Showing papers in "Journal of Hazardous Materials in 1983"
TL;DR: In this paper, the results obtained from a series of very high time resolution concentration measurements conducted in neutral conditions over flat terrain using spec It is evident that risk/hazard analyses based on time mean concentrations distributions can at best be misleading and at worst result in serious undere
Abstract: Current methods for the analysis and prediction of the concentration fluctuations occurring in substances dispersing in the atmosphere are reviewed par The results obtained from a series of very high time resolution concentration measurements conducted in neutral conditions over flat terrain using spec It is evident that risk/hazard analyses based on time mean concentrations distributions can at best be misleading and at worst result in serious undere
113 citations
TL;DR: The design criteria for two pretreatment facilities were prepared based on the results of the pilot plant evaluation and transmitted to the Army Corps of Engineers who constructed the facilities at RAAP as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Studies were conducted at Radford Army Ammunition Plant (RAAP) to compare selected wastewater treatment methods, to define the treatment parameters and to prepare the design criteria for facilities to treat wastewater containing dissolved nitroguanidine (NGu), nitroglycerin (NG) and other nitrate esters and colloidal nitrocellulose (NC). The design criteria for two pretreatment facilities were prepared based on the results of the pilot plant evaluation and transmitted to the Army Corps of Engineers who constructed the facilities at RAAP.
16 citations
16 citations
TL;DR: The literature on the spread and vaporisation of cryogenic liquids on water is reviewed and a new model is proposed in this article, which incorporates the features o T001. List of symbols Symbols C p Heat capacity.
Abstract: The literature on the spread and vaporisation of cryogenic liquids on water is reviewed and a new model proposed. The model incorporates the features o T001 . List of symbols Symbols C p Heat capacity. g Acceleration due to gravity. G m Molar vaporisation rate. h Latent heat with two suffices denoting phase change. h Pool thickness (no suffices). i Enthalpy. k , K Constants. K A , K B Functions of pool temperature and composition. k w Thermal diffusivity of water. l Depth in water where temperature is constant. L Length scale of an oil spill. L m Molar liquid spill rate. L wi Latent heat of fusion of ice. M Pool mass, M 0 initially. M s , M v Mass spilled, mass vaporised. q Heat flux to cryogenic liquid. r Radial co-ordinate R , R * Radius of pool. t Time. T Temperature. U Velocity. W m Number of moles of material in the pool. x A Molar methane portion of liquid pool ( x B , ethane). x AS Molar methane portion of spilling liquid. y A Molar methane portion of vapour ( y B , ethane). z Vertical coordinate. δ Vapour layer thickness. Δ T Temperature difference. ϵ Ice layer thickness. θ Temperature relative to freezing point of water. λ Effective thermal conductivity. μ Viscosity. ϱ Density. σ Surface tension. o Heat flux to liquid pool = q. Suffices A Average (or methane fraction with x , y ). B Boiling point of cryogen (or ethane fraction with x , y ). fc Film collapse. fg Liquid to vapour phase change. F Freezing of water. i Ice. l, L Liquid. lv Liquid to vapour phase change. LE Leading edge. m Molar. O Initial o Oil. p Pool. s Spilling liquid. v Vapour. w Water.
15 citations
TL;DR: The first commercial Wetox system has been installed at a chemical company in Ontario in the spring of 1982 as mentioned in this paper, which is being designed to treat about 1,000 waste streams.
Abstract: The Wetox® process has been proven effective on a variety of industrial and municipal waste streams. Many of these streams contained chemicals which An advantage of the technology is that elements such as sulphur, chlorine and nitrogen are retained in solution, thus minimizing any potential air poll The first commercial Wetox system has been installed at a chemical company in Ontario in the spring of 1982. This unit is being designed to treat about
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of low concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide (carbazic acid) on the rate of decomposition of hydrazine, in both stainless steel and glass vessels, has been investigated.
Abstract: The effect of low concentrations (<250 ppm) of dissolved carbon dioxide (carbazic acid) on the rate of decomposition of hydrazine, in both stainless steel and glass vessels, has been investigated. In a stainless steel vessel at 60°C the rate of hydrazine decomposition was found to be directly proportional to the total concentration of added carbon dioxide (above about 20 ppm) while for a glass vessel at 51°C the relationship between concentration of added carbazic acid and hydrazine decomposition rate is best interpreted in terms of a Langmuir isotherm equation. The preparation of some carbazato-complexes of iron, chromium and nickel, such as may be formed during the hydrazine/carbon dioxide corrosion of stainless steel, is also reported. Additions of small amounts of dicarbazatodihydrazineiron (II) to hydrazine in a glass vessel had no measurable effect on the decomposition rate at 43°C. Tricarbazatochromium (III) dihydrate was found to be similarly inactive while the principal nickel carbazato- complex is completely insoluble in hydrazine.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a commercially available proton precession magnetometer (PPM) was used to investigate the detection of containers buried in a prescribed manner at a prescribed way at a typical dump site.
