Showing papers in "Journal of Oleo Science in 2004"
69 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a typical anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), was combined with three nonionic surface surfactants used as membrane-protein solubilizers, n-alkyl (octyl, nonyl and decyl)-N-methylglucamides (MEGA-8, MEGA-9 and MEGA10, respectively) in water at 30°C.
Abstract: By means of surface tension measurement (Wilhelmy method), micellization and adsorbed film formation were investigated for three combinations of mixed surfactant systems: a typical anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) was combined with three nonionic surfactants used as membrane-protein solubilizers, n-alkyl (octyl, nonyl and decyl)-N-methylglucamides (MEGA-8, MEGA-9 and MEGA-10, respectively) in water at 30°C. The data of surface tension (γ) versus logarithmic total molality of both single and mixed surfactant systems (mt) plots as a function of mole fraction of surfactant 2 (2 corresponds to MEGA-n’s), X2, enabled us to determine critical micellization concentration (CMC), minimum surface tension at CMC (γCMC), surface excess (Γt), mean surface area occupied by a molecule (Am) and parameters related to synergism in surface activity such as pC20 and CMC/C20. Based on the regular solution theory, the relation of compositions of the singly dispersed phase (X2) and the composition of the adsorbed film phase (Z2) were estimated, and then the interaction parameters in micelles (ωR) and in adsorbed film (ωA) were also calculated. Both the CMC-X2 and CMC-Y2 curves were found for all combinations to show a negative deviation from ideal mixing, and even the curve of mt (bulk phase concentration) versus Z2 produced a prominent negative ωA. A marked synergism in surface tension reduction was observed for these MEGA-n’s mixtures with SDS; the extent of the synergism increased in the order of MEGA-8, -9 and -10. A positive synergism was observed, even from the partial molecular area (PMA) and the minimum free energy at surface G(S)min= (γCMC·Am·L) where, L is the Avogdro’s number.
61 citations
TL;DR: The profile of the core lipids in these strains showed that the core lipid composition of Thermococcales is close to that of the thermophilic methanogen in Euryarchaeota.
Abstract: The core lipid compositions of the strains of the genus Pyrococcus (3 strains), Thermococcus (13 strains) and Palaeococcus (1 strain) belonging to the Order Thermococcales, Euryarchaeota were examined. In the 85°C culture, the main core lipid of every strain was caldarchaeol (dibiphytanyldiglycerol tetraether). No cyclopentane rings were detected in the C40 isoprenoid chains of caldarchaeol from any of the tested strains. Archaeol (diphytanylglycerol diether) was also detected in these strains, and the contents were 5.9% to 42.1% for the total core lipids. The H-type caldarchaeol in which two isoprenoid chains were linked to each other by a covalent bond around the center of both isoprenoid chains was detected in 4 strains, with no relationship to the classification of the genera. The profile of the core lipids in these strains showed that the core lipid composition of Thermococcales is close to that of the thermophilic methanogen in Euryarchaeota.
59 citations
TL;DR: The core lipids from five strains of the order Thermoplasmales grown at various temperatures have been investigated and a novel molecular species of the C40 isoprenoid chain, being a C40-bicyclic isomer, was detected.
Abstract: The core lipids from five strains of the order Thermoplasmales grown at various temperatures have been investigated. The major core lipid of the cell membrane in these strains was caldarchaeol (2, 2′, 3, 3′-tetra-O-di(biphytanyl)-sn-diglycerol). Five types of molecular species of the C40 isoprenoid chains having different numbers of cyclopentane rings were detected in caldarchaeol. In the strains of the genus Picrophilus, a novel molecular species of the C40 isoprenoid chain, being a C40-bicyclic isomer, was detected. An increasing degree of cyclization depending on the rising growth temperatures was observed in all the strains examined.
57 citations
TL;DR: It would appear that sphingolipids in edible plants and fungi may be considered functional lipids and the apoptosis-inducing pathway by sphingoid bases may be related to signal transduction via β-catenin.
