Showing papers in "Journal of Physics D in 2009"
TL;DR: A progress report on the biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles since 2003 is presented in this paper, with a focus on magnetic actuation for in vitro non-viral transfection and tissue engineering.
Abstract: A progress report is presented on a selection of scientific, technological and commercial advances in the biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles since 2003. Particular attention is paid to (i) magnetic actuation for in vitro non-viral transfection and tissue engineering and in vivo drug delivery and gene therapy, (ii) recent clinical results for magnetic hyperthermia treatments of brain and prostate cancer via direct injection, and continuing efforts to develop new agents suitable for targeted hyperthermia following intravenous injection and (iii) developments in medical sensing technologies involving a new generation of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, and the invention of magnetic particle imaging as a new modality. Ongoing prospects are also discussed.
1,315 citations
TL;DR: A review of the current status of research on atmospheric pressure non-thermal discharges in and in contact with liquids can be found in this article, where the emphasis is on their generation mechanisms and their physical characteristics.
Abstract: During the last two decades atmospheric (or high) pressure non-thermal plasmas in and in contact with liquids have received a lot of attention in view of their considerable environmental and medical applications. The simultaneous generation of intense UV radiation, shock waves and active radicals makes these discharges particularly suitable for decontamination, sterilization and purification purposes. This paper reviews the current status of research on atmospheric pressure non-thermal discharges in and in contact with liquids. The emphasis is on their generation mechanisms and their physical characteristics.
1,081 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a systematic and comparative study of the pressure-induced solidification of 11 frequently used pressure transmitting fluids using the ruby fluorescence technique in a diamond anvil cell.
Abstract: We present a systematic and comparative study of the pressure-induced solidification of 11 frequently used pressure transmitting fluids using the ruby fluorescence technique in a diamond anvil cell. These fluids are 1 : 1 and 5 : 1 iso-n pentane, 4 : 1 deuterated methanol–ethanol, 16 : 3 : 1 deuterated methanol–ethanol-water, 1 : 1 FC84-FC87 Fluorinert, Daphne 7474, silicone oil, as well as nitrogen, neon, argon and helium. The data provide practical guidelines for the use of these fluids in high pressure experiments up to 50 GPa.
1,000 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new equation for calculating the nanofluid viscosity by considering the Brownian motion of nanoparticles is introduced, where the relative velocity between the base fluid and nanoparticles has been taken into account.
Abstract: In this paper a new equation for calculating the nanofluid viscosity by considering the Brownian motion of nanoparticles is introduced. The relative velocity between the base fluid and nanoparticles has been taken into account. This equation presents the nanofluid viscosity as a function of the temperature, the mean nanoparticle diameter, the nanoparticle volume fraction, the nanoparticle density and the base fluid physical properties. In developing the model a correction factor is introduced to take into account the simplification that was applied on the boundary condition. It is calculated by using very limited experimental data for nanofluids consisting of 13 nm Al2O3 nanoparticles and water and 28 nm Al2O3 nanoparticles and water. The predicted results are then compared with many other published experimental results for different nanofluids and very good concordance between these results is observed. Compared with the other theoretical models that are available in the literature, the presented model, in general, has a higher accuracy and precision.
471 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytic formula for the elastic bending modulus of monolayer graphene based on an empirical potential for solid-state carbon atoms is derived. But the analytical prediction is not directly comparable with ab initio energy calculations.
Abstract: An analytic formula is derived for the elastic bending modulus of monolayer graphene based on an empirical potential for solid-state carbon atoms. Two physical origins are identified for the non-vanishing bending stiffness of the atomically thin graphene sheet, one due to the bond-angle effect and the other resulting from the bond-order term associated with the dihedral angles. The analytical prediction compares closely with ab initio energy calculations. Pure bending of graphene monolayers into cylindrical tubes is simulated by a molecular mechanics approach, showing slight nonlinearity and anisotropy in the tangent bending modulus as the bending curvature increases. An intrinsic coupling between bending and in-plane strain is noted for graphene monolayers rolled into carbon nanotubes. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
392 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the physical and chemical characteristics of a train of small high velocity plasma packets/bullets are investigated. But until now little is known of the nature of these "bullets".