Abstract: A commercially available proton precession magnetometer (PPM) was used to investigate the detection of containers buried in a prescribed manner at a si The results indicate that the PPM should be able to detect and delineate any typical dump site with predominantly steel (ferromagnetic) drums. In the u The ease of deployment combined with the reliability, sensitivity and cost-effectiveness makes the PPM surveying a very promising nondestructive testin
13 citations
TL;DR: Flame propagation for gas mixtures of different reactivity in an obstacle environment made up of a bottom plate with regularly spaced flames has been studied in this paper, where it is shown that the flame propagation can be achieved in an arbitrary number of hops.
Abstract: Flame propagation has been studied for gas mixtures of different reactivity in an obstacle environment made up of a bottom plate with regularly spaced
13 citations
TL;DR: A numerical technique for identifying and locating a specific groundwater pollution source using data from a small number of monit after description of the technique, a hypothetical problem is solved illustrating the computational procedure as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This paper describes a numerical technique for identifying and locating a specific groundwater pollution source using data from a small number of monit After description of the technique, a hypothetical problem is solved illustrating the computational procedure. A continuation of the study will illustr
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate the rate of evaporation from two typical configurations of cryogenic liquid spills on a solid homogeneous surface, and show that only a small fraction of the liquid can be evapolated.
Abstract: In this paper we evaluate the rate of evaporation from two typical configurations of cryogenic liquid spills on a solid homogeneous surface. Only theor
10 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used thermochemical calculations and burning rate estimates to identify promising deterrent/base propellant combinations, including five candidates which exhibit a decrease in burning rate with no decrease in propellant energy.
Abstract: There is a continuing need to increase the velocity and associated terminal performance of kinetic energy ammunition as tougher armor targets are encountered. Application of a deterrent, or burning rate reducer, into the surface of standard propellants, together with appropriate changes in geometry and loading density, has been suggested as a means of increasing velocity by as much as ten percent. The attainment of such a desirable performance gain is critically dependent on the deterrent's satisfying certain requirements: (1) chemical compatability with the base propellant, (2) sufficient penetration of the base propellant, (3) diffusion stability of the deterred region over an extended time, (4) ignitability of the deterred layer, (5) sufficient decrease in burning rate. Unfortunately, there exists only a minuscule data base on the way deterrents behave when applied to various base propellants. The deterred propellants used in small arms and anti-aircraft guns were developed by a cut-and-try technique, and the sort of data required for rational design of large caliber weapons systems, e.g. burning rates in the deterred region, is extremely scarce. Since we lack an appropriate data base we have used thermochemical calculations and burning rate estimates to identify promising deterrent/base propellant combinations. The burning rate estimates were based on empirical fits to available closed bomb and strand burner tests with small arms propellants. Several promising deterrent systems are presented, including five candidates which exhibit a decrease in burning rate with no decrease in propellant energy. On the basis of these theoretical predictions, an experimental deterrent coating and analysis study has been initiated at Radford Army Ammunition Plant.
TL;DR: In this paper, a microcalorimetric method is used for compatibility and stability studies, where four independent calorimeters with a short thermal relaxation time, high sensitivity and excellent baseline stability are placed in a common, precisely thermostated water bath.
Abstract: A microcalorimetric method is used for compatibility and stability studies. The high sensitivity of the instrument permits measurements at 60°C or even lower, i.e. under more realistic conditions than offered by conventional techniques like DTA and vacuum stability tests. The instrument consists of four independent calorimeters with a short thermal relaxation time, high sensitivity and excellent baseline stability. The calorimeters are placed in a common, precisely thermostated water bath. In compatibility studies, heat flow curves are recorded for the pure components and a mixture of these. A theoretical curve is constructed, which simulates a non-interacting system. The difference between the theoretical and the experimental curve for the mixture reflects the degree of interaction between the materials. A number of compatibility problems are discussed, including interactions in mixtures of TNT with amine/amide type polymers, polycarbonate — double base propellant interactions under various conditions and the influence of an anaerobic sealant on a high explosive and a propellant. Some results from stability measurements on an igniting compound are also presented.
