laws which characterise many sigmoidal nucleation, growth and decomposition reactions, viz. the Prout-Tompkins rate law and the Avrami-Erofe'ev rate law. Both give an excellent description of the reaction kinetics over the approximate range 0.08 < α <0.80, but the apparent reaction order associated with Avrami-Erofe'ev kinetics is temperature dependent. An Arrhenius plot based on Prout-Tompkins kinetics suggests that the thermal decomposition of DPO proceeds with an activation energy of 218 kJ mol−1 and a pre-exponential, In A(s−1), of 39.83, while that based on Avrami-Erofe'ev kinetic data yields an activation energy of 184 kJ mol...
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, impact, friction, and explosion delay measurements of transition metals of 3D-series have been studied by DTA, and it has been observed that these salts dehydrate below 140°C and at higher temperatures corresponding metal oxide and nitrosubstituted diphenylethers are formed.
Abstract: Thermolysis of nitrophenates (C-NO2 explosives) of transition metals of 3d-series have been studied by DTA, impact, friction, and explosion delay measurements. Explosion delay (DE), explosion temperature (ET), activation energy for explosion (E∗), and height for 50% explosion (h50%) have been found to be in the order: trinitro
6 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for the analysis of CL-20 and TNAZ in the presence of 14 nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives and their degradation products currently included in EPA SW-846, Method 8330 has been developed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Abstract: Several new explosives (CL-20 and TNAZ) have recently attracted attention as possible replacements for various explosive compounds. If these compounds become heavily used they may eventually come under regulation. A method for the analysis of CL-20 and TNAZ in the presence of 14 nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives and their degradation products currently included in EPA SW-846, Method 8330 has been developed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Photodiode array (PDA) detection was employed for peak identification and confirmation. Analysis times of less than 30 minutes was achieved using an isocratic HPLC mobile phase of water and isopropanol.
6 citations
TL;DR: A large number of nitrophenates of transition metals have been synthesized and characterised during the programme of formulation of new energetic materials as discussed by the authors, and these compounds have been found to be ionic salts and number of water of crystallisation was found to depend upon the number of Nitro groups.
Abstract: A large number of nitrophenates of transition metals have been synthesised and characterised during the programme of formulation of new energetic materials. These compounds have been found to be ionic salts and number of water of crystallisation was found to depend upon the number of nitro groups.
6 citations
TL;DR: Capillary ion electrophoresis (CIE) offers a means of rapidly analyzing for these components as discussed by the authors, which has been developed for the rapid analysis of low-molecular weight inorganic and organic ions.
Abstract: Liquid propellants (LP) have received interest as a potential replacement for various solid propellants used in military guns. Analysis of these liquid propellants for both compositional and long-term stability and storage is necessary. Capillary ion electrophoresis (CIE) offers a means of rapidly analyzing for these components. CIE is a capillary electrophoretic technique which has been developed for the rapid analysis of low-molecular weight inorganic and organic ions. Cation analysis of liquid gun propellant samples was done. Analysis of hydroxylammonium nitrate O, triethanolammonium nitrate (TEAN), and diethanolammonium nitrate (DEAN), a degradation product, were accomplished with analysis time of less than 6 minutes.
2 citations
TL;DR: A large number of nitrophenates of transition metals have been prepared and characterised during the programme of formulation of new energetic materials as discussed by the authors, these compounds have been found to be ionic salts having variable number of water of crystallisation.
Abstract: A large number of nitrophenates of transition metals have been prepared and characterised during the programme of formulation of new energetic materials. These compounds have been found to be ionic salts having variable number of water of crystallisation.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, three polyazidonitrostilbenes were prepared via the reaction of polynitrostilebenes with sodium azide by adding 2 mole of this nucleophile to a solution of 3-chloro-2,2', 4,4,4', 6,6,6'-hexanitrostylbenes in DMF.
Abstract: Three polyazidonitrostilbenes were prepared via the reaction of polynitrostilbenes with sodium azide. Addition of 2 mole of this nucleophile to a solution of 3-chloro-2,2', 4,4',6,6'-hexanitrostilbene in DMF results in the substitution of azido groups for one nitro group and the chlorine in the same benzene ring. The reactions of 2,2',4,4',-6,6'-hexanitrostilbene with 2 and 4 mole of NaN3 exhibit a different reactivity and selectivity and produce symmetrically substituted azido polynitrostilbenes.