Abstract: In the present study, examination was made of the apoptosis-inducing activity of sphingoid bases from plant and fungus sphingolipids and the mechanisms involved. Sphingoid bases from maize and lactic yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis (trans-4, trans-8-sphingadienine, trans-4, cis-8-sphingadienine and 9-methyl-trans-4, trans-8-sphingadienine) were found to bring about apoptosis in Caco-2 human colon cancer cells. The apoptosis-inducing activity of trans-4, cis-8-sphingadienine and 9-methyl-trans-4, trans-8-sphingadienine was significantly higher than that of trans-4-sphingenine. In differentiated Caco-2 cells, the model for normal intestine cells, no apoptosis by sphingoid bases was noted to occur. The Caspase-3 inhibitor suppressed sphingoid base-induced apoptosis in Caco-2 cells, thus indicating activation of the caspase pathway to be related to sphingoid base-induced apoptosis in Caco-2 cells. Sphingoid bases from plants and fungi caused intracellular β-catenin content to decrease, as was also noted in the case of sphingosine and sphinganine from animal tissues. It would thus appear that sphingolipids in edible plants and fungi may be considered functional lipids and the apoptosis-inducing pathway by sphingoid bases may be related to signal transduction via β-catenin.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the synthesis of wax esters by alcoholysis of palm oil with oleyl alcohol using Lipozyme and found that between 78-83% were produced.
Abstract: Wax esters are long chain esters that are derived from long chain fatty acids and long chain alcohols with chain lengths of 12 carbons or more. The compounds have many potential applications. The present work focuses on the synthesis of wax esters by alcoholysis of palm oil with oleyl alcohol using Lipozyme. The effects of various reaction parameters such as reaction time, temperature, amount of enzyme, molar ratio of substrates, various organic solvents and initial water activity (aw) of the reaction system were investigated. The optimum condition to produce wax ester were respectively, incubation time, 5 h-7 h, temperature, 40°C-50°C, amount of enzyme, 1.5% (w/v) and molar ratio of oleyl alcohol to palm oil, 3:1. Hexane was the best solvent for this reaction. Analysis of the yield of the products at optimum condition showed that between 78-83% wax esters were produced.
42 citations
TL;DR: Glycerol residue, a byproduct of glycerol refining from a palm kernel oil methyl ester plant, was found to be a good source of glyceol and medium chain fatty acids as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Glycerol residue, a by-product of glycerol refining from a palm kernel oil methyl ester plant, was found to be a good source of glycerol and medium chain fatty acids. From analyses of twelve samples, it was found to contain, on average, 20.2 % glycerol and 6.6 % fatty acids. The fatty acids comprised mainly C8:0 (30.3 %), C10:0 (9.4 %) and C12:0 (40.8 %).
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors showed that increasing the concentration or decreasing the EO-chain length of PhyEOm in the mixed system favors one-dimensional micellar growth.
Abstract: Addition of lipophilic polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether (C12EOn) to the dilute micellar solution of polyoxyethylene phytosterol (PhyEOm m = 10 and 20) results in the increase in viscosity. The increase in viscosity is attributed to the C12EOn induced one-dimensional micellar growth leading to the formation of worm-like micelles. Steady and oscillatory shear rheological measurement in PhyEOm + C12EOn (n = 2-5) shows that on decreasing the EO chain length of C12EOn, in general, the one-dimensional micellar growth becomes increasingly favorable. However, with very short EO-chain, for example, C12EO2, phase separation occurs at a lower concentration before significant micellar growth can be induced. In the systems of C12EO3 and C12EO4, the wormlike micelles entangle to form a viscoelastic transient network having a dynamic rheology that can be described by Maxwellian model in wide range of shear frequency. It was found that increasing the concentration or decreasing the EO-chain length of PhyEOm in the mixed system favors one-dimensional micellar growth. Comparison of the rheological behavior of PhyEOm + C12EOn systems with that of polyoxyethylene cholesterol (ChEOm) + C12EOn systems at similar conditions shows that in the former system C12EOn can induce micellar growth more effectively, which is attributed to the additional branching of the alkyl chain in the lipophilic moiety of the amphiphile.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the mixture of beef tallow with rapeseed oil (1:3, w/w) was interesterified using sodium metoxide or immobilized lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme IM) and from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) as the catalysts.
