Showing papers in "Journal of entomology and zoology studies in 2021"
TL;DR: Several control measures for L. orbonalis including resistant varieties, cultural methods, physical and mechanical barriers, sex pheromones, bio-pesticides and bio-control agents; chemical and botanical means are outlined and evaluated with supportive facts and figures with reference to previous works and researches in this area.
Abstract: Eggplant Solanum melongena is one of the most important vegetables of south Asia. It is the most important vegetable of hot and wet climatic zones. It is commercially very profitable vegetable crop to farmers. It has a wide range of bio chemicals, minerals, vitamins, proteins, calcium and phosphorus. Several insect pests attack the brinjal crop among those, Leucinodes orbonalis is the most obnoxious, destructive damaging pest to the brinjal .It is a key pest of brinjal, causes damage to shoots buds stems and fruits. Larva of this pest is the damaging stage to brinjal crop. Larvae bore inside the shoots petioles and fruits and reduce the crop yields up to 80% damage to fruits has been identified. This sitsuation has posed a hindrance to the farmers in commercial cultivation of eggplant; hence relevant literatures were collected, studied and reviewed regarding biology and management of borer. Available management tools are not being enough to control the population of this pest and in such condition it is needful to have a holistic approach towards IPM practices. In this article, several control measures for L. orbonalis including resistant varieties, cultural methods, physical and mechanical barriers, sex pheromones, bio-pesticides and bio-control agents; chemical and botanical means are outlined and evaluated with supportive facts and figures with reference to previous works and researches in this area.
11 citations
TL;DR: Cyanogenic glycosides are nitrogen containing secondary metabolites which offer plant defense mechanism against herbivores while recently various insects have developed ability to detoxify, sequester and synthesize these cyanogenic compounds.
Abstract: Cyanogenic glycosides are nitrogen containing secondary metabolites which offer plant defense mechanism against herbivores while recently various insects have developed ability to detoxify, sequester and synthesize these cyanogenic compounds Dhurrin was the first identified and isolated CNGs from young leaves of sorghum, Sorghum vulgare The presence of CNGs were confirmed in few species of Chilopods, Diplopods, Heteropterans, Coleopterans and Lepidopterans Linamarin and Lotaustralin were the major CNGs distributed in Lepidopterans They have developed an ability to de novo synthesize CNGs and detoxify them with the help of β-cyanoalanine synthase and rhodonase This may be due to the course of insect evolution or the genes responsible for the synthesis of CNGs may get transferred from plants to insects In future, the responsive genes in these arthropods should be silenced and expansion of transgenic cyanogenic plants may encouraged to ensure plant defense mechanism
6 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The various chemical methods includes water solution of 0.5% oxalic acid (OA), taufluvalinate (2 strips per colony) and formic acid 85% @ 2 ml per colony were found highly effective against the V. destructor.
Abstract: Varrora mite is an ecto-parasite which causes more than 50 percent losses to honey bee colonies worldwide. Among all other species of varrora mite, Varroa destructor is a major pest of the honey bee which causes serious damage to its host colonies. It is an important pest for honeybee apiaries especially Aphis mellifera growing farmers. It mainly feeds on haemolymph of brood and adult bees which cause colony disorder, weakness, decreasing brood and deforming immature and mature bees. Varroa mite infested colonies lead to significant reduction of wing size and weight in worker bee of A. mellifera. Russian bees have more efficient grooming behavior which killed Varroa mites as compared to the Thai bees. The botanical green leaf extract mixture (Artemesia annua + Matricaria chamomilla + Juglans regia) @ 150 ml/colony was found highly effective against Varroa mite followed by M. chamomilla alone. The bio-pesticide (mycoacaricide) as dusting of Beauveria bassiana @ (5 ×106conidia/g) was also found effective against Varrora mite. The various chemical methods includes water solution of 0.5% oxalic acid (OA), taufluvalinate (2 strips per colony) and formic acid 85% @ 2 ml per colony were found highly effective against the V. destructor.
5 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that all the insects exhibited significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and evaporation while the stem fly and the girdle beetle showed significant negative correlation with minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall respectively.
