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JournalISSN: 0022-166X

Journal of Human Resources 

University of Wisconsin Press
About: Journal of Human Resources is an academic journal published by University of Wisconsin Press. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Earnings & Wage. It has an ISSN identifier of 0022-166X. Over the lifetime, 2235 publications have been published receiving 199553 citations. The journal is also known as: JHR.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a distinction is drawn between reduced form and structural wage equations, and both are estimated They are shown to have very different implications for analyzing the white-black and male-female wage differentials.
Abstract: Regressions explaining the wage rates of white males, black males, and white females are used to analyze the white-black wage differential among men and the male-female wage differential among whites A distinction is drawn between reduced form and structural wage equations, and both are estimated They are shown to have very different implications for analyzing the white-black and male-female wage differentials When the two sets of estimates are synthesized, they jointly imply that 70 percent of the overall race differential and 100 percent of the overall sex differential are ultimately attributable to discrimination of various sorts

6,175 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work considers statistical inference for regression when data are grouped into clusters, with regression model errors independent across clusters but correlated within clusters, when the number of clusters is large and default standard errors can greatly overstate estimator precision.
Abstract: We consider statistical inference for regression when data are grouped into clus- ters, with regression model errors independent across clusters but correlated within clusters. Examples include data on individuals with clustering on village or region or other category such as industry, and state-year dierences-in-dierences studies with clustering on state. In such settings default standard errors can greatly overstate es- timator precision. Instead, if the number of clusters is large, statistical inference after OLS should be based on cluster-robust standard errors. We outline the basic method as well as many complications that can arise in practice. These include cluster-specic �xed eects, few clusters, multi-way clustering, and estimators other than OLS.

3,236 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a tripartite body composed of the government, the TUC, and the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) should determine the criteria, review all proposals for pay increases, and be legally empowered to refuse increases.
Abstract: While this seems reasonable, many of the cases investigated showed that low pay and high earnings often went together, so that help to the low paid was aid to the high earners. Again, the policy allowed exceptional pay increases in order to secure change in the distribution of manpower, which was rarely achieved, and to increase productivity. Yet, as he shows, the productivity criterion was often used as a rationalization for pay awards which could not be prevented or which, had they been stopped, would have occasioned politically embarrassing and economically damaging strikes. Although Clegg has a fine time deriding the anomalies in the policy, his comments are unfair. The policy did not create the anomalies but merely highlighted those which existed. The intractability of the problems facing the policy-the piecemeal approach of the PIB; the different criteria applied by the PIB, the Trades Union Congress (TUC) and the government; the downgrading of the criterion of comparability by the government in 1968; the inability of the government to control prices; and the fact that many negotiators were allowed to go their own wayleft the policy in shreds. It is Clegg's main purpose to pick up and put together the pieces. First, he proposes a pay standstill and the government's taking steps to prevent excessive price rises. Next, he advocates a comprehensive overhauling of plant pay structures. He is rightly concerned with closing the earnings gap, for as he points out, it is relatively easy for an incomes policy to control rates but it is earnings which are crucial. Following this, criteria should be established for the payment of pay increases. He wants a list of those entitled to increases to keep them in line with the general rise in prices, a list of those entitled to more, and a ceiling established for those in the middle. He seems to disregard, however, the fact that even keeping wage increases down to the level of price rises is itself inflationary. However, Clegg suggests that a tripartite body composed of the government, the TUC, and the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) should determine the criteria, review all proposals for pay increases, and be legally empowered to refuse increases. This, as he admits, is a tall order. Its effectiveness will depend on the willing cooperation and consent not only of the CBI and the TUC but also of all those, including junior managers and workers, involved in pay negotiations. Even more utopian is his assumption that we can devise, have accepted, and implement a new national ranking of the pay appropriate to different jobs and occupations. As he shows in his analysis of the last policy, many increases were conceded not because they were fair or because they were based on a strong economic case but because of the intervention of the politicians. This presumably would happen in any incomes policy and hence erode public confidence in the fairness of the policy which Clegg considers to be all important. But then, as Max Weber once said, \"man would not have attained the possible unless time and again he had reached out for the impossible.\

2,150 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that unearned income in the hands of a mother has a bigger effect on her family's health than income under the control of a father; for child survival probabilities the effect is almost twenty times bigger.
Abstract: If household income is pooled and then allocated to maximize welfare then income under the control of mothers and fathers should have the same impact on demand. With survey data on family health and nutrition in Brazil, the equality of parental income effects is rejected. Unearned income in the hands of a mother has a bigger effect on her family's health than income under the control of a father; for child survival probabilities the effect is almost twenty times bigger. The common preference (or neoclassical) model of the household is rejected. If unearned income is measured with error and income is pooled then the ratio of maternal to paternal income effects should be the same; equality of the ratios cannot be rejected. There is also evidence for gender preference: mothers prefer to devote resources to improving the nutritional status of their daughters, fathers to sons.

2,012 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A dynamic factor model is estimated to solve the problem of endogeneity of inputs and multiplicity of inputs relative to instruments and the role of family environments in shaping these skills at different stages of the life cycle of the child.
Abstract: This paper estimates models of the evolution of cognitive and noncognitive skills and explores the role of family environments in shaping these skills at different stages of the life cycle of the child. Central to this analysis is identification of the technology of skill formation. We estimate a dynamic factor model to solve the problem of endogeneity of inputs and multiplicity of inputs relative to instruments. We identify the scale of the factors by estimating their effects on adult outcomes. In this fashion we avoid reliance on test scores and changes in test scores that have no natural metric. Parental investments are generally more effective in raising noncognitive skills. Noncognitive skills promote the formation of cognitive skills but, in most specifications of our model, cognitive skills do not promote the formation of noncognitive skills. Parental inputs have different effects at different stages of the child’s life cycle with cognitive skills affected more at early ages and noncognitive skills affected more at later ages.

1,636 citations

Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Journal in previous years
YearPapers
202333
202265
202177
202095
201920
201821