Abstract: Recently several investigators reported on various means of generating cold plasma jets at atmospheric pressure. More interestingly, these jets turned out to be not continuous plasmas but trains of small high velocity plasma packets/bullets. However, until now little is known of the nature of these 'bullets'. Here we present experimental insights into the physical and chemical characteristics of bullets. We show that their time of initiation, their velocity and the distance they travel are directly dependent on the value of the applied voltage. We also show that these bullets can be controlled by the application of an external electric field. Using an intensified charge coupled device camera we report on their geometrical shape, which was revealed to be 'donut' shaped, therefore giving an indication that solitary surface ionization waves may be responsible for the creation of these bullets. In addition, using emission spectroscopy, we follow the evolution of various species along the trajectory of the bullets, in this way correlating the bullet propagation with the evolution of their chemical activity.
370 citations
TL;DR: A review of recent advances in synthesis routes for quickly and reliably making and functionalizing magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine can be found in this article, where the authors put special emphasis on describing synthetic strategies that result in the production of nanosized materials with well-defined physical and crystallochemical characteristics as well as colloidal and magnetic properties.
Abstract: This review summarizes recent advances in synthesis routes for quickly and reliably making and functionalizing magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine. We put special emphasis on describing synthetic strategies that result in the production of nanosized materials with well-defined physical and crystallochemical characteristics as well as colloidal and magnetic properties. Rather than grouping the information according to the synthetic route, we have described methods to prepare water-dispersible equiaxial magnetic nanoparticles with sizes below about 10 nm, sizes between 10 and 30 nm and sizes around the monodomain–multidomain magnetic transition. We have also described some recent examples reporting the preparation of anisometric nanoparticles as well as methods to prepare magnetic nanosized materials other than iron oxide ferrites, for example Co and Mn ferrite, FePt and manganites. Finally, we have described examples of the preparation of multicomponent systems with purely inorganic or organic–inorganic characteristics.
368 citations
TL;DR: This review aims to supplement a previously published review in 2003 and address more recent advances in the uses and bioapplications of mNPs and future interesting perspectives.
Abstract: Magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) ranging from the nanometre and micrometre scale have been widely applied in recent years in the area of biomedicine. They contain unique magnetic properties and due to their size can function at a cellular level, making them attractive candidates for cell labelling, imaging, tracking and as carriers. A recent surge of interest in nanotechnology has boosted the breadth and depth of the nanoparticle research field. This review aims to supplement a previously published review in 2003 and address more recent advances in the uses and bioapplications of mNPs and future interesting perspectives.
332 citations
TL;DR: A review of plasma discharges applied to electric spacecraft propulsion can be found in this article, where the authors briefly report on the mature and flown technologies of gridded ion thrusters and Hall thrusters before exploring the recent yet immature technology of plasma thrusters based on expansion from low pressure high density inductively coupled and wave-excited plasma sources.
Abstract: This review presents the basics of plasma discharges applied to electric spacecraft propulsion. It briefly reports on the mature and flown technologies of gridded ion thrusters and Hall thrusters before exploring the recent yet immature technology of plasma thrusters based on expansion from low pressure high density inductively coupled and wave-excited plasma sources, e.g. the radiofrequency helicon source. Prototype development of plasma engines for future space travel is discussed using the example of the helicon double layer thruster. A summary of highlights in electric propulsion based space missions gives some insight into the challenges of future high power missions in more remote regions of space.
308 citations
TL;DR: The basis and implementation of Hybrid modelling are discussed using examples from simulations of inductively coupled plasmas, a hierarchical approach in which modules addressing different physical processes on vastly disparate timescales are iteratively combined using time-slicing techniques.
Abstract: The modelling of low temperature plasmas for fundamental investigations and equipment design is challenged by conflicting goals—having detailed, specialized algorithms which address sometimes subtle physical phenomena while also being flexible enough to address a wide range of process conditions. Hybrid modelling (HM) is a technique which provides many opportunities to address both fundamental physics and practical matters of equipment design. HM is a hierarchical approach in which modules addressing different physical processes on vastly disparate timescales are iteratively combined using time-slicing techniques. By compartmentalizing the physics in each module to accept given inputs and produce required outputs, different algorithms can be used to represent the same physical processes. In this manner, the algorithms best suited for the conditions of interest can be used without affecting other modules. In this paper, the basis and implementation of HM are discussed using examples from simulations of inductively coupled plasmas.
307 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the application of in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) during thin film synthesis by atomic layer deposition (ALD) is reviewed and the versatility of this all-optical diagnostic is demonstrated by results obtained on Al2O3, HfO2, Er2O 3, TiO 2, Ta2O5, TiN and TaNx films with thickness ranges from 0.1 to 100nm.