TL;DR: The concept and selection of Principal Organic Hazardous Constituents (POHC) is an important part of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as discussed by the authors, which is responsible for the selection of POHC candidates.
Abstract: The concept and selection of Principal Organic Hazardous Constituents (POHCs) is an important part of the United States Environmental Protection Agency
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed study of the very-low-frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) method was undertaken at a single field site where a prescribed distribution of bur Results indicated that the technique will undoubtedly detect and delineate any typical dump site with predominantly metal (usually steel) drums.
Abstract: A detailed study of the very-low-frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) method was undertaken at a single field site where a prescribed distribution of bur Results indicated that the technique will undoubtedly detect and delineate any typical dump site with predominantly metal (usually steel) drums. Single Isolated plastic drums are very difficult to detect; however, a large group with highly conductive contents could probably be detected. A quite unexpected result was that single, empty 40 gallon plastic drums can be detected to three feet of soil cover. Theoretical considerations indica It remains to show if these same conclusions will hold true in a more general soil type, one which contains a significant clay fraction.
TL;DR: In this article, a commercially available metal detector was used to detect buried steel drums, in a variety of patterns, at a site consisting of relatively dry sand, at most hazardous materials dump sites.
Abstract: A commercially available metal detector was used to detect buried steel drums, in a variety of patterns, at a site consisting of relatively dry sand. T This relatively inexpensive (∼ $400–$500) instrument could be used to detect buried objects at most hazardous materials dump sites. It remains, how
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe recent LNG safety research activities in the United States, which have been sponsored by the U.S. Department of Environmental Protection and the Environmental Protection Agency.
Abstract: This paper describes recent LNG safety research activities in the United States. Most of these activities have been sponsored by the U.S. Department of 1. Hazard assessment. These are projects aimed at the development of experimental data and analytical models to describe radiation from LNG spill f 2. Accident prevention. These are studies directed toward the development of qualification tests and reliable data on the properties and behavior o 3. Hazard control. These are projects which address the conceptual design, testing and engineering development of new or improved response technolo
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of a survey of the hazardous wastes generated by the industrial sector of the United States' economy are presented and a method is also presented for building the results from waste generation surveys into hazardous waste management models.
Abstract: Results of a survey of the hazardous wastes generated by the industrial sector of the United States' economy are presented. Although data availability A method is also presented for building the results of waste generation surveys into hazardous waste management models. This requires the creation of a
TL;DR: The Environmental Protection Agency's EP Toxicity Test has been applied to smelter slags containing dissolved arsenic concentrations up to 23.50 per cent as mentioned in this paper, which is the highest known concentration.
Abstract: The Environmental Protection Agency's EP Toxicity Test has been applied to smelter slags containing dissolved arsenic concentrations up to 23.50 per ce
TL;DR: A chronology of events which took place during the 1981 cleanup efforts, comments upon the variety of problems encountered and d The cleanup of unauthorized hazardous waste sites presents varied operational and environmental problems as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Following the discovery of buried chemical wastes which caused a fire and explosion at the Picillo Farm in Coventry, Rhode Island, the State of Rhode I A hydrogeological site investigation was conducted which included ground and surface water monitoring, seismic studies and ground penetrating radar. Fo Cleanup of the first trench began in summer 1980 and concluded that fall, with 2300 barrels being removed. Planning for the second trench excavation an In November 1980, invitation to bid on the excavation and disposal of barrels from the so called northwest trench was requested. When the U.S. EPA offe Subsequently, Rhode Island decided to assume the excavation portion of the project and dispose of the wastes as far as funding would allow. Mobilizatio In the excavation phase of the work effort, a total of 4400 barrels of hazardous wastes were removed: 40% contained liquid hazardous waste, 40% solid h Site preparation, placement of work areas, excavation and waste transfer techniques, air quality monitoring and operational problem areas are among top This paper addresses the chronology of events which took place during the 1981 cleanup efforts, comments upon the variety of problems encountered and d The cleanup of unauthorized hazardous waste sites presents varied operational and environmental problems. This paper attempts to provide insight into t Field and off-site disposal analyses proved to be a problem in terms of turnaround time and procedural techniques. Particular attention must be paid to One of the primary operational constraints involves reducing the risk of injury and adverse health effects to personnel working on site and the surroun Funding of a project of this scope must account for the significant unknown factors associated with hazardous wast cleanup, i.e., What is the amount an Every attempt must be made closely monitor contractual obligations. Thorough negotiations and understanding prior to commencement of a project will red No hazardous waste disposal activity can be risk free. Therefore, safety precautions are paramount. Yet budget limitations are real and require conside The generation of contaminated soil poses a significant disposal problem. Successful efforts were made to limit this problem in Phase II in terms of th Finally, and most importantly, all activities should be closely coordinated with any citizens organization or affected group that deals with the issues
TL;DR: The outer and the fractured surfaces of hot-pressed Al/Cu 2 O pellets were investigated by scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) as mentioned in this paper, showing the existence of carbon, chlorine, oxygen, and sodium as contaminants.