Abstract: The mixture of beef tallow with rapeseed oil (1:3, w/w) was interesterified using sodium metoxide or immobilized lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme IM) and from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) as the catalysts. The chemical interesterifications were carried out at 60 and 90°C for 0.5 and 1.5 h using 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0% of CH3ONa. Depend on the catalyst used the enzymatic interesterifications were carried out at 60°C for 8 h (Lipozyme IM) or at 80°C for 4 h (Novozym 435). The catalyst doses were kept constant (8%) but the water content in catalysts was changed in the range of 2 to 10%. The starting mixture and the products of interesterifications were quantitatively separated into pure triacylglycerols and non-triacylglycerols fraction containing free fatty acids and mono- and diacylglycerols. It has been found that after interesterification the concentrations of free fatty acids and partial acylglycerols increased. On the other hand the slip melting temperatures and solid fat contents in triacylglycerols isolated from interesterified fats and their oxidative stability were lower if compared with noninteresterified, initial blend. It was interpreted on the base of alteration on molecular structure of triacylglycerols as confirmed by their sn-2 and sn-1,3 distribution of fatty acids before and after interesterification. These distributions were practically random after chemical interesterification and close to random when Novozym 435 was applied. When Lipozyme IM was used the fatty acids composition at sn-2 position remained practically unchanged if compared with starting blend.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, columnar liquid crystals and organogelator with a bitropone core were obtained for the ester derivatives with an enantiotropic hexagonal columnar phase.
Abstract: New columnar liquid crystals and organogelator with a bitropone core were prepared. The ester derivatives had an enantiotropic hexagonal columnar phase, while the amide derivatives had an enantiotropic rectangular columnar phase and organogelation properties.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, bicontinuous microemulsions (D phase) were prepared by mixing decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (DC), which is a good solvent for silicone soils, with cosmetic grade alkyl type surfactant polyoxyethylene (8 mol) glyceryl monoisostearate (PGMI) and ethanol aqueous solution.
Abstract: In this study, bicontinuous microemulsions (D phase) was prepared by mixing decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (DC), which is a good solvent for silicone soils, with cosmetic grade alkyl type surfactant polyoxyethylene (8 mol) glyceryl monoisostearate (PGMI) and ethanol aqueous solution. In the pseudo ternary phase diagram of DC/PGMI/15% ethanol aqueous solution system, a ME region exists from the water corner to the center of the ternary diagram. The ME solution solubilizes at most 15% of DC. However, by replacing half the amount of DC by a polar oil cetyl isooctanoate (CIO), the ME region extended continuously from the aqueous corner to the oil-rich region (60% DC). Self-diffusion coefficient measurement by using NMR and FF-TEM observation indicated a bicontinuous structure that solubilizes a large amount of oil and water for the oil-water ratios between 3/7-7/3. Detergency of cosmetic soils containing polymeric siloxane in the ME solution showed the highest value between the oil-water ratios of 1/1 and 7/3, where the ME with bicontinuous structure exists. These results show that bicontinuous type ME containing DC provides a good solution for cleansing silicone soils.
TL;DR: The volatiles obtained by steam distillation (yield, 0.10%) included 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde (87.8%), furfural (3.13%), and lavender lactone (0.77%) as the major components.
Abstract: Periploca sepium is used in Chinese crude drugs and widely employed as a tonic. The volatiles obtained by steam distillation (yield, 0.10%) included 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde (87.8%), furfural (3.13%), and lavender lactone (0.77%) as the major components.
