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Showing papers in "Journal of entomology and zoology studies in 2018"


Journal Article
TL;DR: This review was aimed at bringing to the fore the entomopathogenic fungi commercially available and the prospect of using them as an alternative to synthetic chemicals.
Abstract: Insect pest management has been dominated by the use of synthetic pesticides since its discovery. This has continued for decades until the publication of Rachel Carson’s ‘Silent spring’ in 1962, which awaken the world on dangers pose by the synthetic chemicals. Since then, the search for alternative pest control products, which is safe and effective, has been prioritized. This review was aimed at bringing to the fore the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) commercially available and the prospect of using them as an alternative to synthetic chemicals. It was reported that, more than 171 mycoinseticides have been produced with at least 12 species from the over 800 fungi species identified as pathogenic to insects. Most of these products were developed based on Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosoroseus propagules. They are currently available in countries of North and South America, Europe and Asia, with few in Africa and Middle East. Mycoinsecticdes have been found effective in controlling insect pests of economic importance in agriculture; however, the successful marketing and utilization of these products have been rather slow, largely due to; high cost, low production efficiency, low performance under challenging environmental conditions and lack of awareness, however, mycoinsectide is gradually becoming popular. Therefore, mycoinsecticides have the potentials to play a key role in integrated pest management (IPM) programme for effective and relatively safe insect pest management in field crops. To achieve this, vigorous research measures needs to be taken to improve on; their performance under challenging environmental conditions, the formulations that will increase persistence, longer shelf life and ease of application, pathogen virulence and spectrum of action.

77 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this review opportunities and challenges of plant ingredients, insect ingredients, terrestrial animal by-products, microbial ingredients and genetically modified ingredients have discussed.
Abstract: Fish meal and fish oil are principal sources of protein and lipid in aqua diets around the world. Production of the fish meal and fish oil is significantly affected by sustainable issues of marine capture fisheries, variable climatic events and increasing prices of fish meal and fish oil. However, widescale use of alternative feed ingredients in aquaculture industry enables sustainable aquaculture productions with limited dependency on fish meal. In this review opportunities and challenges of plant ingredients, insect ingredients, terrestrial animal by-products, microbial ingredients and genetically modified ingredients have discussed. In future, plant ingredients in aqua diets will continue to increase. Proper processing of terrestrial ingredients will ensure higher nutrient bioavailability. Genetically modified plant ingredients, insect meal, and microbial ingredients have higher potential in future aqua diets. Extensive research on the large-scale production of these ingredients and further studies on ingredient’s effect on fish health will ensure limited dependency on fishmeal in future aquaculture practices.

37 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The results reflected that the content of toxic heavy metals (arsenic, chromium, cadmium, manganese and lead), which were beyond the permissible limits (WHO/FAO), might have led to variations in histo-architecture of vital organs i.e. liver and kidney as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the present investigation, adult live specimens of edible freshwater cyprinid, Labeo rohita were procured from local fish market at Hambran road, Ludhiana, Punjab from December 2016 to June 2017 and various fish tissues (liver, muscle and kidney) were processed for heavy metal estimation and histopathological studies. The observations on histopathology included several hepatic lesions viz. cytoplasmic degeneration, severe necrosis, melano-macrophage centres, infiltration of leukocytes, pyknosis and nuclear degeneration. Shortening and elongation of muscle bundles were well-marked in muscle tissue. Renal alterations included edema, irregular diameters, degeneration and atrophy of renal tubules. The results reflected that the content of toxic heavy metals (arsenic, chromium, cadmium, manganese and lead), which were beyond the permissible limits (WHO/FAO), might have led to variations in histo-architecture of vital organs i.e. liver and kidney. However, the content of chromium and manganese exceeded the prescribed limits in muscle tissue which might have caused the histological alterations.

27 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have shown that residues in feed may cause serious problems in dairy animals which could result in the loss of production, and that residues can contaminate soil, water, turf and other vegetation.
Abstract: Pesticides play a sensitive role in agriculture as they are applied in order to protect crops, but they can have negative impacts on environment and human health. They help farmers to reduce production costs and risks, and to survive in a highly competitive market but pesticides can contaminate soil, water, turf and other vegetation. Pesticide residue in feed may cause serious problems in dairy animals which could results in the loss of production.