Abstract: In this paper recent work on the application of in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) during thin film synthesis by atomic layer deposition (ALD) is reviewed. In particular, the versatility of this all-optical diagnostic is demonstrated by results obtained on Al2O3, HfO2, Er2O3, TiO2, Ta2O5, TiN and TaNx films with thicknesses ranging from 0.1 to 100 nm. By acquiring SE data in between the ALD cycles and by analysing the film thickness and the energy dispersion of the optical constants of the films, the layer-by-layer growth and material properties of the films can be studied in detail. The growth rate per cycle and the ALD saturation curves can be determined directly by monitoring the film thickness as a function of the number of cycles, while also the nucleation behaviour of the films on various substrates and submonolayer surface changes during the ALD half-cycles can be probed. The energy dispersion relation provides information on the optical properties, the crystalline phase and the material composition of the films. For metallic films, electrical properties can be calculated from the Drude absorption yielding insight into the electrical resistivity and electron scattering effects in ultrathin films.
TL;DR: In this article, the important fundamental mechanisms of nanocrystal formation in plasmas, reviews the range of synthesis approaches reported in the literature and discusses some of the potential applications of plasma-synthesized semiconductor nanocrystals.
Abstract: Semiconductor nanocrystals have attracted considerable interest for a wide range of applications including light-emitting devices and displays, photovoltaic cells, nanoelectronic circuit elements, thermoelectric energy generation and luminescent markers in biomedicine A particular advantage of semiconductor nanocrystals compared with bulk materials rests in their size-tunable optical, mechanical and thermal properties While nanocrystals of ionically bonded semiconductors can conveniently be synthesized with liquid phase chemistry, covalently bonded semiconductors require higher synthesis temperatures Over the past decade, nonthermal plasmas have emerged as capable synthetic approaches for the covalently bonded semiconductor nanocrystals Among the main advantages of nanocrystal synthesis in plasmas is the unipolar electrical charging of nanocrystals that helps avoid or reduce particle agglomeration and the selective heating of nanoparticles immersed in low-pressure plasmas This paper discusses the important fundamental mechanisms of nanocrystal formation in plasmas, reviews the range of synthesis approaches reported in the literature and discusses some of the potential applications of plasma-synthesized semiconductor nanocrystals
TL;DR: In this article, surface effects on the axial buckling and the transverse vibration of nanowires are examined by using the refined Timoshenko beam theory, in which the impacts of surface elasticity, residual surface stress, transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia have been included.
Abstract: In this paper, surface effects on the axial buckling and the transverse vibration of nanowires are examined by using the refined Timoshenko beam theory. The critical compression force of axial buckling and the natural frequency of nanowires are obtained analytically, in which the impacts of surface elasticity, residual surface stress, transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia have been included. The buckling and vibration behaviour of a nanowire is demonstrated to be size dependent, especially when its cross-sectional dimension reduces to nanometres. The surface effects with positive elastic constants tend to increase the critical compression force and the natural frequency, especially for slender nanowires, while the shear deformation lowers these values for stubby nanowires. This study may be helpful to accurately measure the mechanical properties of nanowires and to design nanowire-based devices and systems.
TL;DR: Neutron imaging can provide two- or three-dimensional, spatially resolved images of the internal structure of bulk samples that are not accessible by other techniques, making it a unique tool with many potential applications as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Neutron imaging can provide two- or three-dimensional, spatially resolved images of the internal structure of bulk samples that are not accessible by other techniques, making it a unique tool with many potential applications. The method is now well established and is available at neutron sources worldwide. This review will give a survey of the technique of neutron imaging with a special focus on neutron tomography; the basics of the method as well as the technology of instrumentation will be outlined, and the techniques will be illustrated by representative applications. While the first part of the paper focuses on conventional attenuation contrast imaging, the second part reviews and critically assesses recent methodical developments.
TL;DR: In this article, the gate bias stability of the ZTO TFT was investigated, showing that positive gate bias results in a positive shift of the threshold voltage due to the charge trapping in the channel/dielectric interface.
Abstract: Thin film transistors (TFTs) with amorphous zinc tin oxide (ZTO) channel layer were fabricated by a simple and low-cost solution process. The ZTO thin films are highly transparent (>90% transmittance) in the visible region. The ZTO TFTs fabricated at 400 and 500 °C are operated in enhancement mode. The TFT annealed at 500 °C shows a mobility of 14.11 cm2 V−1 s−1, a threshold voltage of 1.71 V, a subthreshold slope of 0.4 V dec−1 and an on–off current ratio greater than 108. In addition, we investigated the gate bias stability of the TFT. Positive gate bias results in a positive shift of the threshold voltage due to the charge trapping in the channel/dielectric interface.