TL;DR: The spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times of protons on linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), and DHA in CDCl3 solutions and aqueous micelles were measured as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times of protons on linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), and DHA in CDCl3 solutions and aqueous micelles were measured. Protons at hydrophobic sites on DHA and AA in micelles had a longer T2 than those on LA, whereas little difference was found for proton relaxation times among fatty acids in CDCl3 solutions. DHA molecules in micelles were thus more flexible than LA in micelles.
TL;DR: Cholesteryl 4-alkoxy- and 3,4-dialkoxybenzoates have enantiotropic cholesteric and smectic A phases, while 3,5-dial-koxy-and 3, 4-5-trialkoxy benzoate derivatives were not mesomorphic as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: New liquid crystals and organogelators with a cholesteryl benzoate skeleton were prepared. Cholesteryl 4-alkoxy- and 3,4-dialkoxybenzoates had enantiotropic cholesteric and smectic A phases, while 3,5-dialkoxy- and 3,4,5-trialkoxybenzoate derivatives were not mesomorphic. Furthermore cholesteryl 4-alkoxy- and 3,4-dialkoxybenzoates gelled organic solvents such as 1-decanol and n-hexadecane.
TL;DR: In this paper, a discontinuous cubic phase is formed by adding TOG to the aqueous C12EO8 system and molecular parameters such as effective cross sectional area per surfactant molecule, radius of micelle for the discontinued cubic and the hexagonal phases, half-thickness of bilayer of the lamellar phase were obtained.
Abstract: The cloud temperature of C12EO8 aqueous solution decreases by solubilizing triglyceride oils (1,2,3-trihexanoylglycerol (THG), 1,2,3-trioctanoylglycerol (TOG) and 1,2,3-tridecanoylglycerol (TDG)). The reduction of cloud temperature is larger with the oil having shorter alkyl chains. In the water/C12EO8 system, a micellar, a hexagonal, a bicontinuous cubic and a lamellar phases are successively formed with increasing surfactant concentration at 25°C. A discontinuous cubic phase is formed by adding TOG to the aqueous C12EO8 system. SAXS measurement was performed on the discontinuous cubic, hexagonal and lamellar phases and molecular parameters such as effective cross sectional area per surfactant molecule, radius of micelle for the discontinuous cubic and the hexagonal phases, half-thickness of bilayer of the lamellar phase were obtained. The changes in the molecular parameters by increasing TOG content suggest that most of the oil molecules are solubilized in the core of surfactant aggregates. Thermal stability of the discontinuous cubic phase increases. The amount of solubilized oil in the discontinuous cubic phase increases by increasing temperature and decreasing oil molecular weight.
TL;DR: The plastein from squid hepatopancreas may be a useful antioxidant because it is stable against heat, dissolves easily in water and suppresses the proxidative effect of metals on lipid oxidation.
Abstract: To utilize a typical squid processing by-product, hepatopancreas was enzymatically hydrolyzed, then subjected to a plastein reaction. The substrate concentration that gave the highest plastein yield was 30% by using Alkalase. The optimum pH for the plastein synthesis with Alkalase ranged from 6 to 9. The dominant molecular size of the formed plastein was about 2000. Alkalase mediated plastein reaction seemed beneficial for enriching aspartic acid and glutamic acid, and eliminating hydrophobic amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, and isoleucine. Despite the heat pretreatment, hydrolysate powder and plastein retained their antioxidative affect, but a discouraging drawback of the hydrolysate was an unacceptable stimulating taste. For this reason, plastein was considered to be a much better choice to use as an antioxidant because it was tasteless. Plastein from squid hepatopancreas may be a useful antioxidant because it is stable against heat, dissolves easily in water and suppresses the proxidative effect of metals on lipid oxidation.
TL;DR: It is suggested that supplemental D-psicose has no anti-diabetic effect in rats because it did not increase body fat accumulation compared to cellulose.