Abstract: Population dynamics of insect-pests of soybean and there a correlation with abiotic factors were studied at JNKVV, College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh (M.P.).The observations on the incidence of various insect-pests were recorded from germination to harvesting of the crop at weekly intervals. The peak activity of semilooper (5 larvae/mrl) and tobacco caterpillar (1.33 larvae/mrl) were observed in 37th and 38th SMW respectively. Whereas the highest population of jassid (3.17 jassid/ 3 leaves /plant) was recorded during 36th SMW and there was two peaks in whitefly population first was 33rd SMW (9.17 per 3 leaves /plant) and second peak was 37th SMW (14.33 per 3 leaves/plant). However the maximum infestation due to stem fly was observed 18.45% tunnel of the stem in 35th SMW, while the maximum infestation of plant due to girdle beetle was observed 4.33 girdle plant /mrl during 39th SMW. Based on observations and correlation study of insect incidence with weather parameters, it was found that population of semilooper and tobacco caterpillar larva were significant and positive correlated with maximum temperature and evaporation (r = 0.31, 0.35, 0.55 and 0.61 respectively) and negatively correlated with evening humidity (r =.-0.18 and -0.43 respectively). Whereas the population of whitefly and jassid were significant positive correlated with maximum temperature and evaporation (r = 0.36, 0.24, 0.41 and 0.48 respectively) and negatively correlated with evening relative humidity. However stem fly population was significantly positive correlated with maximum temperature and evaporation (r =0.86 and 0.64 respectively) and negatively correlated with rainfall (r =-0.44). The girdle beetle population was also significantly positive correlated with maximum temperature and evaporation (r = 0.89 and 0.71 respectively) and negatively correlated with relative humidity and rainfall (r = -0.60, -0.89 and -0.44 respectively). From the study it may be concluded that there were two peaks in whitefly population (33rd & 37th SMW) and one peak of jassid, semiloope and tobacco caterpillar were recorded at 36th, 37th and 38th SMW respectively. However the maximum infestation of stem fly and girdle beetle were observed during 35th and 39th SMW respectively. It was also concluded that all the insects exhibited significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and evaporation while the stem fly and the girdle beetle showed significant negative correlation with minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall respectively.
5 citations
TL;DR: The clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leptospirosis are reviewed and the development of simpler, rapid assays for diagnosis has been based largely on the recognition that early initiation of antibiotic therapy is important in acute disease.
Abstract: Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection with a much greater incidence in tropical regions and has now been identified as one of the emerging infectious diseases. The epidemiology of leptospirosis has been modified by changes in animal husbandry, climate and human behavior. Resurgent interest in leptospirosis has resulted from large outbreaks that have received significant publicity. The transmission cycle of leptospirosis involves maintenance hosts, carrier hosts, environment and human beings. The carrier animals in India include rats, pigs, cattle, bandicoots and dogs. Intervention strategies include vaccination, rodent control and improved environmental hygiene to eliminate possibility of water, soil and food contamination. Mass awareness or public education is of utmost importance. The development of simpler, rapid assays for diagnosis has been based largely on the recognition that early initiation of antibiotic therapy is important in acute disease but also on the need for assays which can be used more widely. The gold standard is microscopic agglutination test though serological studies are widely conducted for the diagnostic purpose. The antibiotics use for the treatment of leptospirosis includes oral doxycycline, azithromycin and penicillins. Among the parenteral therapy Intravenous penicillin G and third generation cephalosporins are used. We reviewed the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leptospirosis in this study.
5 citations
TL;DR: A complete picture of the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, including its pests, biology, population dynamics, effect of environment and the damage it causes to marigold crop is given.
Abstract: Marigold (Tagetus sp.) is a commercially exploited flower crop and is having a prominent place in ornamental horticulture. Agriculture is having a large impact on human economics and the emergence of red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae as a serious pest of marigold is a major concern. It leads to an economic yield reduction in crops depending on cropping seasons and agro- climatic conditions. Once it is established in an area, it is hard to get rid of it due to its high fecundity, dispersal techniques, short life cycles, rapid development of resistance to acaricides and adaptability to various ecological conditions. There is an urgent need to create awareness for this acarine and its behaviour for its timely management. This review gives a complete picture of the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, including its pests, biology, population dynamics, effect of environment and the damage it causes to marigold crop. Awareness through this documentation will open new scope for its early detection on marigold crop.
4 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that significance of life-threatening diseases (pyometra) of bitch in urban area of Udaipur is higher in older bitches than in younger bitches.
Abstract: The purposes of this Study (retrospective) were to determine the incidence of gynaecological cases in Udaipur region of Rajasthan. Total 387 gynaecological cases were attended in bitches during the 2018-2020. Out of 387 gynaecological cases, the highest incidence was of pyometra (18.86 percent), followed in descending order by elective sterilization (16.28 percent), caesarean section (13.95 percent), pregnancy diagnosis (13.18 percent), pseudo-pregnancy (4.91 percent), mammary tumours (4.65 percent), mis-mating (4.65 percent), anoestrous (4.39 percent), dystocia (4.14 percent) and canine transmissible venereal tumors (3.36 percent) and other miscellaneous (11.63 percent). Maximum cases were in the young 0- 5 years old bitches (44.5 percent), followed by middle age group of 6-10 years (36 percent) and the lowest in older bitches of 11-15 years of age (19.5 percent). It was concluded that significance of life-threatening diseases (pyometra) of bitch in urban area of Udaipur.
4 citations
TL;DR: A new classification of cotton production areas, on the basis of predominant pests, is established in Cote d'Ivoire to establish a new strategy for cotton phytosanitary protection against arthropod pests.