27 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Assessment of bovine mastitis in and around Meerut region, bacterial pathogen involved and the susceptibility of different antibiotics revealed that gentamicin was the most effective antibiotic followed by enrofloxacin, which was found to be the least effective.
Abstract: Increasing antimicrobial resistance has become a big challenge worldwide. Mastitis is the most common disease for antibiotic use in dairy herds and thus, antimicrobial resistance of mastitis pathogens has received recent attention. The objective of the current study was to assess the status of bovine mastitis in and around Meerut region, bacterial pathogen involved and to determine the susceptibility of different antibiotics. A total of 85 milk samples were presented to Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Meerut from April, 2016 to June, 2017 with a history of swelling in udder, loss of milk, flakes formation in milk, RBC in milk and watery milk. The milk samples were cultured on brain heart infusion agar, MacConkey’s agar, eosin methylene blue agar and sabrourad dextrose agar. The isolated organisms through microbiological procedures were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test by disc diffusion method to a twelve number of antibiotics. The major prevalent pathogens isolated were Staphylococcus Spp. (42.55%), E. coli (21.28%), Streptococcus spp. (6.38%), Proteus spp. (8.51%), Candida spp. (2.88%) and mixed infection (18.26%). The present results revealed that gentamicin (65.96%) was the most effective antibiotic followed by enrofloxacin (63.83%), cefotaxime+clavulanic acid (52.13%), amoxicillin+sulbactum (42.55%), ciprofloxacin (41.49%), colistin (41.49%), chloramphenicol (39.36%) and ampicillin+sulbactum (38.29%). Least effective drugs were oxytetracycline (22.34%), streptomycin (25.53%) whereas maximum resistance drug were found amoxyclave (8.51%), and ampicillin/cloxacillin (8.51%).

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Lernaea cyprinacea (Anchor worm), a parasitic cyclopoid copepod is found to parasitize in the broodstock, nursery, and culture system in the freshwater aquaculture ponds and hatchery of Jessore regions as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Lernaea cyprinacea (Anchor worm), a parasitic cyclopoid copepod is found to parasitize in the broodstock, nursery, and culture system in the freshwater aquaculture ponds and hatchery of Jessore regions. Lernea sp. infestations found in major carps (Indian & Chinese), minor barbs, catfish and perches. Total eight hundred (800) fish of different host fish species were collected during (2016-2017); conducted gross biology (sexual dimorphism: female larger; reproductive features: gonochoric or sexual; food habits: carnivore (body fluids); reproduces at >15 C; fish are the intermediate and definitive hosts), invasion pattern (highest invasion (98%) to mosquitofish and lowest (13%) to shing) and life-cycle (metamorphism; direct life cycle can take from 18 to 25 days at 26–28°C, mature female within 24 hours released egg produce batches of up to 250 juveniles (nauplii) >25°C. But the female remains parasitic, attached to the current host or moving to another fish and adult males die within 24 hours). This study recorded highest prevalence 72% with L. cyprinacea in January to March, while the lowest prevalence (8%) recorded during April-June. Lernaea infestation includes the skin, fins, gills, and oral cavity. Fish can survive with Lernaea infestation, but chronic conditions frequently result in poor growth and fish become more susceptible to secondary infection by bacteria and fungus which ultimately kill the fish.

22 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The present review paper emphasises on the work done on use of botanicals to combat stored pest in food grains with special emphasis on the classification, the mode of action, recent advances in use ofBotanicals and the commercial and regulatory constrains.
Abstract: Stored grain infestation is a very serious problem as various life stages of insects cause economic damage and deteriorates the quality of food grains and food products. There are number of stored grain insect pests that infest food grains in farmer stores and public warehouses and massively surge due to un-controlled environmental conditions and poor ware housing technology used. However, for suppression of multiplying insect population highly specific and more appropriate modern methods are to be used. Few important methods such as microwave and ionizing irradiation, pheromone baited traps, IGRs and use of entomopathogens are proved highly effective against stored grain insects. Botanicals have been used since time immemorial for protection of stored products against common pests. They acts as repellents, antifeedants, toxicants and behave as natural grain protectants by behaving as chemosterilants/reproduction inhibitors or insect growth and development inhibitors. Literature shows that some chemical constituents of these oils interfere with the nervous system in insects. Due to the recent surge in use of green pesticides, the use of plant based pesticides is gaining a lot of impetus. Considering the above points, the present review paper emphasises on the work done on use of botanicals to combat stored pest in food grains with special emphasis on the classification, the mode of action, recent advances in use of botanicals and the commercial and regulatory constrains.