Abstract: D-Psicose, a C-3 epimer of D-fructose, is one of the "rare sugars" present in small quantities in commercial carbohydrate complex or agricultural products. In this study, we investigated effects of supplemental D-psicose on glucose tolerance and secretion of adipocytokines in rats fed a high-fat diet versus a low-fat diet. Twenty-four male Wistar rats (4 weeks old) were divided into four groups. Each group was fed a high-fat (25% fat) or a low-fat (5% fat) diet containing 5% D-psicose or cellulose for 16 weeks. Abdominal adipose tissue weights and carcass fat content were greater in rats fed the high-fat diet. However, D-psicose supplementation did not increase body fat accumulation compared to cellulose. Glucose tolerance decreased with time, and D-psicose supplementation did not improve glucose tolerance. Leptin, adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-a levels in serum were the same among the four groups. These results suggest that supplemental D-psicose has no anti-diabetic effect in rats.
TL;DR: In this article, a new quantification method for triglyceride (TG) molecular species contained in fish oil was developed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet detector (UV) system.
Abstract: A new quantification method for triglyceride (TG) molecular species contained in fish oil was developed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet detector (UV) system. In this experiment, triacontyl silane column and a mixture of alcohol and acetonitrile were used for column and mobile phase, respectively. Fifteen kinds of TG molecular species exist in fish oil were collected and the calibration curves monitored at 210nm were acquired for each TG molecular species. Also, evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD), widely used for the detection of fish oil TG molecular species, was tandem jointed after UV to compare the calibration curves for each TG molecular species. As the results, the calibration curves by UV with isocratic elution system were linear lines, on the contrary, those by ELSD were not linear. The slope of each calibration curve by UV was not the same and there was a tendency that TG molecular species having big partition number indicates a small slope calibration curve. The HPLC-UV with gradient system was also examined, but a few of standard TGs did not provide linear calibration curve. Consequently, we concluded that isocratic HPLC-UV system would be an available method for the quantification of TG molecular species in fish oil.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the use of oleoresin rosemary extract (OR), sage extract (OS) and citric acid (CA) in flaxseed oil during heating.
Abstract: A study to optimize the use of oleoresin rosemary extract (OR), sage extract (OS) and citric acid (CA) in flaxseed oil during heating was performed using response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that the natural antioxidants used in this study retarded oil deterioration, as evidenced by retention of fatty acids profiles. Results from this study revealed that the addition of OR and OS effectively retarded flaxseed oil deterioration after 20 times of frying of potato chips. Five type of fatty acids, namely C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 were found in the oil, with all fatty acids having very good correlations with addition of natural antioxidants used during the frying. Mathematical models to predict the fatty acid composition of flaxseed oil after the frying could be developed with high confidence for all types of fatty acids. Therefore, for optimization purposes, the use of the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids was chosen because it covers all individual fatty acids present in the oil. After 20 fryings, the ratio best predicted the efficacy of natural antioxidants in preserving flaxseed oil with R2 of 0.954. Further analysis showed that after 20 fryings, all three antioxidants had a significant effect on the ratio. Based on these results, a combination of 0.064% oleoresin rosemary extract, 0.061 sage extract and 0.041% citric acid can be recommended for use in flaxseed oil before deep-fat frying.
TL;DR: In this article, a microemulsion (ME) phase containing silicone oil was prepared and its detergency was investigated, and the relationship between the structure of the surfactant aggregate and detergency of cosmetic soils containing silicone resin was investigated.