TL;DR: In this paper, a spectrometer is used to measure the remagnetization spectrum of superparamagnetic nanoparticles for magnetic particle imaging (MPI) and the suitability of particles, for MPI, can be characterized.
Abstract: Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a tomographic imaging modality sensitive to the spatial distribution of magnetic particles. The spectrometer, described in this paper, is capable of measuring the remagnetization spectrum of superparamagnetic nanoparticles. With this spectrometer the suitability of particles, for MPI, can be characterized. Furthermore, the spectrometer can be used to estimate the particle size distribution, which allows for more accurate simulations in MPI.
TL;DR: Digital image correlation is a measurement technique that allows one to retrieve displacement and separation of two digital images of the same sample at different stages of loading as discussed by the authors, and it is not only possible to detect cracks with sub-pixel opening, but also to provide accurate estimates of stress intensity factors.
Abstract: Digital image correlation is a measurement technique that allows one to retrieve displacement ¯elds \separating" two digital images of the same sample at di®erent stages of loading. Because of its remarkable sensitivity, it is not only possible to detect cracks with sub-pixel opening, which would not be visible, but also to provide accurate estimates of stress intensity factors. For this purpose suitable tools have been devised to minimize the sensitivity to noise. Working with digital images allows the experimentalist to deal with a wide range of scales from atomistic to geophysical one with the same tools. Various examples are shown at di®erent scales, as well as some recent extensions to three dimensional cracks based on X-ray Computed micro-tomographic images.
TL;DR: Plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) has been widely discussed in the literature for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibres (CNFs) in recent years as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) has been widely discussed in the literature for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibres (CNFs) in recent years. Advantages claimed include lower growth temperatures relative to thermal CVD and the ability to grow individual, free-standing, vertical CNFs instead of tower-like structures or ensembles. This paper reviews the current status of the technology including equipment, plasma chemistry, diagnostics and modelling, and mechanisms. Recent accomplishments include PECVD of single-walled CNTs and growth at low temperatures for handling delicate substrates such as glass.
TL;DR: In this article, the basic physical principle behind thermoreflectance as a thermography tool, discuss the experimental setup, resolutions achieved, signal processing procedures and calibration techniques, and review the current applications of CCD-based thermography in various devices.
Abstract: CCD-based thermoreflectance microscopy has emerged as a high resolution, non-contact imaging technique for thermal profiling and performance and reliability analysis of numerous electronic and optoelectronic devices at the micro-scale. This thermography technique, which is based on measuring the relative change in reflectivity of the device surface as a function of change in temperature, provides high-resolution thermal images that are useful for hot spot detection and failure analysis, mapping of temperature distribution, measurement of thermal transient, optical characterization of photonic devices and measurement of thermal conductivity in thin films. In this paper we review the basic physical principle behind thermoreflectance as a thermography tool, discuss the experimental setup, resolutions achieved, signal processing procedures and calibration techniques, and review the current applications of CCD-based thermoreflectance microscopy in various devices.
TL;DR: In this article, a two-dimensional self-consistent numerical model of the discharge and gas dynamics in conditions similar to those of these experiments has been developed, which couples fluid discharge equations with compressible Navier?Stokes equations including momentum and thermal transfer from the plasma to the neutral gas.
Abstract: Surface dielectric barrier discharges (SDBDs) can modify the boundary layer of a flow and are studied as a possible means to control the flow over an airfoil. In SDBDs driven by sinusoidal voltages in the 1?10?kHz range, momentum is transferred from ions to the neutral gas, as in a corona discharge (ion wind), and the resulting electrohydrodynamic force can generate a flow of several m?s?1 in the boundary layer along the surface. In this paper we are interested in a different regime of SDBDs where nanosecond voltage pulses are applied between the electrodes. Recent experiments by the group of Starikovskii have demonstrated that such discharges are able to modify a flow although no significant ion wind can be detected.A two-dimensional self-consistent numerical model of the discharge and gas dynamics in conditions similar to those of these experiments has been developed. The model couples fluid discharge equations with compressible Navier?Stokes equations including momentum and thermal transfer from the plasma to the neutral gas. This is a difficult multi-scale problem and special care has been taken to accurately solve the equations over a large simulation domain and at a relatively low computational cost. The results show that under the conditions of the simulated experiments, fast gas heating takes place in the boundary layer, leading to the generation of a 'micro' shock wave, in agreement with the experiments.