Abstract: Variations in populations of arthropod pests, under the influence of climate change, compromise the effectiveness of the cotton phytosanitary protection strategy in Cote d'Ivoire. This study aims to establish a new classification of cotton production areas, on the basis of predominant pests. A monitoring was therefore carried out from 2016 to 2019 in 400 farmers' fields. In these fields, surveys were conducted weekly, from the 30th to the 122nd day after emergence. Data analysis, through Principal Component Analysis, identified four groups of localities. The first group includes the northeastern localities (4°W to 5°W: 8°N to 10.5°N) such as Kong, Ouangolodougou, Sordi, Tiekpe, Kaouara. This area is characterized by high infestations of most pests (jassid, white flies, exocarpic lepidoptera, endocarpic lepidoptera, phyllophagous lepidoptera and mites). The second group is intermediate between northeast and central (5.5°W to 6.2°W: 8.3°N to 10.5°N). This area is characterized by infestations of jassid, white flies and exocarpic lepidoptera (H. armigera and D. watersi). It remains less infested by endocarpic lepidoptera (T. leucotreta and P. gossypiella). The third area is located in the South (4.5°W to 8.5°W: 6°N to 8.5°N). It is essentially infested by endocarpic lepidoptera T. leucotreta and P. gossypiella. Jassid and whitefly infestations are less important in this part, compared to the northern part. The fourth and last area extends from the center to the west (6°W to 8°W: 8°N to 10.5°N). Pest infestations are lower in this area compared to other areas.
4 citations
TL;DR: Investigation on evaluation of sesame genotypes for their relative resistance against leaf webber and capsule borer, Antigastra catalaunalis was conducted at RARS, Jagtial during summer, 2020 and 10 genotypes showed less susceptibility to A. catanaunalis.
Abstract: Investigation on evaluation of sesame genotypes for their relative resistance against leaf webber and capsule borer, Antigastra catalaunalis (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) was conducted at RARS, Jagtial during summer, 2020. A total of 68 sesame genotypes including TKG-22 (resistance check) and Swetha thil (susceptible check) were evaluated for their relative resistance/susceptibility. The intensity of leaf damage at 30 DAS is ranged from 5.00% (FFAT-10-5) to 25.00% (FFAT-142) whereas the mean leaf damage, 2.20% and 22.00% was found in resistant (TKG 22) and susceptible checks (Swetha thil), respectively. The mean percent flower damage at 50 DAS was recorded between 5.50% (JCS 3886 and JCS 4120) to 22.50% (FFAT-142 and JCS-3899) as against 4.50% and 19.00% in resistant (TKG-22) and susceptible (Swetha thil) checks respectively. The average percent capsule damage at 70 DAS is ranged from 2.75% (SI-225) to 9.00% (JCS 3603, JCS 3596 and JCS 4096) whereas, the mean capsule damage of 3.00% and 9.50% was recorded in resistant (TKG-22) and susceptible (Swetha thil) checks respectively. The sesame genotypes were categorized as highly resistant (HR), resistant (R), moderately resistant (MR), susceptible (S) and highly susceptible (HS) based on the cumulative score (0-9) and grade (1-9) of the individual genotype. Among 68 genotypes a total of 10 genotypes viz., IC-14120-1, SI-225, Jagtiala til-1, JCS 3980, JCS 3981, JCS 4053, JCS 3886, JCS 4120, YLM 11 and YLM 66 were showed less susceptibility to A. catalaunalis. These germplasm lines might be exploited in hybridization programme for development of the resistant cultivars.
4 citations
TL;DR: Investigation of Aspergillosis in ducks revealed the presence of focal granulomatous lesions in the lungs characterized by central necrotic area with infiltration of heterophils, macrophages, epithelioid cells and formation of giant cells.
Abstract: The present study was carried out to investigate the pathology of Aspergillosis in ducks A total of 10 cases were recorded during the months of June & July, 2019 The diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical signs, gross & microscopic alterations and isolation of the fungus The clinical signs observed in the affected ducks include respiratory distress, dyspnoea, gasping and accelerated breathing associated with loss of appetite, stunted growth, lethargy and increased thirst Grossly, there were presence of white-yellowish caseous nodules in the lung, airsacs, gizzard, liver, thoracic wall and abdominal serosa Histopathological examination revealed the presence of focal granulomatous lesions in the lungs characterized by central necrotic area with infiltration of heterophils, macrophages, epithelioid cells and formation of giant cells Similar type of lesions were also recorded in liver and gizzard Invasion of fungal hyphae at the peri-bronchiolar and interstitial tissue and haemorrhages were also noticed On the 5th day post incubation, there were presence of blackish green colonies in the SDA plates
4 citations
TL;DR: Application of different nanocomposite materials as vector for chemical insecticides have been summarized in this review with major emphasis on application arenas in crop protection, along with addressing limitations and prospects of this domain.
