Showing papers in "Journal of Fire Sciences in 2015"
TL;DR: In this article, a multicomponent flame retardant system containing aluminum diethylphosphinate in thermoplastic styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene elastomers is investigated.
Abstract: Multicomponent flame retardant systems containing aluminum diethylphosphinate in thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers are investigated (oxygen index, UL 94, cone calorimeter, and mechanical testing). Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis illuminate the interactions in the condensed phase. Thermoplastic styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene elastomers are a challenge for flame retardancy (peak heat release rate at 50 kW m−2 > 2000 kW m−2, oxygen index = 17.2 vol%, no UL-94 horizontal burn rating) since it burns without residue and with a very high effective heat of combustion. Adding aluminum diethylphosphinate results in efficient flame inhibition and improves the reaction to small flame, but it is less effective in the cone calorimeter. Its efficacy levels off for amounts >∼25 wt%. As the most promising synergistic system, aluminum diethylphosphinate/melamine polyphosphate was identified, combining the main gas action of aluminum di...
50 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a test bench was developed with a complete set of instrumentation to investigate the fire behavior of carbon fiber epoxy composite designed for aircraft. But the test bench is compliant with two aeronautical certification fire tests: ISO2685:1998(E) and FAR25.856(b):2003.
Abstract: A versatile fire test has been developed with a complete set of instrumentation to investigate the fire behaviour of carbon fibre epoxy composite designed for aircraft. During a single test, both condensed and gas phases can be simultaneously studied measuring the temperature profile and the mass loss and studying the nature and quantity of volatile gaseous species. This novel test bench is compliant with two aeronautical certification fire tests: ISO2685:1998(E) and FAR25.856(b):2003. Titanium coupons have been first submitted to fire to validate the testing method. Composite coupons have been evaluated to examine completely their fire behaviour. To go further in the investigation, post-fire analyses have been performed using X-ray microtomographic images of coupons exposed to fire. Thus, the phenomena identified during the test are the apparition of cracks in the virgin material, the thermal degradation, the migration of evolved gases through the material up to both side and the thermal delamination.
47 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, some of the combustion properties of three carbonate solvent mixtures commonly used as the electrolytes of lithium ion batteries are considered by means of the ISO 5660 cone calori...
Abstract: In this article, some of the combustion properties of three carbonate solvent mixtures commonly used as the electrolytes of lithium ion batteries are considered by means of the ISO 5660 cone calori...
29 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a novel multi-injector nozzle was designed to generate a homogeneous water mist curtain with low water consumption, and the water mist characteristics of one of the injectors were measured by Shadowgraphy technology.
Abstract: Full-scale experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to study the thermal radiation attenuation from large fires by water mist curtain with low and intermediate pressures. Fire dynamics simulator (version 6) was used for numerical simulations. A novel multi-injector nozzle was designed to generate a homogeneous water mist curtain with low water consumption. Water mist characteristics of one of the injectors were measured by Shadowgraphy technology. A 1 × 1 m diesel pool fire was considered as the fire source. The experimental results show that the water mist curtain has high thermal radiation attenuation efficiency, for example, about 82.7% radiant heat flux could be attenuated by the water mist curtain with 2 MPa working pressure and flow rate of 13.3 L/min. Comparisons with the experimental results show that the calculated radiant heat flux and temperature are slightly underestimated.
25 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an emulsion grade poly(vinyl chloride) was plasticized with 100 phr of diisononyl phthalate and filled with 30 ǫ phr of different hydrated filler-type flame-retardant additives.
Abstract: Emulsion grade poly(vinyl chloride) was plasticized with 100 phr of diisononyl phthalate and filled with 30 phr of different hydrated filler-type flame-retardant additives. Static heat stabilities ...
23 citations
TL;DR: The authors proposed new bench-scale protocols for evaluating the flammability of bark and its involvement in resistance of trees to fire in Algerian oak forests (Quercus suber).
Abstract: This study proposes new bench-scale protocols for evaluating the flammability of bark and its involvement in resistance of trees to fire. Samples of cork from Algerian oak forests (Quercus suber) w...
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an internal fire whirl can be generated by burning a pool fire in a vertical shaft with appropriate sidewall ventilation provision, and it is shown that the flame swirling motion is similar to the one described in this paper.
Abstract: An internal fire whirl can be generated by burning a pool fire in a vertical shaft with appropriate sidewall ventilation provision. Earlier experimental results show that the flame swirling motion ...
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the contribution of nanoclays to the flame retardancy of polyamide-6 and its 15 wt% short glass fiber reinforced composite with and without an organophosp...
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate contribution of nanoclays to the flame retardancy of polyamide-6 and its 15 wt% short glass fiber–reinforced composite with and without an organophosp...
