Showing papers in "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance in 1995"
TL;DR: It is concluded that physical separation is not a sufficient condition for selective perception; overloading perception is also required, which allows a compromise between early and late selection views and resolves apparent discrepancies in previous work.
Abstract: The early and late selection debate may be resolved if perceptual load of relevant information determines the selective processing of irrelevant information. This hypothesis was tested in 3 studies; all used a variation of the response competition paradigm to measure irrelevant processing when load in the relevant processing was varied. Perceptual load was manipulated by relevant display set size or by different processing requirements for identical displays. These included the requirement to process conjunctions versus isolated features and the requirement to perform simple detection of a character's presence versus difficult identification of its size and position. Distractors' interference was found only under low-load conditions. Because the distractor was usually clearly distinct from the target, it is concluded that physical separation is not a sufficient condition for selective perception; overloading perception is also required. This allows a compromise between early and late selection views and resolves apparent discrepancies in previous work.
1,827 citations
TL;DR: Results of Experiments 3-5 confirmed that AB is triggered by local interference from immediate posttarget stimulation and showed thatAB is modulated by the discriminability between the 1st target and the immediately following distractor.
Abstract: When 2 targets are presented among distractors in rapid serial visual presentation, correct identification of the 1st target results in a deficit for a 2nd target appearing within 200-500 ms. This attentional blink (AB; J. E. Raymond, K. L. Shapiro, & K. M. Arnell, 1992) was examined for categorically defined targets (letters among nonletters) in 7 experiments. AB was obtained for the 2nd letter target among digit distractors (Experiment 1) and also for a 3rd target (Experiment 2). Results of Experiments 3-5 confirmed that AB is triggered by local interference from immediate posttarget stimulation (Raymond et al., 1992) and showed that AB is modulated by the discriminability between the 1st target and the immediately following distractor. Experiments 5-7 further examined the effects of both local interference and global discriminability. A 2-stage model is proposed to account for the AB results. Researchers working on visual attention have focused on. capacity limitations that arise when multiple stimuli must be processed in a single spatial array. Different issues arise when stimuli are presented sequentially. In this study, we examined attentional limitations for processing a temporal sequence of visual stimuli. When participants search for targets among stimuli presented in a sequence at high rates, correct identification of one target produces a marked deficit for detecting a subsequent target appearing in a 200500 ms interval after the onset of the first one (Broadbent & Broadbent, 1987; Raymond, Shapiro, & Arnell, 1992). These tasks involve the use of rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), in which each item replaces the previous one at the same spatial location. The RSVP paradigm has been a useful tool for researchers exploring the temporal characteristics of information processing because it provides the experimenter with precise control not only over the time a given item is in view, but also over the preceding and subsequent processing demands on the participants. In RSVP each item not only eliminates the previous item from sensory storage (Kahneman, 1968), but also presents a new item to be processed, thus constraining the time available for higher level cognitive as well as perceptual processing (Potter, 1976).
1,400 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that the "face inversion" effect results from the use of holistic shape representations is tested, which suggests that the susceptibility of nonface patterns to inversion should be a function of their degree of part decomposition.
Abstract: What is it about the way faces are represented by the visual system that makes them so much harder to recognize when inverted? The authors tested the hypothesis that the "face inversion" effect results from the use of holistic shape representations. This suggests that the susceptibility of nonface patterns to inversion should be a function of their degree of part decomposition. In Experiment 1 this was tested and confirmed with dot patterns in which the degree of part decomposition was manipulated by grouping and segregation on the basis of dot color. The hypothesis also predicted that the face inversion effect can be eliminated with face stimuli if participants are induced to recognize the faces in terms of their component parts. In Experiment 2 this was tested and confirmed with whole, intact faces, in which the degree of part decomposition was manipulated by allowing participants to study them, initially, in either whole, intact versions or versions with parts presented separately.
529 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that temporal judgments and productions are based on an integrated internal representation of the target interval rather than reference to an internal oscillatory process.
Abstract: Study participants performed time perception and production tasks over a set of 4 intervals ranging from 325 to 550 ms. In 3 experiments, variability on both the production and perception tasks was found to be linearly related to the square of the target intervals. If the perception and production of short temporal intervals use a common timing mechanism, the slopes of the functions for the 2 tasks should be identical. The results of Experiment 1 failed to support this prediction. However, when the 2 tasks were made more similar by providing a single (Experiment 2) or multiple (Experiment 3) presentations of the target interval per judgment or production, the perception and production functions were nearly identical. The results suggest that temporal judgments and productions are based on an integrated internal representation of the target interval rather than reference to an internal oscillatory process.