Abstract: The extensive application of conventional chemical pesticides may result into several public health concerns as well as enviornmental hazards. To ensure food safety, use of alternative ecofriendly pesticide formulations is need of the hour. Nanocomposites, a special class of nanomaterials, having improved stability and barrier properties may be a viable option to develop environmentally benign slow/ controlled release pesticide formulations. Presently, the use of nanocomposites in preparation of insecticidal formulations is in early stage of research and development. Application of different nanocomposite materials as vector for chemical insecticides have been summarized in this review with major emphasis on application arenas in crop protection, along with addressing limitations and prospects of this domain.
TL;DR: The intensive and semi-intensive system of management will help in realizing the full potential of Black Bengal goats and will also meet the increasing demand of chevon (goat meat) in the domestic as well as international markets.
Abstract: Goats are an important contributor to the rural economy providing food and nutritional security along with self–employment opportunities to the small and marginal farmers. It being free from any religious taboos is the choicest meat in India with huge demand for chevon. Medicinal properties of goat milk is arousing the interest and the demand of goat meat a step further. Black Bengal goats are the dwarf goats found in northeastern India like West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand etc. which are a good source of meat, milk, and leather. The productivity of goats under the prevailing traditional production system is very low because they are maintained under the extensive system on natural vegetation on degraded common grazing lands and tree lopping. Therefore it is imperative and mandatory to rear goat under intensive and semi-intensive system using improved technologies for commercial production. Current study deals with the growth traits, absolute as well as relative, as recorded in Black Bengal goats under farm system of management. Absolute growth traits observed included body weight at birth, 1months, 2months, 3 months and 6months. Relative Growth traits included 1-3 months body weight gain and 3-6 months body weight gain. Significant effect of different factors i.e. sex, parity, type and season of birth was observed on various traits under study. It might be concluded that the intensive and semi-intensive system of management will help in realizing the full potential of Black Bengal goats and will also meet the increasing demand of chevon (goat meat) in the domestic as well as international markets.
TL;DR: The present investigation was carried out in arid zone of CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar where Tatera indica was found most prevalent as field rodent followed by Rattus rattus and Funambulus penneti, whereas Mus musculus was meager in dry land area comparatively.
Abstract: The present investigation was carried out in arid zone of CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar (Haryana) where Tatera indica was found most prevalent as field rodent followed by Rattus rattus and Funambulus penneti. The maximum population of T. indica had been observed during November followed by October and December, whereas Mus musculus was meager in dry land area comparatively. The trap indices were highest in the month of October and rodent numbers were highest in first week of experimental time period.
TL;DR: Treatment of aspergillosis is ineffective and prevention is the only way to control the disease, so best managemental practices like sanitation, avoiding wet litter or soil and dusty or moldy feeds, adequate ventilation, and disinfection of feed and waterlines should be carried out.
Abstract: Aspergillosis is an infectious, fungal disease caused by Aspergillus species, particularly Aspergillus fumigatus. Infection occurs by inhalation of spores and penetration through egg shell. The disease occurs in two forms, acute and chronic. The acute form occurs by ingestion of large amount of spores, whereas, the chronic form affects birds with reduced immunity. Clinical signs include anorexia, emaciation, dyspnoea, gasping. Gross lesions includes white to yellowish granulomas of pea size. Microscopically peri-alveolar and pulmonary blood vessel congestion is seen. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, necropsy findings, haemato-biochemical changes and culture of fungus. Treatment of aspergillosis is ineffective and prevention is the only way to control the disease. Best managemental practices like sanitation, avoiding wet litter or soil and dusty or moldy feeds, adequate ventilation, and disinfection of feed and waterlines should be carried out to prevent and control the disease.
TL;DR: Molds and Insects (Coleoptera: Dermestes maculatus, Necrobia rufipes and Diptera) are the main biotic factors of loss of stored smoked fish in the three localities.
Abstract: During its storage in the maritime coastal zone in Littoral-Cameroon region, the treated fish is destroyed by various factors. These factors can be the source of poisoning for the populations. The objective of the study was to evaluate the post-smoking losses of fish in 3subdivisions in maritime coastal area: Youpwe (Douala II), Manoka (Douala VI) in Wouri Division and Mouanko in Sanaga Maritime Division. The identification of the fish species smoked was made in these 3subdivisions by permanent monitoring at the level of landing points and smocking units. 429 stakeholders were surveyed and 305 storage facilities were inspected and then characterized. Three in vivo collections of 7 species of smoked fish from each of the localities were collected and put in observation at the laboratory for 6 weeks. From these collections, molds and insect pests emerged. For each collection, the factor of loss is observed, the insects emerged were counted, identified and the damage assessed. For this study, it appears that 31 marine fish species belonging to 17 families have been identified. The Clupeidae (27%), the Sciaenidae (18%), the Polynemidae (12%) and the Ariidae (10.1%) are the most represented families. Ethmalosa fimbriata (Clupgeidae), Cynoglossus senegalensis (Cynoglossidae), Trichiurus lepturus (Trichiuridae), Arius heudeloti (Ariidae) and Raja africana (Rajidae) are the most smoked species. The racks and baskets are the most widespread and used storage tools. Molds and Insects (Coleoptera: Dermestes maculatus, Necrobia rufipes and Diptera (Calliphora sp) are the main biotic factors of loss of stored smoked fish in the three localities. N. rufipes is the major pest with 772 individuals on the 911 counted. The study presents the main loss factor which depreciates the quantity and quality of smoked fish during storage.