TL;DR: In this article, the current status of the physics of charged particle swarms, mainly electrons, having plasma modelling in mind, is discussed and the need for reinitiating the swarm experiments and where and how those would be useful.
Abstract: In this review paper, we discuss the current status of the physics of charged particle swarms, mainly electrons, having plasma modelling in mind. The measurements of the swarm coefficients and the availability of the data are briefly discussed. We try to give a summary of the past ten years and cite the main reviews and databases, which store the majority of the earlier work. The need for reinitiating the swarm experiments and where and how those would be useful is pointed out. We also add some guidance on how to find information on ions and fast neutrals. Most space is devoted to interpretation of transport data, analysis of kinetic phenomena, and accuracy of calculation and proper use of transport data in plasma models. We have tried to show which aspects of kinetic theory developed for swarm physics and which segments of data would be important for further improvement of plasma models. Finally, several examples are given where actual models are mostly based on the physics of swarms and those include Townsend discharges, afterglows, breakdown and some atmospheric phenomena. Finally we stress that, while complex, some of the results from the kinetic theory of swarms and the related phenomenology must be used either to test the plasma models or even to bring in new physics or higher accuracy and reliability to the models. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
TL;DR: In this paper, the degree of oxidation of the graphite oxide was systematically controlled via oxidation time up to 24h, resulting in direct band gap engineering from 1.7 to 2.4eV and strong correlation with the atomic ratio of O/C.
Abstract: Graphite oxide was synthesized using various oxidation times and characterized by its physical and chemical properties. The degree of oxidation of the graphite oxide was systematically controlled via oxidation time up to 24h. Three phases of interlayer distances were identified by x-ray diffraction: pristine graphite (3.4A), intermediate (4A) and fully expanded graphite oxide (6A) phases. These phases were distinguished by an atomic ratio of O/C, which occurred from the different compositions of epoxide, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. The band gap of the graphite oxides was also tuned via the oxidation time, resulting in direct band gap engineering from 1.7 to 2.4eV and strong correlation with the atomic ratio of O/C. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
TL;DR: In this paper, the anatase to rutile phase transformation (ART) occurs at 650°C in the case of pH 6.5 while 850°C is the ART temperature for the lower pH sample.
Abstract: Nanosize TiO2 powders prepared by the sol–gel technique at pH of precipitation 4.5 and 6.5 show the anatase phase after calcining at 500 °C. Anatase to rutile phase transformation (ART), however, occurs at 650 °C in the case of pH 6.5 while 850 °C is found to be the ART temperature for the lower pH sample. pH of precipitation dependent ART temperature has not been reported so far to the best of our knowledge. It is known that the smaller the particle size, the lower the ART temperature, and vice versa. The observation of higher crystallite size and lower ART temperature in the case of the higher pH sample contradicts the reported result. We realized from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies that oxygen vacancy concentration drives the ART temperature to lower values in the higher pH sample compared with the sample synthesized at lower pH; even the particle size is found to be higher in the former one.
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of pure-phase BFO nanoparticles with alkaline earth metals (Ba, Sr and Ca) have been discussed and their thermal, optical, dielectric and magnetic properties are discussed.
Abstract: Substrate-free pure-phase BiFeO3 (BFO) nanoparticles doped with alkaline earth metals (Ba, Sr and Ca) have been synthesized by a sol–gel route and their thermal, optical, dielectric and magnetic properties are discussed. The characteristic structural phase transitions of BFO nanoparticles are found to occur at much lower temperatures. A reduction of the Neel temperature has been observed in the doped samples in comparison with the pristine one, whereas the band gap shows a reverse trend. Iron was found to be only in the Fe3+ valence state in all the doped samples. Magnetoelectric coupling is seen in our samples. Weak ferromagnetism is observed at room temperature in all of the doped and undoped BFO nanoparticles with the largest value of coercive field ~1.78 kOe and saturation magnetization ~2.38 emu g−1 for Ba and Ca doped BFO nanoparticles, respectively.