437 citations
TL;DR: Examination of walking and running on a treadmill while speed was varied suggested that gait transitions behave like nonequilibrium phase transitions between attractors, consistent with a dynamic theory of locomotion in which preferred gaits are characterized by stable phase relationships and minimum energy expenditure.
Abstract: Why do humans switch from walking to running at a particular speed? It is proposed that gait transitions behave like nonequilibrium phase transitions between attractors. Experiment 1 examined walking and running on a treadmill while speed was varied. The transition occurred at the equal-energy separatrix between gaits, with predicted shifts in stride length and frequency, a qualitative reorganization in the relative phasing of segments within a leg, a sudden jump in relative phase, enhanced fluctuations in relative phase, and hysteresis. Experiment 2 dissociated speed, frequency, and stride length to show that the transition occurred at a constant speed near the energy separatrix. Results are consistent with a dynamic theory of locomotion in which preferred gaits are characterized by stable phase relationships and minimum energy expenditure, and gait transitions by a loss of stability and the reduction of energetic costs.
425 citations
TL;DR: The experiments demonstrate that humans rapidly adjust the calibration of their walking, turning, and throwing to changing circumstances, and a functional model of perceptual-motor organization is suggested.
Abstract: People coordinate the force and direction of skilled actions with target locations and adjust the calibrations to compensate for changing circumstances. Are the adjustments globally organized (adjusting a particular action to fit a particular circumstance would generalize to all actions in the same circumstance); anatomically specific (every effector is adjusted independently of others); of functional (adjustments would generalize to all actions serving the same goal and generating the same perceptible consequences)? Across 10 experiments, changes in the calibration of walking, throwing, and turning-in-place were induced, and generalization of changes in calibration to functionally related and unrelated actions were tested. The experiments demonstrate that humans rapidly adjust the calibration of their walking, turning, and throwing to changing circumstances, and a functional model of perceptual-motor organization is suggested.
407 citations
TL;DR: The weight of current evidence supports an exemplar-based multiple-views mechanism as an important component of both exemplar specific and categorical recognition, the domain they are intended to explain.
Abstract: Is human object recognition viewpoint dependent or viewpoint invariant under "everyday" conditions? I. Biederman and P.C. Gerhardstein (1993) argued that viewpoint-invariant mechanisms are used almost exclusively. However, our analysis indicates that (a) their conditions for immediate viewpoint invariance lack the generality to characterize a wide range of recognition phenomena, (b) the extensive body of viewpoint-dependent results cannot be dismissed as processing "by-products" or "experimental artifacts," and (c) geon structural descriptions cannot coherently account for category recognition, the domain they are intended to explain. The weight of current evidence supports an exemplar-based multiple-views mechanism as an important component of both exemplar-specific and categorical recognition.
368 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two approaches to the study of movement planning were compared. And the convergence of the 2 approaches was satisfactory insofar as the relation between tangential velocity and curvature is concerned.
Abstract: Two approaches to the study of movement planning were contrasted. Data on the drawing of complex two-dimensional trajectories were used to test whether the covariations of the kinematic and geometrical parameters of the movement formalized by the two-thirds power law and by the isochrony principle (P. Viviani & R. Schneider, 1991) can be derived from the minimum-jerk model hypothesis (T. Flash & N. Hogan, 1985). The convergence of the 2 approaches was satisfactory insofar as the relation between tangential velocity and curvature is concerned (two-thirds power law). Global isochrony could not be deduced from the optimal control hypothesis. Scaling of velocity within movement subunits can instead be derived from the minimum-jerk hypothesis. The implications vis-a-vis the issue of movement planning are discussed with an emphasis on the representation used by the motor control system for coding the intended trajectories.
351 citations
320 citations
TL;DR: The results of this study support the idea that functionally distinct mechanisms and strategies are involved in inhibitory motor control in different situations.
Abstract: Motor inhibition was studied in 3 versions of the stop-signal paradigm, with the stop signal requiring inhibition of any response (stop-all), a fixed alternative response (stop-change), or selective inhibition of only 1 of the responses (selective-stop). The lateralized readiness potential was used in Experiment 1 to distinguish between a selective, central, and a global peripheral inhibition mechanism. Inhibition was found to be effected by the central mechanism in the stop-change condition and by the peripheral mechanism in the other conditions. Manipulation of stimulus discriminability in Experiment 2 strongly affected the speed of selective motor inhibition, confirming that such inhibition was achieved by conditionally engaging the peripheral mechanism. These results support the idea that functionally distinct mechanisms and strategies are involved in inhibitory motor control in different situations.