22 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In the recent years, the application of nanotechnology in human and veterinary medicine has shown a great progress as discussed by the authors, and there are varieties of nanomaterials that are probed nowadays for their probable use in diverse applications such asnanoshells (to destroy cancer cells using IR radiations), aluminosilicate nanoparticles (to reduce bleeding), carbon nanotubes (sensors and drug delivery), gold nanoparticles(diagnosis and labeling agents), nanocrystalline silver (antimicrobial agent), nanorobots (individual cell repair) and
Abstract: In the recent years, the application of nanotechnology in human and veterinary medicine has shown a great progress. Nanotechnology holds a major promise for animal health, veterinary medicine and other areas of animal production. Application of nanotechnology in medicine involves employing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, light or other substances to specific types of cells such as cancer cells. There are varieties of nanomaterials that are probed nowadays for their probable use in diverse applications such asnanoshells (to destroy cancer cells using IR radiations), aluminosilicate nanoparticles (to reduce bleeding), carbon nanotubes (sensors and drug delivery), gold nanoparticles (diagnosis andlabeling agents), nanocrystalline silver (antimicrobial agent), nanorobots (individual cell repair) and iron oxide nanoparticles (improved MRI imaging). In the upcoming years, nanotechnology research will reform the science and technology of the animal health and will help to boost up the livestock production. Veterinary nanotechnology has the potential to improve diagnosis, treatment and also to provide new tools for molecular and cellular breeding.

21 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The Silkworm pupae commonly known by different names in different places are produced in large quantities and are a major byproduct of silk production as discussed by the authors. But they are highly degradable product which causes environmental pollution and off smell in the near vicinity areas.
Abstract: The Silkworm pupae commonly known by different names in different places. Out of the world’s total production about 90% of the world production results from the cocoons of the domesticated mulberry Silkmoth (Bombyx mori), a Bombycidae moth. The spent pupae are produced in large quantities and are a major by-product of silk production. For 1 kg of raw silk, 8 kg of wet pupae (2 kg of dry pupae) are produced. After reeling silk from the cocoons the fresh spent silkworm pupae are normally thrawn nearby without proper disposal. These fresh silkworm pupae are highly degradable product which causes environmental pollution and off smell in the near vicinity areas. In silk producing areas, the disposal of huge quantity of pupae can cause serious environmental problems. Moreover, the costs of conventional protein sources such as soybean meal and fishmeal are very high and moreover their availability in the future will be limited. Therefore utilization of these valuable resources for feeding of livestock and poultry is a better way to reduce the environmental impact of silk industry. Silkworm pupae meal (SWPM) is a protein-rich feed ingredient of animal origin with a high nutritional value. On dry matter (DM) basis its crude protein content ranges from 50% to more than 80% (defatted meal). The lysine (6-7% of the protein) and methionine (2-3% of the protein) contents are particularly high. Silkworm pupae meal is relatively poor in minerals (3-10% DM) as compared to other animal by-products.

21 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Neonicotinoids provide an alternative mode of action to organophosphate, carbamates and pyrethroid insecticides, which allows them to play a key role in helping to prevent the buildup of resistance in the pests concerned.
Abstract: Neonicotinoids are the most widely used insecticides in the world. They are systemic in action, travelling through plant tissues and protecting all parts of the crop, and are widely applied as seed dressings. Neonicotinoids are registered globally in more than 120 countries and found to be effective against sucking pests. In terms of area treated almost 90% of the use is as seed treatments. Some of these active substances are approved for use as seed treatments (clothianidin), some as foliar applications (acetimiprid and thiacloprid) and some for both (imidacloprid and thiamethoxam). They are nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists; they bind strongly to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous system of insects, causing nervous stimulation at low concentrations, but receptor blockage, paralysis and death at higher concentrations. Neonicotinoids bind more strongly to insect nAChRs than to those of vertebrates, so they are selectively more toxic to insects; and present no hazard to mammals; they provide effective pest control and have numerous uses in arable farming and horticulture. They provide an alternative mode of action to organophosphate, carbamates and pyrethroid insecticides. This allows them to play a key role in helping to prevent the buildup of resistance in the pests concerned. These show higher efficacy and used at a lower dosage as compared to other conventional insecticides. There is absence of cross-resistance in neonicotinoids with pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates and organochlorines.