TL;DR: It was found that shoot fly caused infestation during early crop stage while stem borer induced infestation was noticed during the later crop stage, and major insect pests causing damage from seedling to harvesting stage along with average per cent infestation and their respective nature of damage and damaging stage in mid hills of Uttarakhand.
Abstract: India is the largest producer of small millets, which are often referred to as coarse cereals. Various biotic variables significantly affect the output and productivity of these small millets and among them, insect pests are major production barriers that cause high crop losses from sowing to crop harvesting. Although the current status of all the pests affecting small millet crops in Uttarakhand is unknown but shoot fly and stem borer have been identified as major pests of small millets in mid hills of Uttarakhand. Major small millets growing areas as well as various trials conducted under AICRP on Small Millets at Ranichauri Centre, VCSG UUHF, Bharsar, Uttarakhand were surveyed at different crop stages in ten different locations during Kharif- 2019 and Kharif- 2020 to ascertain the status of insect fauna associated with the small millets. A total of sixteen species of insect pests damaging small millets from seedling stage to harvesting were reported. During survey, it was found that shoot fly caused infestation during early crop stage while stem borer induced infestation was noticed during the later crop stage. Shoot fly infestation contributed to stunted crop growth and side tillering with dead heart structure with potential to inflict damage up to 36.67 percent in state varieties of barnyard millet when control measures were not intervened at Gaja farm while stem borer infestation produced white ear heads and stem tunneling with maximum infestation of 33.33 percent in finger millet at Gaja farm and 20.00 percent infestation in barnyard millet at Gunogi village. Grasshopper caused infestation was in the range of 13.33 to 26.67 percent and 13.33 to 33.33 percent and aphid infestation ranged between 10.00 to 20.83 percent and 6.67 to 20.00 percent in finger millet and barnyard millet, respectively at different locations. The flea beetle, semilooper, chaffer beetle, sting bug and other pests were also reported in surveyed small millet crops as occasional occurrence. The present study thus contributed in the data available on insect fauna associated with small millets, major insect pests causing damage from seedling to harvesting stage along with average per cent infestation and their respective nature of damage and damaging stage in mid hills of Uttarakhand.
TL;DR: The present study will help the policy developers to propose any modifications or improvements needed for the Dairy farming production system in Tamil Nadu for the dairy farming community’s betterment.
Abstract: The study was conducted in 23 districts of Tamil Nadu state to find out the general management practices followed by dairy farmers on feeding, breeding, health care, production performance of the dairy animals, and also the constraints involved in dairy farming. The majority of the farmers had a medium herd size of 5- 8 animals with cross-bred Jersey cattle as the choice of dairy animal. The average daily milk yield of crossbred HF, cross-bred Jersey, and the non-descript cow was 11.83, 8.57, and 5.2 liters per day respectively. The average sale price of milk per liter was Rs. 31. 18 and it ranged from Rs. 22 to 50 depending upon the availability of marketing demand. The majority of dairy farmers (64%) fed green fodder 15- 20 kg/day/animal and the remaining farmers fed 20-30 kg per day per cattle. The majority of respondents (41.33%) fed 2.5-3.5 kg of concentrate feed per day followed by 33.33 % of farmers fed 1- 2kg of concentrate feed per day. The majority of the respondents (above 90 %) were aware and regularly following of vaccination and deworming practices. All of the farmers following the artificial insemination method to breed animals. The low cost for milk sale price, low milk yield, and high occurrence of reproductive disorders were the major constraints faced by the dairy farmers. The present study will help the policy developers to propose any modifications or improvements needed for the dairy farming production system in Tamil Nadu for the dairy farming community’s betterment.
TL;DR: Cytological, histopathological along with haematological and biochemical studies can be profitably utilized for early diagnosis and prognosis of canine transmissible venereal tumours.