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate on the fire retardancy and mechanical property of polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams were investigated.
Abstract: Ammonium polyphosphate and aluminum hydroxide were added simultaneously to polyisocyanurate–polyurethane foams as flame retardants. The effects of aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate on the fire retardancy and mechanical property of polyisocyanurate–polyurethane foams were investigated. Thermogravimetric and thermogravimetric–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the thermal stability and decomposition of the foams. Cone calorimeter tests, the limiting oxygen index, and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the fire performance of aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate. The results show that the compressive strength of the foams increases upon the addition of both aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate. The flame retardancy of the polyisocyanurate–polyurethane foams can be significantly improved under the effect of aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate. After the addition of 5-phr aluminum hydroxide and 15-phr ammonium polyphosphate, the...
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of the scale of the burning of a vegetation bed on the peak heat release rate, the smoke extinction area, the soot yield, and the rate of smoke release.
Abstract: The burning of a vegetation bed was investigated employing the cone calorimeter and the furniture calorimeter for testing on a small and a large scale. Heat release rate, smoke production rate, and species yields were measured at both scales and with two different setups at the full scale. The results show a clear influence of the scale on: the peak of heat release rate, the smoke extinction area, the soot yield, and the rate of smoke release. The species yields appear to depend not only on the burning scale but also on the experimental setup. This study clearly shows that even for litter with high packing ratio, the results obtained at bench scale cannot be extended directly to the full scale.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the downward flame spread over poly(methyl methacrylate) sheets with different dimensions was conducted in comparison with the downward flames spread over samples under infinite dimensions.
Abstract: The experiments of downward flame spread over poly(methyl methacrylate) sheets with different dimensions were conducted in this study. In comparison with flame spread over samples under infinite wi...
TL;DR: In this article, a novel intumescent alumina-silica hydrogel double shell microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate flame retardant is prepared and filled into polypropylene as a flame-retardant.
Abstract: In this article, a novel intumescent alumina–silica hydrogel double shell microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate flame retardant is prepared and filled into polypropylene as a flame retardant. Th...
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of heat and flame-resistant materials can be studied using a bench-scale test or a full-scale instrumented manikin test, but there are some limitations of these eva...
Abstract: The protective performance of heat- and flame-resistant materials can be studied using a bench-scale test or a full-scale instrumented manikin test. However, there are some limitations of these eva...
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of preparation of boron compounds with the use of di(hydroxymethyl)urea derivatives and boric acid has been described, and it was found that application of the borates obtained, as a polyol component and simultaneously as a flame retardant in recipe for preparation of polyurethane polyisocyanurate foams, had a positive effect on properties of foams.
Abstract: The method of preparation of boron compounds with the use of di(hydroxymethyl)urea derivatives and boric acid has been described. On the basis of our studies, it was found that application of the borates obtained, as a polyol component and simultaneously as a flame retardant in recipe for preparation of polyurethane–polyisocyanurate foams, had a positive effect on properties of foams. The resulting rigid foams were characterized by a lower brittleness, higher compressive strength and content of closed cells and significantly lower flammability in comparison with the standard foam. Flammability was determined by the methods of oxygen index, Butler’s test, infrared camera and cone calorimeter. The results of our studies showed that new polyols obtained on the basis of N,N′-di(methyleneoxy-4-hydroxybutyl)urea, N,N′-di(methyleneoxy-3-hydroxybutyl)urea, N,N′-di((methyleneoxy-2-hydroxymethylpropyl)urea and boric acid can be successfully applied for production of rigid polyurethane–polyisocyanurate foams. Applic...
TL;DR: In this article, the thermo-mechanical response of fire doors for naval application is considered, and a realistic fire test is proposed to evaluate fire doors' behavior in order to evaluate their performance.
Abstract: In this work, the thermo-mechanical response of fire doors for naval application is considered. In order to evaluate their behaviour, fire doors must undergo a standardized fire test. A realistic s...
TL;DR: Physical scaling is an efficient and cost-effective modeling tool to be used in fire safety engineering as mentioned in this paper, and it has been used in room fire tests in three different fire scenarios.
Abstract: Physical scaling is an efficient and cost-effective modeling tool to be used in fire safety engineering. Scaling of internal wall temperatures was investigated in room fire tests in three different...
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of the U-shaped exterior wall geometry on upward flame propagation at different altitudes was analyzed and the authors provided an understanding of the fire risk of building's exterior wall geometrical design.
Abstract: This study provides an understanding of the fire risk of building’s exterior wall geometry design at different altitudes. The influences of the U-shaped exterior wall geometry on upward flame sprea...
TL;DR: In this article, a simulation of an unknown compartment fire is presented, accompanied with a large number of uncertainties, and the simulation progresses in time, as the forecasted physical cond...