TL;DR: In this paper, an array of ZnO nanorod arrays was synthesized on a glass substrate by a hydrothermal method at a low temperature of 70˚°C and the effect of pH > 7 of the hydrated zinc nitrate-NaOH precursor on the morphology and topography (e.g., size, surface area and roughness), optical characteristics, optical transmission and band-gap energy), hydrophilicity and antibacterial activity was investigated.
Abstract: Arrays of ZnO nanorods were synthesized on ZnO seed layer/glass substrates by a hydrothermal method at a low temperature of 70 °C. The effect of pH > 7 of the hydrated zinc nitrate–NaOH precursor on the morphology and topography (e.g. size, surface area and roughness), the optical characteristics (e.g. optical transmission and band-gap energy), hydrophilicity and antibacterial activity of the grown ZnO nanostructure and nanorod coatings were investigated. For pH = 11.33 of the precursor (NaOH concentration of 0.10M), a fast growth of ZnO nanorods on the seed layer (length of ~1 µm in 1.5 h) was observed. The fast growth of the ZnO nanorods resulted in a significant reduction in the optical band-gap energy of the nanorod coating, which was attributed to the formation of more defects in the nanorods during their fast growth. The surface of the ZnO nanorod arrays was relatively hydrophilic (with a water contact angle of 16°) even after the subtraction of their surface roughness effect (with a contact angle of ca 27°). This hydrophilicity of the ZnO nanorods was assigned to the observed surface OH bonds. These characteristics caused the ZnO nanorod arrays to show an excellent UV-induced photocatalytic degradation of Escherichia coli bacteria. Furthermore, the synthesized ZnO nanorods were found to be strong photo-induced antibacterial material, even without considering their high surface area ratio.
TL;DR: In this article, an air plasma with gold nanoparticles bound to anti-FAK antibodies was used to enhance selectivity of melanoma cell death over the case of the plasma alone.
Abstract: Ambient air plasmas have been known to kill cancer cells. To enhance selectivity we have used antibody-conjugated nanoparticles. We achieved five times enhancement of melanoma cell death over the case of the plasma alone by using an air plasma with gold nanoparticles bound to anti-FAK antibodies. Our results show that this new interdisciplinary technique has enormous potential for use as a complement to conventional therapies.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the fundamental mechanisms of subcritical crack propagation in glass is presented, with a special focus on their relevant space and time scales in order to question their domain of action and their contribution in both the kinetic laws and the energetic aspects.
Abstract: The present review is intended to revisit the advances and debates in the comprehension of the mechanisms of subcritical crack propagation in silicate glasses almost a century after its initial developments. Glass has inspired the initial insights of Griffith into the origin of brittleness and the ensuing development of modern fracture mechanics. Yet, through the decades the real nature of the fundamental mechanisms of crack propagation in glass has escaped a clear comprehension which could gather general agreement on subtle problems such as the role of plasticity, the role of the glass composition, the environmental condition at the crack tip and its relation to the complex mechanisms of corrosion and leaching. The different processes are analysed here with a special focus on their relevant space and time scales in order to question their domain of action and their contribution in both the kinetic laws and the energetic aspects.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a feasibility study of a single-sided scanner, which is applied to the object of interest merely from one side, which denotes a major step for magnetic particle imaging (MPI).
Abstract: Recently, a new imaging modality called magnetic particle imaging (MPI) was introduced. The method is capable of imaging the distribution of superparamagnetic nanoparticles at high sensitivity, high resolution and high imaging speed by exploiting their non-linear magnetization curve. Up to now, all published simulation as well as experimental work uses a scanner setup, where the field of view (FOV) lies in between a symmetric coil configuration. This, however, poses a size limitation for the specimens. In this paper, we present a feasibility study of a new, so-called single-sided scanner, which is applied to the object of interest merely from one side. Thus, the problem of the specimen fitting into the scanner no longer exists, which denotes a major step for MPI. To date, the FOV of the single-sided device is limited to one dimension. First experimental results on imaging phantoms containing a superparamagnetic fluid show a resolution of up to 1 mm and are indeed promising.
TL;DR: In this article, two corrections were made to the previously published version of this article: the radius of Zn should be read as 0.074 nm and Diethanolammine and its acronym DEA should be corrected to Monoethanolamine and MEA.
Abstract: Two corrections should be made to the previously published version of this article. On page 1, right-hand column, the radius of Zn should be read as 0.074 nm. This value is taken from Lide D R 1991 Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 71st edn (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press). In the first paragraph of section 2, Diethanolammine and its acronym DEA should be corrected to Monoethanolamine and MEA.