Abstract: The dogs affected with transmissible venereal tumours were investigated for haematolgical, biochemical, cytological and histopathological study. The prevalence of canine venereal tumour was found to be 25.46 per cent with respect to all reproductive diseases and 34.15 per cent of all types of tumours in dogs in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The incidence was more in young female dogs of age group 2 to 11 years (46.34%) with a mean age of 5.17 years. Non-descript/ indigenous breeds (73.17%) were more affected as compared to pure breeds of dogs. Haematological examination of suspected cases revealed normocytic –hypochromic anaemia, neutrophilic leucocytosis with thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia. Serum biochemical examination of affected cases revealed hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglobulinemia, hypoglycemia, decreased triglyceride and higher levels of LDH, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, increased levels of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Gross examination revealed presence of tumour masses around the genital organs with pinkish or hyperemic cauliflower like appearance with ulcerations and bleeding. Cytological and histopathological examinations of suspected cases revealed typical pleomorphic neoplastic round cells with marked anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, vacuolated cytoplasm, large central to eccentric nuclei, increased mitoses, hyperchromsia which are suggestive of Transmissible venereal tumours. Cytological, histopathological along with haematological and biochemical studies can be profitably utilized for early diagnosis and prognosis of canine transmissible venereal tumours.
TL;DR: The present investigation was conducted to study the seasonal incidence of yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker infesting rice and its correlation with weather parameters at MAE farm, Regional Agriculture Research Station, Karjat during Kharif 2019.
Abstract: The present investigation was conducted to study the seasonal incidence of yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker infesting rice and its correlation with weather parameters at MAE farm, Regional Agriculture Research Station, Karjat (M.S.), during Kharif 2019. Results revealed that intiation of yellow stem borer infestation was observed with (3.06%) dead heart, (1.72%) white ears head during the 31st SMW (30 July - 5 Aug) and 40th SMW (1Oct – 7 Oct) respectively. The maximum dead heart was recorded with (6.31± 2.57%) infestation at 37th SMW (10 Sept- 16 Sept) and white ear head with (6.81± 2.38%) infestation during 42th SMW (15 Oct – 21 Oct). Among the all-weather parameters, yellow stem borer showed non-significant positive correlation with sunshine hours (r= 0.017) while, other parameters showed non-significant negative correlation.
TL;DR: Exposure to chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin may induce lung damage via dysregulating the expression of Atp5g2, Cox6a1, Tpt1, Hint1, Fau, Rps27, Fth1 and Rplp0 forms a network with each other whereas Sftpd and Sftpa1 are co- expressed.
Abstract: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate and the cypermethrin is Type 2 pyrethroid insecticide that are frequently used for indoor and outdoor pest control. The combination of both chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin is commonly used to control pest and prolonged exposures of this combination results in chronic or persistent neurologic and teratogenic effects along with abortions and other reproductive failure. We have earlier reported that delay exposure to cypermethrin and chlorpyriphos results in lung injury, however, the molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. The present study was designed to study differential transcriptional profiling to identify the candidate genes associated with lung injury after exposure to chlorpyriphos and/or cypermethrin in a mouse model. Swiss male albino mice (N=24) ageing 6-8 week were divided into one control group and three treatment groups (n=8each). Treatment group-І, ІІ and ІІІ were given orally chlorpyriphos (2.76 mg/kg), cypermethrin (2 mg/kg) and combination dissolved in corn oil for 90 days. Lung samples were collected and subjected to microarray analysis. The data revealed that 365 genes were dysregulated following exposure to chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their mixture. Treatment with chlorpyriphos upregulated 194 genes and downregulated 171 genes whereas cypermethrin treatment caused upregulation of 171 genes and downregulation of 152 genes while their combination upregulated 176 genes and downregulated 146 genes (minimum cut off of 12.0 log fold change). Atp5g2, Cox6a1, Tpt1, Hint1, Fau, Rps27, Fth1, Rplp0 Sftpd and Sftpa were among the top ten dysregulated genes in all the treatments groups. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed that Atp5g2, Cox6a1, Tpt1, Hint1, Fau, Rps27, Fth1 and Rplp0 forms a network with each other whereas Sftpd and Sftpa1 are co- expressed. Data taken together suggest that exposure to chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin may induce lung damage via dysregulating the expression of Atp5g2, Cox6a1, Tpt1, Hint1, Fau, Rps27, Fth1, Rplp0, Sftpd and Sftpa.. The findings of current study have significance as farm workers get frequent exposures to the cocktail of these pesticides in field situations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the hunting activities characteristics and morphometric traits of hunted species in the Lama Forest Reserve in the southern Benin Republic of Ivory Coast and found that twenty-three species are mainly hunted, more for trade than for subsistence, with a dominance of mammals.
