Showing papers in "Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease in 1959"
TL;DR: The production of model psychoses has been employed as a technique for testing hypotheses relevant to the causes, correlates, and treatment of schizophrenia since 1921, when De Jong demonstrated experimental catatonia by giving bulbocapnine to animals.
Abstract: Introduction The production of model psychoses has been employed as a technique for testing hypotheses relevant to the causes, correlates, and treatment of schizophrenia since 1921, when De Jong demonstrated experimental catatonia by giving bulbocapnine to animals.5This method of study has received considerable impetus with the discovery of the hallucinogenic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25)22and other psychotomimetic agents. Objections have since been raised to the drawing of premature analogies between the psychotic-like states produced by drugs and the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Ebaugh has pointed out that "the difference between these pseudopsychoses and schizophrenia is so striking that such experimentation seems to have only tenuous relevance to the problem of schizophrenia."7On the other hand, Wikler has asserted that "from the standpoint of the development of dynamic (causal) concepts about human behavior, it matters little whether or not model psychoses resemble schizophrenia. Drugs which modify
921Â citations
TL;DR: Three, perhaps four, cases were observed in which the myelin sheaths of all the nerve fibers in the central part of the basis pontis had been destroyed in a single, large, symmetric focus, leading to death in about 13 and 26 days.
Abstract: In the course of our studies of the neuropathology of alcoholism, which were begun at the Neurological Unit, Boston City Hospital, and have continued in the laboratories of the Neurology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, two of us (R. D. A. and M. V.) observed three, perhaps four, cases in which the myelin sheaths of all the nerve fibers in the central part of the basis pontis had been destroyed in a single, large, symmetric focus. The nerve cells and axis cylinders were spared for the most part, and the blood vessels were patent and unaffected. There were no signs of inflammation in or near the lesion. The disease had occurred on a background of alcoholism and malnutrition; in the two cases with the largest lesions, it had manifested itself clinically by a pseudobulbar palsy and quadriplegia, leading to death in about 13 and 26 days. In the other two cases
738Â citations
652Â citations
TL;DR: It is planned to explore with uncertainty some theoretic and practical implications of the idea of certainty and some psychodynamic and psychotherapeutic problems may be differently and, perhaps, more successfully approached from this conceptual frame.
Abstract: We plan to explore with uncertainty some theoretic and practical implications of the idea of certainty. Much of what we have to say may of itself not be new. Nevertheless, some psychodynamic and psychotherapeutic problems may be differently and, perhaps, more successfully approached from this conceptual frame. Another dimension, overlapping many concepts of general currency, may be added to the therapist's armamentarium. From the beginning of recorded history, man has demonstrated intolerance for the unknown. He has a tendency to search for realistic answers. When nature does not easily disclose her secrets, he may seek to satisfy himself by establishing even for the physical universe a law which he calls the uncertainty principle . Not being able to find realistic answers, they are sometimes projected. These neurotic projections, in the microcosm of interpersonal affairs, are often supported and rationalized in the haste to solve problems immediately. But tolerance for uncertainty is
519Â citations
TL;DR: The anatomical structures of the circle of Willis are determined with the purpose of learning its normal configuration, the frequency of deficient or incomplete circles, and how these findings can be correlated with the clinical problems of vascular disease, such as infarcts, aneurysms, and vascular anomalies.
Abstract: Introduction The present study was undertaken in order to determine the anatomical structures of the circle of Willis, 27 with the purpose of learning its normal configuration, the frequency of deficient or incomplete circles, and, if possible, how these findings can be correlated with the clinical problems of vascular disease, such as infarcts, aneurysms, and vascular anomalies. There are many problems in vascular disease of the brain which make desirable an intimate knowledge of variants in the anatomy of the circle of Willis. The state of the circle becomes important in determining the adequacy of the brain circulation in operations for cerebral aneurysm and in ligation of the carotid artery. The possibility of bypassing or shunting effects in occlusion of one of the cerebral vessels and the adequacy of recovery or lack of recovery after vascular occlusion might be explained in part by variations in the anatomy of the circle
472Â citations
TL;DR: This is the first of a series of books derived from a national mental health survey by a Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health and supported by the national government through grants authorized by Congress to the National Institute of Mental Health and from some private sources.