Abstract: Forecasting simulation of an unknown compartment fire is challenging and usually accompanied with a large number of uncertainties. As the simulation progresses in time, the forecasted physical cond...
TL;DR: Due to ozone depletion and high global warming potential of chlorofluorocarbon, environmentally benign options such as hydrocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons (such as R290, R32) are under consideratio...
Abstract: Due to ozone depletion and high global warming potential of chlorofluorocarbon, environmentally benign options such as hydrocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons (such as R290, R32) are under consideratio...
TL;DR: The optimum weight ratio of each component in the compatibilized blends of nylon 66/poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether)/high-impact polystyrene with poly styrene-co-maleic anhydride and styrene -e...
Abstract: The optimum weight ratio of each component in the compatibilized blends of nylon 66/poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether)/high-impact polystyrene with polystyrene-co-maleic anhydride and styrene–e...
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of tests were conducted to investigate whether delayed activation of the sprinkler or water film system may accelerate the crack and fallout process of the heated glass when encountered in a fire.
Abstract: Delayed activation of the sprinkler or water film system may accelerate the crack and fallout process of the heated glass when encountered in a fire. A series of tests were conducted to investigate...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate thermal protection performance of fire-proof garment under flash fire exposures, and discuss garment heat transfer characteristics eliminating the effect of air gaps in order to evaluate garment heat protection performance.
Abstract: To evaluate thermal protective performance of fire proof garment under flash fire exposures, it is important to discuss garment heat transfer characteristics eliminating the effect of air gaps betw...
TL;DR: The presence of metal particles, produced by rock strikes with heavy mechanical equipment, has come to be considered as evidence of fire causation in the investigation of forest fires as mentioned in this paper, and the presence of such particles has been used as evidence for fire causation.
Abstract: The presence of metal particles, produced by rock strikes with heavy mechanical equipment, has come to be considered as evidence of fire causation in the investigation of forest fires. I report her...
Abstract: Development of a method for synthesis of boroorganic polyols based on boric acid and di(hydroxymethyl)urea derivatives is described. The polyols obtained were characterized in terms of their suitability for production of rigid polyurethane–polyisocyanurate foams, with infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses confirming the presence of active hydroxyl groups. Results obtained from the determination of density, viscosity and hydroxyl number enabled formulation of the polyols for use in the production of fire retardant rigid polyurethane–polyisocyanurate foams, the preparation and properties of which are described in Part II of this article.
TL;DR: In this paper, the degradation parameters of polyether ether were compared based on temperature dependence and power law reduced mass, and essentially all methods based on Arrhenius temperature dependence were applied and critically compared.
Abstract: This article applies and critically compares essentially all methods (based on Arrhenius temperature dependence and power law reduced mass) to deduce the degradation parameters of polyether ether k...
TL;DR: In this paper, a model based on momentum, fluid and solid phase energy equations is written for a fuel layer and a dimensional analysis is performed to enlighten two relevant dimensionless groups regarding the dimensionless time to ignition and also provide a suited scaling for fluid velocity inside the fuel layer during ignition.
Abstract: This paper deals with the physical modelling of forest fuel layer ignition. A model based on momentum, fluid and solid phase energy equations is written for a fuel layer and a dimensional analysis is performed. This analysis allows to enlighten two relevant dimensionless groups regarding the dimensionless time to ignition of a fuel layer and also provides a suited scaling for the fluid velocity inside the fuel layer during ignition. A correlation for the time to ignition is then fitted on experimental data obtained using a FM-Global Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA) for different pine species with a closed basket. A good agreement is found, emphasizing the relevance of the dimensionless groups and the thermally thick behaviour of the solid particles during the ignition process under incident radiant heat flux as low as 8 − 12kW.m −2 .
TL;DR: In this article, a simple and effective laboratory test methodology was developed for differentiating wildland fire chemicals based on the ignition time of vegetative fuel samples, which consisted of an electric-powered radiant heater.
Abstract: A simple and effective laboratory test methodology was developed for differentiating wildland fire chemicals based on the ignition time of vegetative fuel samples. The test apparatus consisted of an electric-powered radiant heater that was used to produce a uniform radiant thermal load to ignite the vegetative fuel samples. The samples, treated with wildland fire chemicals, were mounted on to a load cell to determine the transient mass loss during the combustion process. A custom-built heat flux sensor, that was modified and tested to reduce high errors, was used to determine the time to flaming ignition. The time to flaming ignition was also measured using transient mass loss data of the vegetative fuel samples. Statistical t-test analysis was conducted on the time to flaming ignition to determine whether the results were statistically significant for the different chemical treatments. The results indicated that the test methodology allowed for effective differentiation between the wildland fire chemical...