Abstract: Protected areas play an important role in the sustainable conservation of biodiversity. In southern Benin Republic, the Lama Forest Reserve is a refuge for wildlife. It also generates significant incomes for the local population. However, anthropogenic activities together with uncontrolled hunting are increasingly threatening the sustainability of these resources. The study aims at investigating the hunting activities characteristics and the morphometric traits of hunted species in the Lama Forest Reserve. Snowball method has been used to constitute the sample of field respondents. Descriptive and inference statistics have been carried out to show results and analyze data. The results show that twenty-three species are mainly hunted, more for trade than for subsistence, with a dominance of mammals. It should be noted that hunting activities don’t have the same level among hunted games, species and sexes although this is not generally significant statistically.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Enzymes are key tools in biotechnology and related areas because of their catalytic nature and have been extensively used in food production and processing for centuries, albeit in a rather empirical manner, which has been superseded by a rational approach in the last decades as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Enzymes are key tools in biotechnology and related areas because of their catalytic nature Accordingly, they have been extensively used in food production and processing for centuries, albeit in a rather empirical manner, which has been superseded by a rational approach in the last decades In recent years, the focus has been on technical and scientific issues (enzyme formulations, molecular improvement of enzyme, screening for new/improved enzymes through traditional and metagenomics approaches, process improvement) as well as on legal and regulatory matters (definition of enzymes and technological purposes, procedures for safety assessment, harmonization of regulations, among others), all of these abridging the food industry There is huge potential for their diverse applications such as food processing, biotechnology, clinical diagnosis, detergents, leather and fabric upgrading, organic synthesis, therapeutics, biosensors, among others
TL;DR: A gist of the recent literature available on the pathophysiological aspects, indicators, detection techniques, prevalence, and preventive measures for sub-acute ruminal acidosis is provided, including the mechanism of action and utility of the commonly used dietary buffers and direct-fed microbials.
Abstract: Sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is an economically important clinical condition and contributes to loss of farm returns, second only to mastitis. It is more prominent in cows in their early and mid-lactation, having peak milk yield and considerably high dry matter intake. SARA detection in a dairy farm is difficult as it does not present any pathognomonic symptoms, and the manifestation of clinical signs is delayed. SARA's characteristic feature is the occurrence of daily fluctuations of pH when the pH drops to the range of 5.2 to 6 for a considerable period due to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids in the rumen. Grain-based diets, which have higher proportions of non-structural carbohydrates, high-quality fermentable forages like legumes, and lack of physically adequate dietary fibre (peNDF), are the significant causes of SARA. SARA consequences include the inflammation of rumen mucosa and several other organs and long-term health and economic losses like reduced feed intake reduced fibre degradability, drop in milk yield and milk fat, damage to the gastrointestinal tract, laminitis, liver dysfunctions, and lameness. SARA can be prevented and treated by the right combination and judicious use of exogenous dietary buffers like sodium bicarbonate, magnesium oxide, and direct-fed microbial like yeast. This review aims to provide a gist of the recent literature available on the pathophysiological aspects, indicators, detection techniques, prevalence, and preventive measures for SARA, including the mechanism of action and utility of the commonly used dietary buffers and direct-fed microbials.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the nematicidal activities of bio-molecules extracted from mushrooms against M. incognita and found that the highest hatching inhibition and the juvenile mortality were recorded with the ethyl acetate fraction of cell-free culture (CFC) filtrate of Ganoderma lucidum followed by Lentinus edodes.
Abstract: The present study focused on the nematicidal activities of bio-molecules extracted from mushrooms against M. incognita. The experimental results revealed that the highest hatching inhibition and the juvenile mortality were recorded with the ethyl acetate fraction of cell-free culture (CFC) filtrate of Ganoderma lucidum followed by Lentinus edodes. At 1000 ppm concentration, the bio-active molecules of G. lucidum exhibited the maximum inhibition of egg hatching (92.6%) and juvenile mortality (93.2%) of M. incognita at 72 hours of incubation. GC –MS analysis of G. lucidum revealed the presence of 23 compounds viz. ., Octadecane,3-ethyl-5-(2-ethyl butyl), Decane, Undecane, 3,7-dimethyl-, Dihydroartemisinin, Benzaldehyde, 3,4-dimethyl-, Heptadecane, 2,6,10,15-tetramethyl-, 2,4-Di-tert-butyl-phenol, 1-Propanamine, Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-,1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl octyl ester, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Dibutyl phthalate, 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-(3,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadeca-3,7,11,15-tetraenyl)-cyclohexanol, Methyl stearate, Cyclohexane, Octadecanoic acid, Deoxyspergualin, Methyl glycocholate, 3TMS derivative, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, TMS derivative, Spirost-8-en-11-one, 3-hydroxy-, 1H-Indene, 1-hexadecyl-2,3-dihydro- and Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate. Among these, 2, 4-Di-tert-butyl-phenol, n-Hexadecanoic acid and Dibutyl phthalate might have been responsible for antinemic activity.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The laboratory investigation on biology of pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) was carried out during the year 2016-17 at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist.