Abstract: This is the first of a series of books derived from a national mental health survey by a Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health and supported by the national government through grants authorized by Congress to the National Institute of Mental Health and from some private sources. It is expected that ten monographs will be published in time, followed by a final report, with a summary of findings and recommendations for national and state mental health programs. Certainly this first volume augurs well for the total series, because the author has presented the problems of mental health in succinct and scientific style, with extremely worth-while suggestions for future research. The author starts out with the assumption that mental health is not the negative of mental illness. It suggests that there is a condition that could be called positive mental health, and this the author takes as her focus for
384Â citations
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TL;DR: Klein this paper explored the earliest sources of envy and gratitude using poetic illustrations, as well as her own psychoanalytic language, drawing a clear and intricate picture of what she means by these two words.
Abstract: In this slender volume Mrs. Klein has set herself the task of exploring the earliest sources of two attitudes—envy and gratitude. Using poetic illustrations, as well as her own psychoanalytic language, she draws a clear and intricate picture of what she means by these two words. Observations taken from the analyses of four adult patients further illuminate her subject matter. Her perceptive and thoughtful discussion should enrich our understanding of emotional states and thereby contribute to our therapeutic effectiveness, even though most of us who are not at home in Kleinian psychology may find the reading a bit arduous. One contribution of the book is the author's sensitive appreciation of the complex fusion of affects and fantasies which comprise both envy and gratitude, and her attempt to distinguish them from other affective states or attitudes. It is this complexity, in addition to her reconstructive method, which makes it difficult for
322Â citations
TL;DR: These "psychical states" may appear in the onset of an epileptic seizure that originates in temporal regions of the brain, and they may, in fact, constitute the only clinical "psychological states" of epilepsy.
Abstract: "We now consider," wrote Hughlings Jackson1in 1880, "certain psychical states during the onset of epileptic seizures which are much more elaborate than crude sensations." "I speak first," he continued, "of certain highly elaborate mental states, sometimes called 'intellectual aurae.'... The state is often like that occasionally experienced by healthy people as a feeling of 'reminiscence.'... It is sometimes called 'dreamy feelings' or is described as 'dreams mixing up with present thoughts,' 'double consciousness,' 'feeling of being somewhere else,' 'as if I went back to all that occurred in my childhood.' These are all voluminous mental states and yet of different kinds; no doubt they ought to be classified." In recent years we have studied these "psychical states" clinically, as Jackson did. They may appear in the onset of an epileptic seizure that originates in temporal regions of the brain, and they may, in fact, constitute the only clinical
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193Â citations
TL;DR: The family of the schizopHRenic is a model system that helps scientists understand the role of language and its role in human development and disease.
Abstract: THE FAMILY OF THE SCHIZOPHRENIC: A MODEL SYSTEM JAY HALEY; The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
158Â citations
TL;DR: Centrally caused respiratory facilitation was first suggested by the unusually heavy breathing of several patients recovering from the effects of transient exposures to acute anoxia, and the same respiratory pattern was observed in patients with hypoglycemia, severe head injuries, and acute cerebral vascular lesions.
Abstract: Centrally caused respiratory facilitation was first suggested to us by the unusually heavy breathing of several patients recovering from the effects of transient exposures to acute anoxia. There was no carboxyhemoglobin, persisting anoxemia, cardiac disease, or pulmonary abnormality to stimulate a compensatory hyperpnea; yet several overbreathed themselves into clinical tetany while still in deep coma. Subsequently, the same respiratory pattern was observed in patients with hypoglycemia, severe head injuries, and acute cerebral vascular lesions. Several of these patients were in younger age groups and were completely free of cardiopulmonary disease. Autopsies showed severe brain stem changes, but either the lesions were too diffuse to afford specific conclusions on the neuroanatomy involved or the respiratory changes had not been quantitated adequately. Descriptions of "forced," "heavy," or "stertorous" breathing in the case reports of patients with fulminating meningitis,1,2basilar artery thrombosis,3,4pontile hemorrhage,5and encephalitis6supported the impression
TL;DR: A clear and well-thought-out monograph on temporal lobe epilepsy, giving an excellent historical background of the authors' knowledge of the temporal lobe, paying due respect to Hughlings Jackson and the other great figures in early English neurology.