318 citations
TL;DR: There is a component of the event-related brain potential, the error-related negativity (or ERN), that is related to error detection in choice reaction time tasks and the J. Miller (1982) paradigm was used to determine whether the detection process manifested by the ERN involves a comparison between representations of the actual response and the correct response.
Abstract: There is a component of the event-related brain potential, the error-related negativity (or ERN), that is related to error detection in choice reaction time tasks. The J. Miller (1982) paradigm was used to determine whether the detection process manifested by the ERN involves a comparison between representations of the actual response and the correct response or between representations of the stimulus anticipated by the subject and the stimulus that actually occurs. The data favored the former rather than the latter kind of comparison, with the magnitude of the error signal depending on the similarity or dissimilarity between the two response representations. In turn, response similarity depended on the strategy used by the subjects to select responses: Response parameters selected first defined which responses would be most similar. Language: en
TL;DR: A comparison of performance with compatible, incompatible, and neutral conditions shows that when a stimulus set is perceptually, conceptually, or structurally similar to a response set, mean reaction times are faster when individual stimuli and responses match than when they do not match.
Abstract: Five experiments were conducted using 4- and 6-choice stimulus-response compatibility tasks with graphic and alphabetic stimuli, and keypress and verbal responses. A comparison of performance with compatible, incompatible, and neutral conditions shows that when a stimulus set is perceptually, conceptually, or structurally similar to a response set, (a) mean reaction times (RTs) are faster when individual stimuli and responses match than when they do not match, (b) this is true whether the stimulus and response sets are similar on relevant or irrelevant dimensions, (c) this "compatibility effect" is greater when the dimensions are relevant than when they are irrelevant, and (d) whether the dimensions are relevant or irrelevant, the faster RTs are due to a facilitative process and the slower RTs to an interfering process. These results are accounted for by the dimensional overlap model.
TL;DR: Although velocity is nothing but the change of position in time, velocity and position are processed independently and these two separately processed sources of information are used in both perception and action.
Abstract: Ss were presented with spiders running from left to right at various velocities over a structured background. Motion of the background influenced the perceived velocity of the spider: Motion of the background in the opposite direction than the spider increased the perceived velocity. The perceived position of the spider was not influenced by background motion. Ss were asked to hit the spiders as quickly as possible. Fast spiders were hit with a higher velocity than slow spiders. The same effect was found if the spiders only differed in apparent velocity, induced by motion of the background. The trajectory of the hit was not influenced by motion of the background. The authors concluded that although velocity is nothing but the change of position in time, velocity and position are processed independently. Furthermore, these two separately processed sources of information are used in both perception and action.
TL;DR: 6 experiments on the effects of neighborhood size and neighborhood frequency indicated that, at least for low-frequency words, large neighborhoods do facilitate processing, and the existence of higher frequency neighbors seems to facilitate rather than inhibit processing.
Abstract: What are the effects of a word's orthographic neighborhood on the word recognition process? Andrews (1989) reported that large neighborhoods facilitate lexical access (the neighborhood size effect). Grainger, O'Regan, Jacobs, & Segui (1989) reported that higher frequency neighbors inhibit lexical access (the "neighborhood frequency effect"). Because neighborhood size and neighborhood frequency typically covary (words with large neighborhoods will usually possess higher frequency neighbors), these findings would seem to contradict one another. In the present study, 6 experiments on the effects of neighborhood size and neighborhood frequency indicated that, at least for low-frequency words, large neighborhoods do facilitate processing. However, the existence of higher frequency neighbors seems to facilitate rather than inhibit processing. The implications of these findings for serial and parallel models of lexical access are discussed. Much of the research on visual word recognition has focused on the issue of lexical access. Consequently, a number of models of the lexical access process have been proposed, each providing a slightly different account of the various factors that affect this process. Consider, for example, the factor that is probably the most studied in this literature—printed-word frequency. The standard finding is that high-frequency words are processed faster than lowfrequency words. In Forster's (1976) serial search model, this effect is explained in terms of a serial-search process. According to the model, the entries in the lexicon are organized according to word frequency. The search for a match between the sensory input and the correct lexical entry proceeds in a serial manner, starting with the closest matching higher frequency entries. Thus, high-frequency words are identified more quickly than low-frequency words by virtue of their order in the search set. Alternatively, in "activation-b ased" models, such as McClelland and Rumelhart's (1981) interactive-activation model, frequency effects are attributed to the higher resting activation
TL;DR: It is concluded that when stimuli and responses overlap with respect to spatial attributes, automatic response activation process are triggered, which may later be replaced by the activation of an expected response.