Abstract: In this study, a microemulsion (ME) phase containing silicone oil was prepared, and its detergency was investigated. Decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (DC), a good solvent for silicone soils, was combined with cosmetic grade alkyl type surfactant, polyoxyethylene (8 mol) glyceryl monoisostearate (PGMI), and ethanol aqueous solution to prepare the ME phase. The relationship between the structure of the surfactant aggregate and detergency of cosmetic soils containing silicone resin was investigated. The ethanol concentration dependence on the solubilization of DC (ME region) was similar to that of typical temperature dependence of hydrocarbon in nonionic surfactant aqueous solution. On the other hand, the solubilization behavior of DC differed from that of polar oil cetyl isooctanoate (CIO), which can be attributed to the miscibility with the alkyl type surfactant and the site for the solubilization in the micelle. Detergency of the cosmetic soils in a series of the ME solution indicated clear improvement with increasing aggregation number of the surfactant. From the results, it was shown that preparation of ME with large aggregation number such as bicontinuous phase containing DC could provide a good solution for cleansing silicone soils.
TL;DR: Coconut acid oil, which is mainly utilized in soap manufacturing process, can be effectively utilized to produce MCGs and monolaurin by a combination of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis and esterification.
Abstract: Medium chain glycerides (MCGs) containing C8:0 and C10:0 fatty acids have got commercial importance by considering their medicinal and nutritional applications. Monolaurin is also a value added commercial product. Coconut acid oil, which is mainly utilized in soap manufacturing process, can be effectively utilized to produce MCGs and monolaurin by a combination of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis and esterification. Coconut acid oil containing 68% free fatty acid (as lauric acid), and 31.4% neutral glycerides are hydrolyzed by Candida rugosa lipase. The hydrolyzed acid oil was then subjected to steam distillation under atmospheric pressure to get a fraction (yield, 5%) rich in medium chain fatty acids (C8:0, 46.2%, C10:0, 19.2%), and the residual fraction was fractionally distilled under vacuum to get a fraction rich in lauric acid (68.4%). These two fractions were esterified with glycerol with Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme RM IM) lipase to produce MCGs from the first fraction and monolaurin from the second fraction.
TL;DR: The lipids of E. pacifica were found to be generally rich in PC and in IPA and DHA and the summer samples were higher in the concentration of DHA in total fatty acids.
Abstract: This paper reports the total lipid content, lipid class composition, and fatty acid composition of the krill Euphausia pacifica collected in the northwestern Pacific Ocean near Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. The krill were caught in spring, summer, and winter in three consecutive years, 2000-2002. Lipid content of the E. pacifica samples was ranged from 5.1 to 11.6% on the basis of dry weight. Major lipid classes determined for the samples of 2002 were triacylglycerols (TAG) (3.4-27.3%), free fatty acids (FFA) (6.9-22.2%), sterols (5.4-12.9%), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) (3.4-17.5%), and phosphatidylcholines (PC) (36.2-53.8%). All of the samples subjected to fatty acid analysis were high in 16:0 (19.0-24.5% of total fatty acids), 18:1n-9 (7.5-10.0%), 18:1n-7 (6.3-8.1%), 20:5n-3 (IPA) (15.3-24.7%), and 22:6n-3 (DHA) (8.4-20.7%). The lipids of E. pacifica were found to be generally rich in PC and in IPA and DHA. Lipid content and proportion of TAG were higher in the spring samples than in the summer samples. The summer samples were higher in the concentration of DHA in total fatty acids.
TL;DR: Free plant sterol-supplemented mayonnaise is shown a safe food for reducing serum TC and LDL-C and should prove applicable for reducing cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolemic persons.