Abstract: A great deal has been written on the temporal lobe in recent years; but because of a confused nomenclature, it has been hard to understand the exact meaning of many of the authors. Dr. Bingley is to be congratulated on having written a clear and well-thought-out monograph. He gives an excellent historical background of our knowledge of the temporal lobe, paying due respect to Hughlings Jackson and the other great figures in early English neurology. He describes temporal lobe epilepsy extremely well and gives a good classification of the various types of seizure that are found in this disorder. He divides them into Jacksonian fits; perceptual seizures of smell, taste, hearing, and vision; visceral motor and sensory seizures; aphasias; automatisms, and complex mental seizures. His material consists of 90 cases of temporal lobe epilepsy seen in the neurological clinic, all personally studied by careful methods. In addition, there were 253
TL;DR: Experimental attempts to produce hydrocephalus from increased venous pressure were all based upon local occlusion of a cerebral vein or dural sinus, which allowed the possibility that hydrocephalUS had apparently been produced in some instances, but the results were, in general, equivocal.
Abstract: The relationship of increased cerebral venous pressure to ventricular enlargement and hydrocephalus has never been satisfactorily worked out. The interdependence of intracranial pressure and cerebral venous pressure has been recognized both in clinical problems and in experimental studies, but the possibility of cerebral venous pressure as a primary cause of ventricular enlargement has remained a controversial issue. Dandy 2 stated that the occlusion of the vein of Galen would cause hydrocephalus. Others have tried this and other types of experimental venous occlusions, with varying results. Russell, 4 in her monograph on hydrocephalus, reviewed much of this work, including some experimental work of her own, and concluded that, while hydrocephalus had apparently been produced in some instances, the results were, in general, equivocal. These experimental attempts to produce hydrocephalus from increased venous pressure were all based upon local occlusion of a cerebral vein or dural sinus. This allowed the possibility that
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with a relatively neglected subject which is of importance from the point of view both of its theoretical significance for the behavioral sciences and of its practical implications for alleviating the emotional suffering attendant upon physical suffering.
Abstract: This impressive book deals with a relatively neglected subject which is of importance from the point of view both of its theoretical significance for the behavioral sciences and of its practical implications for alleviating the emotional suffering attendant upon physical suffering. While the book reports the results of research on the psychological reactions of surgical patients, the author approaches his subject matter with some years of experience in disaster research and laboratory studies of stress behind him, and places the subject sturdily within a general theoretical perspective of stress as a universal human experience. The author's propositions, thus, are couched in abstract terms applicable: to generalization to other stress situations. Although specific descriptive material, and practical suggestions for preparing surgical patients, are included in the text, the author clearly is most concerned with making a contribution to a general theory of stress behavior. In addition to the ambitiousness of the
TL;DR: Sleep-deprived subjects have been able to perform normally on specific tests designed to measure work capacity, psychomotor performance, intellectual acumen, and personality structure, and measurements of the basal metabolic rate, blood sugar, alkaline reserve, blood and urinary adrenal steroids, etc., have not been found to change significantly with sleep deprivation.
Abstract: Introduction There were several reasons for investigating the effects of sleep deprivation in man. One was simply a curiosity about the unusual consequences of prolonged insomnia described by earlier investigators. Kleitman 1 and Tyler 2 cited in detail the hallucinations and "psychotic-like" symptoms that occur under these circumstances and also described subjects who developed short-lived "schizophrenic" psychoses. Psychological alterations, such as inattention, apathy, illusions, and hallucinations, which commonly appear after 36 to 50 hours of wakefulness, have been noted to coincide with an increase in high-frequency, low-amplitude waves on the electroencephalogogram. 3-5 In contrast to such spontaneous psychological disturbances, sleep-deprived subjects have been able to perform normally on specific tests designed to measure work capacity, psychomotor performance, intellectual acumen, and personality structure. 1,8 Measurements of the basal metabolic rate, blood sugar, alkaline reserve, blood and urinary adrenal steroids, etc., have not been found to change significantly with sleep deprivation. 1,5
TL;DR: The experimentally determined distribution and turnover of radioarsenic (As74) in normal tissues, as well as in various intracranial neoplasms from over 100 patients studied, constitute the material of this report.