19 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The objective of this review is to disseminate the knowledge about the use of various types of semen extenders and additives in bull semen preservation to improve the extent of consuming superior male germplasm.
Abstract: In the scenario of artificial breeding in cattle and buffalo, the superior quality male germplasm from elite bulls is exploited to maximum possible extent by artificially inseminating large number of cows and buffaloes merely from a single ejaculate. For this purpose, a good quality semen extender is required which plays an indispensable role in improving the post thaw semen quality in terms of sperm viability, motility, plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity (PMAI), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), sperm kinematics etc. Various semen additives are incorporated during extension of semen before preservation which imparts anti-oxidant and sperm membrane stabilization properties to improve postthaw semen quality. The objective of this review is to disseminate the knowledge about the use of various types of semen extenders and additives in bull semen preservation to improve the extent of consuming superior male germplasm.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The pest is identified as fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) and it is the first confirmed report of occurrence of new invasive pest in maize fields of Gujarat, India.
Abstract: A study was conducted to identify the new invasive pest infesting maize in Gujarat, India. During the survey conducted in the month of September 2018, sweet corn field in the Anklav village of Anand district found infested with new invasive pest. Larvae were collected and brought to the laboratory of Department of Entomology, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand for identification and further study. Based on morphological and molecular characterization, the pest is identified as fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) and it is the first confirmed report of occurrence of new invasive pest in maize fields of Gujarat, India.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Studies on Centrobolus spp.
Abstract: Studies on Centrobolus spp. were reviewed in which mechanisms of selection, sperm competition and cryptic female choice were studied. Approaches (1) quantify size dimorphism and find the selection pressures operating on the sexes, (2) determine the functional significance of male and female genitalia, (3) understand why there should be a conflict of sexual interests in prolonged copulations, and (4) resolve the mechanisms of sperm competition and cryptic female choice in comparing male mating strategies to female sperm usage were included.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rensch’s rule predict the negative associations between sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and body sizes for relatively larger females and this prediction was tested for forest and savanna diplopods using a geometric morphometric approach using calculations of length and width to derive shape volume.
Abstract: Rensch’s rule predict the negative associations between sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and body sizes for relatively larger females. This prediction was tested for forest and savanna diplopods using a geometric morphometric approach using calculations of length and width to derive shape volume based on the mathematical formulae for estimated cylindrical worm-like millipede size (l.π.r2) and spherical pill millipede size (4/3.π.r3): (i) Centrobolus (were collected in February 1996, South Africa) SSD was 0.63-2.89 (1.52±0.35; 267) (ii) Sphaerotherium (extracted from literature) SSD was 1.49-5.36 (2.96±1.40; n≥7); (iii) savanna (Calostreptus, Doratogonus, Odontopyge and Spinotarsus were collected in February 1989, Zimbabwe) and forest helminthomorphs (collected in February 1996, South Africa) SSD was 0.88-1.62 (1.26±0.23; 1233). Interspecific variation regressed was SSD (0.63-5.36) on body sizes (n=1273) with no significant negative correlations rejecting Rensch’s rule. Eco-morphological patterns were discussed.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Prolonged exposure to heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic causes deleterious health effects in animals and reproductive system shows the chronic type of toxicity and produces cellular impairments at both structural and functional level.
Abstract: Lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic are often referred to as \"heavy metals\" and are highly toxic to animals and human. The indiscriminate human activities like rapid industrialization, overgrowing urbanization and environmental manipulation have drastically altered the biogeochemical cycles. Aggregation with polluted water tends to pollute the agricultural soil and the crops that grow in this soil will be having a more heavy metal accumulation. These crops that have been used by animal for grazing or feed purpose will be accumulated with heavy metals that can reach the animal body, in other ways heavy metals can directly reach the animal body by means of drinking contaminated water. Prolonged exposure to heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic causes deleterious health effects in animals. Heavy metal primarily affects the liver, kidney, brain and other body systems. Lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium are the most common heavy metals that are found in industrial and domestic wastages. With exposure to heavy metals, reproductive system shows the chronic type of toxicity and produces cellular impairments at both structural and functional level. It could cause impairment in steroidogenesis, hormonal regulation, gametogenic process, affect leydig cells and spermatogenesis in males and granulosa cells, theca cells in females; placental growth, pregnancy rate and development of fetus in females. Animals that are reared near the area that are having extreme level of heavy metals contamination are highly prone to infertility problems.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Phytobiotics are a new frontier area of aquaculture and there is an underlying need to obtain a clear and direct dose-dependent stimulatory effect upon the growth, immune status and physiology of fish.
Abstract: Use of phytobiotics or herbal extracts for increasing growth and health status is one of the major focuses in fish nutrition research. Intensification of aquaculture causes stress in fishes leading to immunosuppression which ultimately results in reduced growth and diseases. Uses of most antibiotics are banned in aquaculture as they have residual effects and can develop drug-resistant bacterial strain. Hence, stimulation of non-specific immune system is a smart choice available for enhancing the immunity as well as growth performance of cultured species. Phytobiotics are rich in various bioactive compounds that act as immunostimulants. Those compounds mainly enhance the activity of phagocytic cells and increase their bactericidal activities, stimulate the natural killer cells, complement activity, proliferate lymphocytes, lysozyme and antibody responses of fish. Use of diets containing dietary herb or plant extracts to improve growth and disease resistance in fish and shrimp are generally based upon tradition and folklore transferred through generations without knowing any biochemical properties. However, phytobiotics are a new frontier area of aquaculture and there is an underlying need to obtain a clear and direct dose-dependent stimulatory effect upon the growth, immune status and physiology of fish.