Abstract: Free plant sterol-supplemented mayonnaise was examined for its capacity to lower serum cholesterol and evaluation was made of its mayonnaise. This evaluation was done via a double-blind, placebo-controlled study using forty-six normocholesterolemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic Japanese persons (total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL) randomly divided into two groups. The plant sterol (PS) (+) group was given 15 g mayonnaise containing 800 mg free PS daily, while the PS (-) group did 15 g mayonnaise daily for 12 weeks. Serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C were reduced by 4.3% and 9.2% in the PS (+) group, on completion of the 12-week period. At that time, serum apolipoprotein (Apo) B had been reduced by 3.6% in the PS (+) group, this being significantly more compared to the PS (-) group. Serum remnant-like particle (RLP)-C and Apo E did not change significantly in either groups. Decrease in TC and LDL-C with PS (+) group was greater for the serum TC ≥ 220 mg/dL subjects compared to the TC<220 mg/dL subjects. Serum vitamin A, 25 (OH) vitamin D, and vitamin K1 underwent no change throughout the study. Serum α-tocopherol reduction was the same in the two groups. The PS (+) group showed significant increase in serum β-sitosterol while β-sitosterol remained within normal range throughout the study period. For complete blood count (CBC) and blood biochemistry, all values were normal in the two groups. Free plant sterol-supplemented mayonnaise is thus shown a safe food for reducing serum TC and LDL-C. This mayonnaise should prove applicable for reducing serum LDL-C in mildly hypercholesterolemic persons.
TL;DR: In this paper, two reclamation methods were proposed for low-grade used edible oil having Gardner color≥11 to produce non-food industrial oil of Gardner color<7, and the results of the investigation suggested that barium hydroxide treatment rendered lipophilic proteins, amino acids, and other inhibitors of hydrogen peroxide bleaching, easily removable from the oil by washing with water and filtration through adsorbent.
Abstract: Used edible oil recovered from the food industry in Japan amounts to a few hundred thousand tons annually. Some recovered oil of good quality is used as a fatty acid source, as feed oil, in paint, and so on, after a simple refining method, but the rest is burned or discarded despite a relatively low level of deterioration. In our previous paper, two reclamation methods were proposed for low-grade used edible oil having Gardner color≥11 to produce non-food industrial oil of Gardner color<7. In the present study one of the methods mentioned above, refining with barium hydroxide followed by hydrogen peroxide bleaching, was improved to be practically feasible in existing facilities. In addition, the mechanism of successful reclamation was investigated. The results of the investigation suggested that barium hydroxide treatment of used edible oil rendered lipophilic proteins, amino acids, and other inhibitors of hydrogen peroxide bleaching, easily removable from the oil by washing with water and filtration through adsorbent. The oil thus obtained was bleached effectively down to Gardner color 4-6, and its odor was dramatically improved by hydrogen peroxide treatment.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the aggregation behavior of a species of mono-alkyl phosphate (MAP) surfactants in pure water by means of surface tension (γ), electroconductivity (measuring both specific (κ) and molar (Λ) conductivities), pH and UV-Vis spectra measurements.
Abstract: Aggregation behavior of sodium salt of mono-n-dodecyl phosphoric acid ester i.e. a species of mono-alkyl phosphate (MAP) surfactants, in pure water was investigated as a function of surfactant concentration (CS) by means of surface tension (γ), electroconductivity (measuring both specific (κ) and molar (Λ) conductivities), pH and UV-Vis spectra measurements. The Krafft temperature was determined as 40°C by observing the change of κ with raised temperature. Although the curve of γ vs. log CS plot gave only one break which corresponds to critical micellization concentration(CMC) in common theory, different relations of κ vs. CS, Λ vs. √CS, or κ vs. log CS, and pH vs. CS resulted in several breaks suggesting the occurrence of various transitions of aggregates or micelles over the concentration range not only above, but also below CMC. The CMC determined by surface tension measurement was referred to as the first CMC (CMC1). The critical concentrations of the transitions observed by various methods were termed as CACi (i=1,2,3) for three-step aggregate formation below CMC1 and as CMCj (j=1-5) for five-step transitions in micellar form. From the temperature study on CACi and CMCj, the estimated standard Gibbs energy changes were estimated, which showed us that the primary driving force of aggregate/micelle formation at any step comes from the entropy term, since the energy term (enthalpy) in this case was found to be positive. This supports our interpretation that the aggregates/micelles are mainly composed of hydrolyzed (protonated) mono-dodecyl phosphate molecules so that they behave as if they were nonionic surfactant micelles. A light scattering measurement verified the existence of aggregates formed below CMC. The experiment of catalytic activity assay revealed that SMDP aggregates formed in the low concentration range (ten times lower than CMC1) were found to act as catalysts for the hydrolysis reaction of p-nitrophenyl acetate (pNPA).