Abstract: The laboratory investigation on biology of pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) was carried out during the year 2016-17 at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri. The laboratory studies on the biology of pod borer, M. vitrata recorded that the pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period lasted for 3.4, 3.3 and 1.4 days, respectively. A female laid on an average 64.4 eggs singly or in batches on flower buds and tender pods. Incubation period lasted for 3.3 days with 79 percent egg hatching. The first instar larva was greenish white with head breadth 0.14 mm and body length 1.41 mm, but prior to pupation larvae changed its colour from deep white to green and pupated at the corner of petri plate. The larval development completed within 12.2 days through five instars, duration of each instar observed to be 2.3, 2.2, 2.2, 2.3 and 3.2 days, respectively. The full grown larva measured 1.6 mm in head breadth and 15.94 mm in body length. The pre pupal and pupal period lasted for 2.2 and 8.8 days, respectively. Longevity of male and female moths was 4.5 and 8.9 days, respectively. Male moth measured 11.08 mm in length, 2.15 mm in width and 24.46 mm in wing expanse. Female measured 11.90 mm in length, 2.22 mm in width and 25.32 mm in wing expanse. The sex ratio for male and female was 1: 1.17. The life cycle male and female was completed within 32.2 and 36.7 days, respectively.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The mean weight of the glycogen body from group I to group VII was gradually increased with advancement of age and a highly significant difference was observed in the length as well as width in Group I to Group VII with age.
Abstract: A study was conducted on the seventy (70) day old broiler chicks which were reared up to 42 days (market age) of post hatch period The whole experimental period of study was divided into seven (07) groups, each containing ten (10) birds irrespective of sex accordingly Glycogen body (GB) is a transparent gelatinous, ovoid massand it extends from the level of 26 to 29 spinal nerves ie in lumbo-sacral (L-S) plexus The average length and width increased 160 times and 143 times with ranged 431mm to 691mm and 254 mm to 364 mm, respectively, from group I to group VII The mean weight of the glycogen body from group I to group VII was gradually increased with advancement of age A highly significant difference was observed in the length as well as width in Group I to group VII with age
TL;DR: Detailed analysis related to the respiratory diseases caused by the various agents along with the managemental and environmental factors is warranted for the future studies to know the major factors involved in inducing the respiratory problems in pigs of the study area.
Abstract: A questionnaire based study on various clinical complications related to different body systems of pigs with special reference to respiratory system has been carried out in fifty different pig farms of Hassan district, Karnataka state during the period from April 2019 to March 2020. The clinical problems related to digestive system were in the highest order (96%) followed by systemic/ fever (80%), skin problems (64%). The problems related to the respiratory system like coughing, laboured breathing, nasal discharge, and dryness of snout etc, (46%), reproductive problems (38%), endoparasites (28%), urinary system (12%). The complications related to nervous system (10%) was also observed. The respiratory problems appeared at considerable levels. Further detailed analysis related to the respiratory diseases caused by the various agents along with the managemental and environmental factors is warranted for the future studies to know the major factors involved in inducing the respiratory problems in pigs of the study area.
TL;DR: An endeavor was made to assess the effect of hydroponic maize fodder as a partial substitute with concentrate mixture on nutrient intake of gir calves and a highly significant (P) finding was made.
Abstract: An endeavor was made to assess the effect of hydroponic maize fodder as a partial substitute with concentrate mixture on nutrient intake of gir calves. A feeding trial of 120 days was undertaken on 16 Gir calves (6-12 months of age) divided into four groups of four calves using the basal roughage with various levels of hydroponics maize fodder to assess the nutrient utilization efficiency. In the study, a highly significant (P
TL;DR: Dalader acuticosta a member of Coreidae (Coreinae: Daladerini), has been reported first time from Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India for the very first time.
Abstract: Dalader acuticosta a member of Coreidae (Coreinae: Daladerini), has been reported first time from Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It belongs to the Phylum Arthropoda, Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera, Family Coreidae, and Subfamily Coreinae. In India it is found in West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya and Himachal Pradesh. It is very beautiful bug. It is rare species and only two specimens have been collected on the ground with moist soil from Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir that too for the very first time. Earlier it was not reported from Jammu and Kashmir. Adults of Dalader acuticosta are fried and eaten in north-eastern India.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of the flooring pattern on the thermal comfort of large white Yorkshire weaned pigs was investigated in three different flooring systems, i.e., solid concrete floor, raised slatted concrete floor and polypropylene floor.
Abstract: The influence of the flooring pattern on the thermal comfort of Large White Yorkshire weaned pigs was investigated in three different flooring systems. Three different flooring systems in conventional pig farming viz., solid concrete floor (T1), raised slatted concrete floor (T2) and raised slatted polypropylene floor (T3) formed the experimental housing design and three sty of equal sizes measuring 3.50 m x 2.90 m were taken. Pigs in the different housing systems are maintained in standard floor space of 0.8-1.0 m2 with similar feeding practices and management conditions. Under each treatment, 10 numbers (5 males and 5 females in each treatment) of weaned large white Yorkshire pigs are allotted with average body weight of 16.50±0.50 kg respectively. Microclimatic variables include air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity were recorded daily and statistically there was significantly (P