Abstract: Introduction During the evolution of brain-tumor localization by means of positron-emitting radioactive isotopes over the past four years, a large amount of data on the behavior of inorganic arsenic in man has been accumulated.1,2The experimentally determined distribution and turnover of radioarsenic (As74) in normal tissues, as well as in various intracranial neoplasms from over 100 patients studied, constitute the material of this report. Methods A. Preparation and Administration of the Isotope. As74is produced by deuteron bombardment of germanium powder in the cyclotron. A modification of the separation described by Green and Kafalas3is now used to obtain carrier-free activity, largely as the trivalent arsenite. In this procedure, the irradiated germanium powder is dissolved in nitrohydrochloric acid (aqua regia) and the germanium driven off as the tetrachloride gas by heating. Hydrobromic acid is added to reduce the arsenic to the trivalent state, and the latter
TL;DR: Throughout an arc described by the islands of the Caribbean, the shores of the Amazon, and as far as the western ridges of the Andes, in Colombia and Peru, there has been used since pre-Columbian times a snuff variously known ascohoba, niopo, parica, andyopo, among other designations.
Abstract: Throughout an arc described by the islands of the Caribbean, the shores of the Amazon, and as far as the western ridges of the Andes, in Colombia and Peru, there has been used since pre-Columbian times a snuff variously known ascohoba, niopo, parica, andyopo, among other designations.1-11With minor variations, this snuff is prepared from seeds of Piptadenia peregrina by grinding with calcined clam shells or wood ashes. It is inhaled or is forcibly blown into the nostrils of the person to be intoxicated by it. Descriptions of the action of the snuff vary somewhat, but the one we have previously reported,12given us by Dr. Jacques Fourcand, is typical. The inhalation of the snuff is quickly followed by rigidity and staring and, at times, a convulsion. This gives way to an excited state, which may last an hour more or less and in which there
TL;DR: The present investigation is an attempt to confirm the tentative findings of the preliminary study on larger samples of dominant and nondominant patients, to define more closely the nature of deficits, and to assess long-term effects.
Abstract: Problem In a preliminary study by Meyer and Yates, 1 it was reported that after temporal lobectomy some intellectual changes take place and that evaluation of the effects of the operation requires a breakdown into dominant and nondominant groups. The present investigation is an attempt to confirm the tentative findings of the preliminary study on larger samples of dominant and nondominant patients, to define more closely the nature of deficits, and to assess long-term effects. Tests and Testing Procedures The three intelligence tests described in the preliminary study, i. e., the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, the Mill Hill Vocabulary Test, and Raven's Progressive Matrices, have been retained. Six new learning tests were designed in order to answer the problems concerning learning ability. The New Word Learning and Retention Test (NWLT) has also been retained, as it is the original test on which the deficit was detected. This test involves learning of
TL;DR: The ultimate effect of hypernatremia is dehydration of cells, which is most frequently encountered in infants and children with severe diarrhea and vomiting, but it also occurs in adults.
Abstract: Hyperosmolarity is characterized by an increase in the solute concentration of body fluids brought about by loss of water, inadequate water intake, or administration of large amounts of hypertonic solutions. When the osmolar concentration of the extracellular fluid is increased, transfer of water from cells to extracellular fluid exceeds that in the opposite direction. Net water movement is thus out of the cells, with resultant dilution of extracellular fluid and concentration of the fluid within cells themselves. If the solute which increases the extracellular fluid osmolarity is one which is in the main excluded from intracellular fluid, such as sodium and chloride ions, this disturbance in water distribution cannot be mitigated by movement of solute into cells. Hence, the ultimate effect of hypernatremia is dehydration of cells. This physicochemical disorder is most frequently encountered in infants and children with severe diarrhea and vomiting, but it also occurs in adults. Schmidt,