Journal Article
TL;DR: This literature survey provides an overview of research on biological control of economically important phytonematodes using rhizobacteria.
Abstract: Over the past decade, Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria have gained worldwide importance and acceptance for their agricultural benefits through the application of combinations of different mechanisms of action, which allows increases in crop yield. This is due to the emerging demand for reduced dependence on synthetic chemical products and to the growing necessity of sustainable agriculture within a holistic vision of development and environmental protection. There is an increasing market for biopesticides and an increase in number of microbial control studies directed towards plant-parasitic nematodes. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are beneficial bacteria that colonize the rhizosphere and plant roots resulting in enhancement of plant growth or protection against certain phytonematodes. Various studies were conducted to assess myriad strains of rhizobacteria for antagonistic activity against plant-parasitic nematodes using rhizobacterial inoculants in relation to soil microbial activity and rhizosphere bacterial populations. This literature survey provides an overview of research on biological control of economically important phytonematodes using rhizobacteria.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Compared to Movanto, botanical pesticides particularly trooh were less toxic against the coccinellid predators i.e., C. septempunctata, B. suturalis and M. sexmaculatus recorded in the study.
Abstract: Sucking pests of brinjal cause significant losses to its yield. Considering the negative impacts of synthetic pesticides, field studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of neem Azadirachta indica, tobacco Nicotina tabbacium, trooh Citrullus collocynthus, Movanto (Spirotetramat) against sucking insect pests of brinjal and their predators during 2016-2017. Two sprays were done during the study. Observations were taken for population reduction of insect pests due to the application of pesticides using Abbot’s formula. All the botanical pesticides especially neem showed potential to cause population reduction of aphids, whitefly, jassid and thrips. Trooh also showed significant mortality of aphid and thrips, whereas tobacco caused more mortality of whitefly and jassid. Comparatively neem showed less persistency in comparison to trooh and tobacco as mostly pest populations started rebuilding after 72 hours of its application. In comparison to Movanto, botanical pesticides particularly trooh were less toxic against the coccinellid predators i.e., C. septempunctata, B. suturalis and M. sexmaculatus recorded in the study.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rensch’s rule predict the negative associations between sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and body sizes for relatively larger females and this prediction was tested for forest and savanna diplopods using a geometric morphometric approach using calculations of length and width to derive shape volume.
Abstract: Rensch’s rule predict the negative associations between sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and body sizes for relatively larger females. This prediction was tested for forest and savanna diplopods using a geometric morphometric approach using calculations of length and width to derive shape volume based on the mathematical formulae for estimated cylindrical worm-like millipede size (l.π.r2) and spherical pill millipede size (4/3.π.r3): (i) Centrobolus (were collected in February 1996, South Africa) SSD was 0.63-2.89 (1.52±0.35; 267) (ii) Sphaerotherium (extracted from literature) SSD was 1.49-5.36 (2.96±1.40; n≥7); (iii) savanna (Calostreptus, Doratogonus, Odontopyge and Spinotarsus were collected in February 1989, Zimbabwe) and forest helminthomorphs (collected in February 1996, South Africa) SSD was 0.88-1.62 (1.26±0.23; 1233). Interspecific variation regressed was SSD (0.63-5.36) on body sizes (n=1273) with no significant negative correlations rejecting Rensch’s rule. Eco-morphological patterns were discussed.