Abstract: Effects of dimensional overlap between stimuli and responses on partial response activation were investigated within a priming paradigm with the help of event-related potentials. The likely position of a target stimulus (requiring a left or a right reaction) was indicated by an arrow precue. To test whether automatic response activation processes are triggered by the cue, the lateralized readiness potential was computed. It was found that responses congruent to the direction of the cue were activated about 200 ms after cue onset. This early process was unaffected by specific cue-response contingencies and was completely missing when a nonspatial (color) cue was used. A second response activation phase was observed, which was partially controlled by specific response instructions and subjective expectancies. It is concluded that when stimuli and responses overlap with respect to spatial attributes, automatic response activation process are triggered, which may later be replaced by the activation of an expected response.
TL;DR: The results of these experiments show that listeners sometimes access words other than those intended by speakers and may simultaneously access words associated with several parses of ambiguous sequences and suggest that acoustic marking of word onsets places constraints on the success of lexical access.
Abstract: The authors examined the interaction of acoustic and lexical information in lexical access and segmentation. The cross-modal lexical priming technique was used to determine which word meanings listeners access at the offsets of oronyms (e.g., tulips or two lips) presented in connected speech. In Experiment 1, participants showed priming by the meaning of tulips when presented with two lips. In Experiment 2, priming by the meaning of the 2nd word was found in such sequences (e.g., lips in two lips). Finally, Experiment 3 demonstrated that listeners do not show priming by lips when it is pronounced as part of tulips. The results of these experiments show that listeners sometimes access words other than those intended by speakers and may simultaneously access words associated with several parses of ambiguous sequences. Furthermore, the results suggest that acoustic marking of word onsets places constraints on the success of lexical access. To account for these results, the authors propose a new model of lexical access and segmentation.
TL;DR: Bij een conjunctietarget van kleur en orientatie zoeken proefpersonen alleen die elementen af die dezelfde kleer hebben als de target.
Abstract: Bij een conjunctietarget van kleur en orientatie zoeken proefpersonen alleen die elementen af die dezelfde kleur hebben als de target.
TL;DR: Biederman and Gerhardstein this article showed that a representation specifying a distinctive arrangement of viewpoint-invariant parts (a geon structural description, [GSD]) dramatically reduced the costs of rotation in depth.
Abstract: I. Biederman and P. C. Gerhardstein (1993) demonstrated that a representation specifying a distinctive arrangement of viewpoint-inv ariant parts (a geon structural description, [GSD]) dramatically reduced the costs of rotation in depth. M. J. Tarr and H. H. Bulthoff (1995) attempt to make a case for viewpoint-dependent mechanisms, such as mental rotation. Their suggestion that GSDs enjoy no special status in reducing the effects of depth rotation is contradicted by a wealth of direct experimental evidence as well as an inadvertent experiment that found no evidence for the spontaneous employment of mental rotation. Their complaint against geon theory's account of entry-level classification rests on a mistaken and unwarranted attribution that geon theory assumes a one-to-one correspondence between GSDs and entry-level names. GSDs provide a representation that distinguishes most entry- and subordinate-level classes and explains why complex objects are described as an arrangement of viewpoint-invariant parts. Consider the nonsense object in Figure 1. When first viewed, how did the reader know that the object was one never encountered previously? Why was the reader fairly confident that he or she would know what the object would look like if rotated 30°? The large central block would still look like a block and the vertical cylinder and wedge on top of the block would still be on top of the block. The zigzag cross brace connecting the tilting cylinder (ending in a cone) to the wedge would still enjoy the same relation if rotated 30°. These words denoting parts and relations are easily matched to the corresponding regions of the image. Geon theory (Biederman, 1987; Hummel & Biederman, 1992) seeks to account for these readily evident capacities and characteristics of human object recognition by positing that objects are represented as an arrangement of simple viewpoint-invariant parts (geons) and relations, termed a geon structural description (GSD). The resultant viewpointinvariant representation is designed to account for many of the entry-level shape-based classifications, such as distinguishing between a chair, an elephant, and a frying pan. The theory also provides an account of the vast majority of
TL;DR: The authors investigated the influence of a low-level local feature (curvature) and a high-level emergent feature (facial expression) on rapid search and found that the face-level feature facilitated the conjunction search but, surprisingly, slowed the feature search.