Abstract: The outer and the fractured surfaces of hot-pressed Al/Cu 2 O pellets were investigated by scanning Auger microscopy (SAM). The surface images and elemental pictures of aluminum and copper are illustrated. Auger spectra of the outer surface show the existence of carbon, chlorine, oxygen, and sodium as contaminants. Auger mapping of the grains gives a clear picture of the Cu 2 O particles and the general continuum of the aluminum. These pictures compare well with scanning electron micrographs taken previously of similar Al/Cu 2 O pellets. In-depth elemental profiling by sputter-etching illustrates that carbon, sodium, and chlorine are surface contaminants. The analysis of the fractured surface verified the presence of an interfacial region between the aluminum and the Cu 2 O of of at least 100 A that was caused by the pelletization process at elevated temperatures.
TL;DR: In the current dialogue surrounding drives at state and federal levels to ban the use of landfills for certain hazardous wastes, it is easy to lose track of the real world.
Abstract: Amidst the current dialogue surrounding drives at state and federal levels to ban the use of landfills for certain hazardous wastes, it is easy to lose
TL;DR: Etude comparative des accidents dus au stockage des produits dangereux et au procede lui-meme as discussed by the authors is presented in Table 1 : 1.
Abstract: Etude comparative des accidents dus au stockage des produits dangereux et au procede lui-meme
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of different types of extruders for the production of gun propellants by solvent processes is discussed. But the results of this process consist of extruded strands possessing a high density and an excellent surface, especially for single base propellants produced by use of the countercurrent operating twin-screw extruder.
Abstract: This report discusses the use of gun propellants produced by different types of extruders. These extruders are different to each other with respect to their construction, screw configuration and mode of operation. For the production of propellants by solvent processes, we preferred twin-screw extruders operating either in the synchronous mode or the countercurrent mode. The results of this process consist of extruded strands possessing a high density and an excellent surface, especially for single-base propellants produced by use of the countercurrent operating twin-screw extruder. The sychronous twin-screw extruder is mainly applied to the processing of triple-base propellants with a high content of nitroquanidine, such as e.g. M 30. The development of brittleness at low temperature is significantly improved as a result of the manufacturing technique employed. A planetary roller extruder, a four-screw extruder and a synchronously operating, twin-screw extruder are discussed with reference to the production of gun propellant without the use of solvent. A report is given on the advantages and properties of these extruders as regards optimal plastification of water-wet fibrous NC/NG mix. A method of producing propellant chips, which can be subjected to further processing by the selected extruder or a twin-roll unit, is also described. The ballistic properties of the resulting products are superior to those obtained by standard manufacturing processes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) to investigate the thermal stabilities of energetic materials used in production and manufacturing at MRC-Mound.
Abstract: The technique of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) was used to investigate the thermal stabilities of energetic materials used in production and manufacturing at MRC-Mound. Plots of heat rate versus temperature, along with temperature and pressure versus time plots, were determined for selected secondary explosives and one model compound. Analyses of these data were used to derive zero-order kinetic parameters, time-to-explosion plots, and approximate critical explosion temperatures.
TL;DR: In this article, a new explosive based on eutectic blends of ammonium nitrate with ethylenediamine dinitrate and its homologues was developed.
Abstract: The purpose of this work is to develop a new explosive based on eutectic blends of ammonium nitrate with ethylenediamine dinitrate and its homologues, and to assess the safety and performance characteristics of these formulations. Various processes for making these formulations were attempted and will be described. Mixes have been scaled from several grams to 30 kilograms. Additives were introduced for stabilization, energy enhancement and sensitization. The neat eutectic is very insensitive so various additives were used to ensure detonation. A historic problem has been that of phase stabilization; this problem has not been solved to everyone's satisfaction, but it does not appear to be insurmountable. Formulations were evaluated from the standpoint of processing, performance, and sensitiveness. These materials appear to have great potential as military explosives because of their good performance, low cost, safety, ease of processing, and compatibility with current Army melt-cast ammunition loading plants.