Journal Article
TL;DR: BPA is a multipurpose compound that is widely used in the modern industrial world as a component of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins and is one of the highest volume chemicals produced globally.
Abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic compound classified to the group of phenols. This compound is synthesized by the condensation of acetone (hence the suffix A in the name) with two equivalents of phenol. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a multipurpose compound that is widely used in the modern industrial world as a component of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins and is one of the highest volume chemicals produced globally. BPA has specific health effects like structural and neurochemical changes throughout the brain like hyperactivity, learning deficits, increased aggression and increase likelihood of drug dependency. BPA can also cause polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is a common endocrine disorder, affecting between 4% and 8% of reproductive aged cattle, goat, dog, and women. We need to be aware about deleterious effects of bisphenol A containing plastic and try to minimize its use in our daily life.

Journal Article
TL;DR: An up-to-date and systematic checklist of Insect pests of vegetable crops of the State of J&K (India) recorded 102 insect pest species associated with 39 species of cultivated and wild type of host vegetable crops in the state.
Abstract: The present study aimed at providing an up-to-date and systematic checklist of Insect pests of vegetable crops of the State of J&K (India). The study was based on the survey and documentation of the literature published, from time to time, pertaining to Insect Pests of vegetable crops in this region. The checklist presented in this paper recorded 102 insect pest species associated with 39 species of cultivated and wild type of host vegetable crops in the state of J&K (India). These insect pest species belonged to 34 insect families under 9 insect orders and 76 Insect genera. The order and family wise species richness of these pests were encapsulated. It was observed that out of the total insect pests recorded on the checklist, 24 species each belonged to orders Coleoptera & Lepidoptera, 15 species belonged to order Hemiptera,13 species belonged to order Homoptera,11 species each belonged to orders Diptera & Thysanoptera, 2 species belonged to order Orthoptera, and 1 species each belonged to orders Dermoptera & Hymenoptera. It was also evident from this study that the highest number of insect pest species belonged to family Aphididae (Homoptera) representing 12 species, followed by families, Thripidae (Thysanoptera) with 11 species, Scarabidae (Coleoptera) with 9 species and Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) with 8 species.