Abstract: The current study investigated the influence of a low-level local feature (curvature) and a high-level emergent feature (facial expression) on rapid search. These features distinguished the target from the distractors and were presented either alone or together. Stimuli were triplets of up and down arcs organized to form meaningless patterns or schematic faces. In the feature search, the target had the only down arc in the display. In the conjunction search, the target was a unique combination of up and down arcs. When triplets depicted faces, the target was also the only smiling face among frowning faces. The face-level feature facilitated the conjunction search but, surprisingly, slowed the feature search. These results demonstrated that an object inferiority effect could occur even when the emergent feature was useful in the search. Rapid search processes appear to operate only on high-level representations even when low-level features would be more efficient.
TL;DR: In this paper, the differential impact of orthographic and morphological relatedness on visual word recognition was investigated in a series of priming experiments in Dutch and German, with lexical decision and naming tasks, repetition priming and contiguous priming procedures.
Abstract: The differential impact of orthographic and morphological relatedness on visual word recognition was investigated in a series of priming experiments in Dutch and German. With lexical decision and naming tasks, repetition priming and contiguous priming procedures, and masked and unmasked prime presentation, a pattern of results emerged with qualitative differences between the effects of morphological and form relatedness. With lexical decision, mere orthographic similarity between primes and targets (e.g., keller-KELLER, cellar-ladle) produced negative effects, whereas morphological relatedness (e.g., kellen-KELLE, ladles-ladle) consistently resulted in facilitation. With the naming task, positive priming effects were found for morphological as well as for mere form similarity. On the basis of these results, a model of the lexicon is proposed in which information about word form is represented separately from morphological structure and in which processing at the form level is characterized in terms of activation of, and competition between, form-related entries.
TL;DR: In this paper, the existence of a body schema, a representation of the spatial relations among body parts, not used for other spatial stimuli, was verified in normal participants, and the effect of proprioceptive information concerning one's own body position influenced visual perception of others' body positions.
Abstract: Neuropsychological dissociations suggest the existence of a body schema, a representation of the spatial relations among body parts, not used for other spatial stimuli. Four experiments verify the psychological reality of the body schema in normal participants. In Experiments 1 and 2, proprioceptive information concerning one's own body position influences visual perception of others' body positions. Contrary to expectations, facilitation is observed rather than interference in the dual-performance task. Experiment 3 eliminates the possibility that the effect is due to a particular mnemonic strategy. In Experiment 4, this effect is shown to be specific to the perception of bodies, as opposed to other complex 3-dimensional forms.
TL;DR: To investigate the importance of posttarget stimulation in AB production, the categorical, featural, and spatial similarity of the immediate posttarget item to other items in the stream was manipulated and significant AB effects were found in all conditions, suggesting that the presentation of any patterned stimulus in close temporal proximity to the target provokes the AB.
Abstract: When participants are required to respond to a target letter imbedded in a stream of rapid serially presented letters, perception of a 2nd target letter is impaired if the interval between the 2 targets is less than about 450 ms. This attentionally based posttarget suppression in visual processing, referred to as the attentional blink (AB), is not found when there is a brief pause in the stream immediately after the 1st target. To investigate the importance of posttarget stimulation in AB production, the categorical, featural, and spatial similarity of the immediate posttarget item to other items in the stream was manipulated. Although featural and spatial dissimilarity produced significant attenuation of the AB effect, categorical dissimilarity did not. Significant AB effects were found in all conditions, suggesting that the presentation of any patterned stimulus in close temporal proximity to the target provokes the AB.
TL;DR: The observed coordinative effects suggest the influence of neural phase relationships and emphasize that symmetry plays an important role in understanding coordination in systems in which control cannot be traced unequivocally to a single end-effector or a neurophysiological substrate.
Abstract: J. A. S. Kelso and J. J. Jeka (1992) demonstrated that symmetry is a useful conceptual tool to distinguish the coordination between components with similar versus different anatomical properties. The present experiments studied human arm-leg patterns to test whether their coordinative asymmetry was changed by manipulating the inertial properties of a single limb. The results showed that (a) consistent with model predictions, adding weight to the arm or the leg minimized or enhanced coordinative asymmetry, respectively and (b) the response to a perturbation slowed as movement frequency increased but in a fashion that reflected the underlying coordinative asymmetry. The observed coordinative effects suggest the influence of neural phase relationships and emphasize that symmetry plays an important role in understanding coordination in systems in which control cannot be traced unequivocally to a single end-effector or a neurophysiological substrate.