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the particle shape on the behavior of surface-active particles in self-assembled structures has been investigated, and it was shown that the aspect ratio of the rod-shaped particle determines its adsorbing direction at the interface.
Abstract: The adsorption of a rod-shaped (rectangular parallelpiped) surface-active particle at a liquid-liquid interface has been theoretically studied. The adsorption energy, which is the free energy of the interface adsorbing the particle, is governed by the interfacial tensions between the particle and the liquids and the particle shape. The aspect ratio of the rod-shaped particle determines its adsorbing direction at the interface. The rod-shaped particle having aspect ratio larger than unity adsorbs in parallel direction with the liquid-liquid interface, while the plate-shaped one having the aspect ratio less than unity does perpendicularly. These theoretical results are important to understand the effects of the particle shape on the behavior of the surface-active particles in the self-assembled structures.
TL;DR: Lactis is shown to modulate not only the content but sphingoid base composition of cerebrosides in response to temperature, providing basis for assuming 9-methyl branched chain in yeast cerebroside molecules to be essential for maintaining sufficient membrane fluidity for a low temperature environment.
Abstract: For assessment of the physiological significance of 9-methyl-4-trans,8-trans-sphingadienine (9-methyl base) in cerebroside-accumulating yeast, determination was made of the content and chemical compositions of cerebrosides in Kluyveromyces lactis and the results were compared for growth temperatures at 15°C, 25°C and 35°C. Compared with the culture prepared at the optimal growth temperature (25°C), greater time was required to reach the stationary phase of cells grown at 15°C. A reduction in cell weight was noted at 35°C. Cerebroside content in cells cultured at 15°C was significantly less than at 25°C or 35°C. Also, the ratio of cerebroside to phosphorus in the total lipid fraction at 15°C was less than at 25°C. In the 15°C culture, the 9-methyl base, the most predominant fungal cerebroside sphingoid base, increased beyond that in the 25°C preparation, though was essentially the same as at 35°C. K. lactis is thus shown to modulate not only the content but sphingoid base composition of cerebrosides in response to temperature. Fatty acid compositions in all cerebrosides examined were the same. These and the results from a previous study (J. Oleo Sci., Vol. 51, 741-747, 2002) provide basis for assuming 9-methyl branched chain in yeast cerebroside molecules to be essential for maintaining sufficient membrane fluidity for a low temperature environment.
TL;DR: Daily intake of Soybean-germ oil can be effective for maintaining normal serum cholesterol level in humans, and this effect may be mainly due to the inhibiting cholesterol absorption of plant sterols contained in Soybeans Germ oil.
Abstract: Soybean-germ oil was extracted from hypocotyle enriched raw soybean and was found to contain 4 times as much plant sterol as soybean oil. Its capacity for cholesterol-lowering effects in humans was evaluated using a double-blind, controlled protocol. Forty-nine healthy male volunteers, average age 45 (SD11), with serum total cholesterol (TC) below 260 mg/dl, consumed test food everyday for 12 weeks. The test food was mayonnaise containing 11 g cooking oil. The test groups were i) 11 g Soybean-germ oil and ii) 11 g safflower oil group (Control group). In the sub-group of subjects with initial TC above 220 mg/day, serum TC in Soybean-germ oil group decreased significantly (4wk: p < 0.01, 8wk: p < 0.05) and it was lower than that in the Control group throughout the test period. This effect may be mainly due to the inhibiting cholesterol absorption of plant sterols contained in Soybean-germ oil. These results suggest that daily intake of Soybean-germ oil can be effective for maintaining normal serum cholesterol level in humans.