Journal Article
TL;DR: It is concluded that parasitism is high in the fields of more eggs per card throughout the trial as compared to less number of egg inoculation, and it is observed that Emamectin benzoate is a safer insecticide for Trichogramma.
Abstract: The present study had evaluated the effectiveness of Trichogramma chilonis against Earias insulana in Okra field during 2014-16. The whole study was conducted by distributing ninety egg cards acre with 300, 400, 500 and 600 eggs.card. The effectiveness of the egg parasitoid was boosted after the fourthweek release of T. chilonis at the rate of 600 eggs.card, showing 43.09±0.51%, 25.65±1.59% and 39.13±1.48% control during 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. Whereas, infestation in the controlled field was recorded up to 62.89±1.39% during the first year of the trial, and the next year infestation was lesser (39.83±1.19%) as compared to the previous year. Susceptibility study revealed that six out of ten insecticides were extremely toxic to T. chilonis in the laboratory, and other four insecticides (Triflumuron, Emamectin, Spinosad and Imidacloprid) were least toxic, causing only 10-24% and 1244% mortality than controlled conditions after 24 and 48 hrs of application. It is concluded that parasitism is high in the fields of more eggs per card throughout the trial as compared to less number of egg inoculation. It is observed that Emamectin benzoate is a safer insecticide for Trichogramma.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence suggests sexual bimaturism as proximate cause and competition as ultimate cause for SSD in Centrobolus compared to congenerics and shows reversed sexual size dimorphism in Millipedes illustrated.
Abstract: The present research aimed to study relative sexual size dimorphism of Centrobolus anulatus compared to congenerics. Millipedes illustrated reversed sexual size dimorphism (SSD) as females were larger than males and broke the rule as this dimorphism increased with body size. SSD was calculated in 18 species of the genus Centrobolus and illustrated as a regression. The approximate relative position of C. anulatus was shown from measurements taken in South Africa (2018). The average size of C. anulatus was 74.23529412 X 5.685882 mm (n=17); males measured 69.2 X 5.264 mm (n = 5) and females were 76.3 X 5.861667 mm (n = 12). Log volume measurements were (females/x = 3.31359939 mm3; males/y = 3.2377543 mm3). The difference between the correlation coefficients for the species and the genus were not highly significant (ra = 0.86207, rb = 0.85; na = 17, nb = 18; Z = 0.12; P (one-tailed) = 0.4522, P (two-tailed) = 0.9045). The mean volume ratio for C. anulatus was 1.02342521 which differed from 1 (t=3.59722; p-value = 000747; p <.01; n=17). Evidence suggests sexual bimaturism as proximate cause and competition as ultimate cause for SSD in Centrobolus.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Organic farming is aimed to promote animal health and environment sustainability through holistic management for positive health as discussed by the authors, which aims to protect human health and conserve, maintain or enhance natural resources with the goal to preserve the quality of the environment for future generations while being economically sustainable.
Abstract: Organic farming is aimed to promote animal health and environment sustainability through holistic management for positive health. It promotes biodiversity, biological cycles and soil health. The practice aims to protect human health and conserve, maintain or enhance natural resources, with the goal to preserve the quality of the environment for future generations while being economically sustainable. Organic farming has grown rapidly throughout the world in recent years. Organic production is knowledge and management intensive. Producers must be well versed in organic production standards, principles and practices, which require a high degree of knowledge and skill. Animal production is an important part of organic farming that aims at achieving a balanced relationship between the soil, plants and the animals in a farming system. Each component is as important as the other in contributing to the overall effect and in fulfilling the key values of naturalness, harmony, local circulation of resources and the principle of precaution. Organic livestock farming means raising animals on organic feed and providing access to pasture, along with the restricted usage of antibiotics and hormones. While organic livestock producers use minerals and vitamins as feed additives, most rely on cultural practices to maintain animal health. Most veterinary medicines are prohibited.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The surveillance of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars was done to evaluate the hygienic quality of chicken meat and slaughtering places in local markets of Orathanadu, Tamil Nadu during February 2017 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The surveillance of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars was done to evaluate the hygienic quality of chicken meat and slaughtering places in local markets of Orathanadu, Tamil Nadu during February 2017. A total of five chicken slaughtering places/meat shops are present in the study area, from which 15 chicken meat samples and five water samples (used for washing of chicken, knife, wooden table and hands) from slaughtering places were collected and processed for isolation of Salmonella. A prevalence of 33.3% (5/15) and 60% (3/5) Salmonella was observed from chicken meat and water samples, respectively. This study indicates the prevalence of Salmonella in raw chicken meat and water used for processing of carcass, instruments and hands due to poor hygienic practices followed during slaughtering and cleaning process. Eventhough Indian cooking system kills pathogenic and/or zoonotic microorganisms, adoption of hygienic practices need to be stressed to the persons involved in slaughtering of poultry to produce clean meat and educating the public to demand for clean and safe foods of animal origin from the commercial markets.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Different shaped methyl eugenol based traps were evaluated against Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and peach fruit fly in guava orchard from 30th SMW to 38thSMW during 2014-15 and revealed that triangular traps had captured significantly more population.
Abstract: Different shaped methyl eugenol based traps were evaluated against Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) in guava orchard from 30th SMW to 38th SMW during 2014-15. The results revealed that triangular traps (111.17 males/trap/week) had captured significantly more population followed by PAU fruit fly traps (67.39 males) followed by cylindrical traps (65.44 males) followed by spherical traps (50.28 males). The mean percentage of fruit fly damage was also lowest in triangular traps i.e. 14.47 Percent as compared to PAU fruit fly traps (16.33%), cylindrical traps (18.14%) and spherical traps (18.14%). However, cost: benefit ratio was quite low in triangular traps (1:28.20) as compared to cylindrical traps (1:68.10), spherical traps (1:82.95) and PAU fruit fly traps (1.92.00).