TL;DR: Two right-handed and 2 left-handed participants drew circles in the horizontal plane with both hands simultaneously in either a symmetrical or an asymmetrical mode, at their preferred rate or as fast as possible, to identify constraints imposed on interlimb coordination when the limbs have to be moved simultaneously.
Abstract: Two right-handed and 2 left-handed participants drew circles in the horizontal plane with both hands simultaneously in either a symmetrical or an asymmetrical mode, at their preferred rate or as fast as possible. During symmetrical movements, the hands showed frequency and phase synchronization at both rates. During fast asymmetrical movements, the hands showed increased phase difference and phase variability, as well as transitions to symmetrical movements, and cases of frequency decoupling. Large distortions of the hand trajectory were also observed under fast asymmetrical movements. Trajectory distortions and movement direction reversals were confined to the nondominant hand. Under the assumption that circular trajectories are generated by properly timed orthogonal oscillations along the y-axis and the *-axis, these findings are accounted for by the characteristics of coupling between homologous functional oscillators of the 2 body sides. Much recent research on motor control has been devoted to identifying the constraints imposed on interlimb coordination when the limbs have to be moved simultaneously. Those that have been by far the most extensively studied are the temporal constraints involved in bimanual activities. Studies on this topic have shown, for example, that bimanual tapping is easy when the two hands produce identical or harmonically related rhythms (e.g., 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) but extremely difficult when the two rhythms are not integer multiples of each other (e.g., Klapp, 1979; Peters, 1977; Summers, 1990). The studies just cited dealt with cases in which similar movements were performed by the two hands and only the timing structure was varied. In other studies, the task has consisted of performing different movements with both limbs but in the same overall movement time. For example, in a series of experiments, Swinnen and colleagues asked their participants to perform a horizontal elbow flexion (unidirectional) movement with the nondominant limb at the same time as an elbow flexion-extension-flexion (reversal) movement with the dominant limb (e.g., Swinnen, Walter, Beirinckx, & Meugens, 1991; Swinnen, Walter, &
TL;DR: Results indicate that an abstract visual-form system operates effectively in the left hemisphere and stores information that remains relatively invariant across the specific instances of a type of form to distinguish different types.
Abstract: Visual-form systems in the cerebral hemispheres were examined in 3 experiments. After learning new types of visual forms, participants rapidly classified previously unseen prototypes of the newly learned types more efficiently when the forms were presented directly to the left hemisphere (in the right visual field) than when the forms were presented directly to the right hemisphere (in the left visual field). Neither previously seen nor previously unseen distortions of the prototypes were classified more efficiently when presented directly to the left hemisphere than when presented directly to the right hemisphere. Results indicate that an abstract visual-form system operates effectively in the left hemisphere and stores information that remains relatively invariant across the specific instances of a type of form to distinguish different types. Furthermore, this system functions relatively independently of another system that operates effectively in the right hemisphere and that stores details to distinguish specific instances of a type of form.
TL;DR: The authors investigated whether speech segmentation is based on the occurrence of strong syllables or lexical competition and found that the differential priming effects are interpreted as evidence for inhibition between competing lexical candidates.
Abstract: Two cross-modal priming experiments investigated whether speech segmentation is based on the occurrence of strong syllables (A. Cutler & D. Norris, 1988) or lexical competition (J. L. McClelland & J. L.Elman, 1986). Auditorily presented words with no, few, or many competitors served as prime for a visual target. Facilitatory effects were larger for primes with no or few competitors than for primes withmany competitors. This difference disappeared when the interstimulus interval between the prime and target was shortened. The differential priming effects are interpreted as evidence for inhibition between competing lexical candidates. © 1995 American Psychological Association.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the spatial and temporal relations between an auditory spatial cue and an auditory target and found that performance improved as time available to shift attention to a cued spatial position increased.
Abstract: Auditory spatial attention was investigated by manipulating spatial and temporal relations between an auditory spatial cue and an auditory target. The principal findings were that performance improved as time available to shift attention to a cued spatial position increased, accurate spatial cues facilitated performance more than inaccurate cues, performance was virtually identical for shifts of attention ranging from 0 degrees and 180 degrees, and performance declined as the distance of an unexpected target from a cued spatial location increased. The experiments provided evidence that auditory attention may be allocated to a specific location in response to an auditory spatial cue and that the time required to shift attention does not appear to depend on the distance of the shift. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the spatial distribution of auditory attention may be described most accurately by a gradient model in which attentional resources decline gradually with distance from a focal point.