Journal Article
TL;DR: Among different species of insects attacking cereals, stem borers are most damaging insects and S. inferens assumed major pest status in recent time in cereals and has known to cause dead hearts, earheds and reduction in yield losses.
Abstract: Cereals are the edible seeds or grains of the grass family, Gramineae. A number of cereals are grown in different countries including rice, wheat, maize, rye, oats, barley, triticale, millet and sorghum. Cereals are staple foods and are important sources of nutrients in both developed and developing countries. Cereals and cereal products are an important source of energy, carbohydrate, protein and fibre as well as containing a range of micronutrients such as vitamin E, some of the B vitamins, magnesium and zinc. Due to the insect pests there were severe damage into seed yield as well as seed quality during various crop stages. Among different species of insects attacking cereals, stem borers are most damaging insects. Pink stem borer Sesamia inferens assumed major pest status in recent time in cereals and has known to cause dead hearts, earheds and reduction in yield losses. The grain yield losses due to S. inferens in maize cultivars vary from 25.7 to 78.9%. The authors tried here to collect the information about taxonomic position, distribution, host range and crop losses, seasonal abundance, nature of the damage as well as control measures including IPM strategies.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (0.2ml/l) was adjudged as the best and effective treatment in checking D. indica population.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted on the efficacy of selective insecticides against cucumber moth, Diaphania indica Saunders on bitter gourd under randomized block design at student farm, College of Agriculture, Raichur, Karnataka during rabi, 2016-2017. The objective of this study was to investigate the most effective insecticide against the Diaphania indica population. Different groups of chemicals were selected and the treatments were imposed as foliar sprays by using a hand compression knapsack sprayer of about 500 lit/ ha spray fluids against the cucumber moth. Among the different newer molecules, chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC at 0.2ml/l, flubendiamide 48% SC at 0.15 ml/l and spinosad 45 SC at 0.12ml/l recorded high per cent reduction of D. indica population of 86.85, 79.36 and 75.22 per cent, respectively when compared to emamectin benzoate 5% SG at 0.2g/l (64.17%), dichlorvos 76% EC at 0.5ml/l (61.08%), Azadirachtin 1500 ppm at 3ml/l (53.09%) and Bacillus thuringiensis 2ml/l (49.48%) after third spray. Thus chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (0.2ml/l) was adjudged as the best and effective treatment in checking D. indica population.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Millipedes illustrated reversed sexual size dimorphism (SSD) where females were larger than males; and break Rensch’s rule as thisDimorphism increased with body size.
Abstract: This present research aims to clarify the relative sexual size dimorphism of Centrobolus (Cook) in 18 congenerics. Millipedes illustrated reversed sexual size dimorphism (SSD) where females were larger than males; and break Rensch’s rule as this dimorphism increased with body size. SSD was calculated in 18 species of the genus Centrobolus and illustrated was illustrated in 2 regressions: (1) male versus female SSD and (2) SSD and body size. The allometric equation for Centrobolus was (1) ŷ=0.00051X0.01071. SSD ranged from 0.63–2.89 (1.55±0.63; n≥18) and was not negatively correlated (R=0.70485; P=0.00109; n=18 spp.) with a volumetric index of body size ranging from 284–2683 mm (1097.89±638.06; 18). The rejection of the rule appears consistent in some animals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sexual size dimorphism was investigated in the helminthomorph genus Centrobolus (=Chersastus) and the allometric equation generated was the inverse of Rensch’s rule as there was a positive correlation between SSD and body size.
Abstract: Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) was investigated in the helminthomorph genus Centrobolus (=Chersastus). Width, length and mass were used to compare the interspecific variation for 20 species. Interspecific variation in volume was calculated in these species and an allometric coefficient of 0.7 found. The allometric equation generated for the genus also the inverse of Rensch’s rule as there was a positive correlation between SSD and body size (R=0.70485; P=0.00109; n=18 spp) in this diplopod genus. This SSD is thought to have evolved through intersexual competition driven by sexual selection.