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Showing papers in "Journal of Sustainable Tourism in 1999"


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the emphasis associated with network concepts is related to the changing role of the state in Western society and the attempt to find market or semi-market solutions to resource and production problems.
Abstract: Issues of coordination, collaboration and partnership are now at the forefront of much tourism research on finding new solutions to resource management and destination development problems. However, despite the value of such attention in possibly improving destination management and the development of more sustainable forms of tourism, the concepts have remained relatively poorly critically analysed from a public policy perspective. The paper argues that the emphasis associated with network concepts is related to the changing role of the state in Western society and the attempt to find market or semi-market solutions to resource and production problems. However, the paper argues with reference to examples from various Western countries, and Australia in particular, that caution needs to be applied in the utilisation of these concepts because of the implications that they may have for notions of governance and the public interest. In addition, the paper argues that the predominance of narrow corporatist no...

462 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this article, a community-based round table process to address conflict over tourism-related development in the rapidly growing mountain town of Canmore, adjacent to Banff National Park, was discussed.
Abstract: The article discusses research on a community-based round table process to address conflict over tourism-related development in the rapidly growing mountain town of Canmore, adjacent to Banff National Park, Canada. Business, political, environmental and resident/community stakeholders convened as the Canmore Growth Management Committee (GMC) to develop a growth management strategy, though the planners and local government stayed at arm's-length from decision-making. This interpretive study demonstrates that the collaboration space can be a contested terrain where power and legitimation interrelate with process structures and activities, influencing meaning constructions and outcomes. Process structures are paradoxical in terms of shaping, constraining or enabling meaningful stakeholder participation. 'Consensus' is a problematic construct that can be shaped through the enactment of certain process rules, structures and activities, commencing in the convening stage. Local government initiators, destination...

241 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this article, two approaches to identifying the stakeholders who are affected by a tourism project and who might participate in collaborative tourism planning are discussed and analysed based on research carried out on stakeholders affected by the Costa Dourada project, a regional tourism planning initiative in north-east Brazil.
Abstract: The paper reviews approaches to identifying the stakeholders who are affected by a tourism project and who might participate in collaborative tourism planning. Two such approaches are discussed and analysed based on research carried out on stakeholders affected by the Costa Dourada project, a regional tourism planning initiative in north-east Brazil. The first approach involves assessing the stakeholders who had participated in the project planning by attending local workshops or project meetings intended to promote collaborative planning. The second involves interviewing a sample of stakeholders affected by the project and also stakeholders directly involved in the project planning, asking them for their views on stakeholders they consider relevant to the project but who were not participants in the planning process. These two approaches are used to examine whether the range of stakeholders participating in the planning process was representative of the stakeholders affected by the project and was also l...

219 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this article, a typology of sustainable tourism partnerships is developed, identifying dimensions by which tourism partnerships vary or are similar across time and geographic region, including geographic scale, legal basis, locus of control, organisational diversity and size.
Abstract: Partnerships and collaboration have come of age in the tourism field. However, our understanding of how partnerships form and how to build the capacity of appropriate collaborative ventures has lagged behind developments in the field. This paper first discusses how, within a United States context, partnerships are contributing to sustainable tourism development and then reviews past partnership research across several disciplines. Next, this research is extended by developing a preliminary typology of sustainable tourism partnerships, identifying dimensions by which tourism partnerships vary or are similar across time and geographic region. Representative tourism partnerships are selected and plotted along a number of dimensions including: geographic scale, legal basis, locus of control, organisational diversity and size, and time frame. By better understanding the diversity of forms partnerships take in response to societal pressures, tourism managers can begin to design partnerships that provide the app...

218 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this paper, a toolbox of techniques and technologies of wide applicability to the achievement of sustainable tourism development is presented, which can be used to explore conflicts, examine impacts and assist decision-making.
Abstract: Decision-making in tourism development and planning is becoming increasingly complex as organisations and communities have to come to terms with the competing economic, social and environmental demands of sustainable development. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can be regarded as providing a tool box of techniques and technologies of wide applicability to the achievement of sustainable tourism development. Spatial (environmental) data can be used to explore conflicts, examine impacts and assist decision-making. Impact assessment and simulation are increasingly important in tourism development, and GIS can play a role in auditing environmental conditions, examining the suitability of locations for proposed developments, identifying conflicting interests and modelling relationships. Systematic evaluation of environmental impact is often hindered by information deficiencies but also tools for data integration, manipulation, visualisation and analysis. GIS seems particularly suited to this task. This p...

186 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of intensity of cross-border partnerships is developed, and areas of coordination examined include management frameworks, infrastructure development, human resources, conservation, promotion, and international and local-level border concessions and treaty waivers, all of which play a part in the sustainable management of trans-frontier resources.
Abstract: This paper examines cross-border partnerships in three international parks along the US-Canada border based on principles of sustainable tourism. A model of intensity of cross-border partnerships is developed, and areas of coordination examined include management frameworks, infrastructure development, human resources, conservation, promotion, and international- and local-level border concessions and treaty waivers, all of which play a part in the sustainable management of trans-frontier resources. The findings suggest that the more integrated the two sides of an international park are in relation to the border, the higher the level of cooperation will be. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates the importance of bilateral treaties, official treaty waivers, and less formal local cooperation for laying the groundwork for sustainable management of cross-border tourism resources.

140 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that in the context of sustainable tourism, the processes of collaboration need to be considered as part of the wider sustainable development agenda that encourages cultural democracy as a legitimate policy goal in itself.
Abstract: Largely reflecting the wider sustainable development debate, the discourse of sustainable tourism has yet to significantly address the cultural basis that frames our perspectives on the central environment-economy relationship. Explanations are offered for why the cultural dimension of sustainable tourism has been largely under-emphasised. Collaboration, partnership and co-management with host communities and their cultures(s) has been an encouraging trend in the process of tourism development over recent years though it displays, and is structured around, localised inequalities and fundamental imbalances of power. The paper draws upon examples of 'indigenous tourism' to illustrate this. It argues that in the context of sustainable tourism, the processes of collaboration need to be considered as part of the wider sustainable development agenda that encourages cultural democracy as a legitimate policy goal in itself. Through the recognition of cultural diversity and the allocation of cultural rights, cultu...

134 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this article, the concept of adaptive management is modified from its contemporary usage in environmental management to collaborative planning in emergent tourism settings, where the focus on learning is considered more appropriate for confronting and addressing local power relations.
Abstract: In this paper, the concept of adaptive management is modified from its contemporary usage in environmental management to collaborative planning in emergent tourism settings. This application is possible because both emergent tourism settings and environmental planning situations are considered turbulent, characterised by change, uncertainty, complexity and conflict. Adaptive management attempts to embrace these conditions by establishing focused interventions from which unexpected outcomes provide opportunities for learning. While adaptive management shares some features of collaboration, its focus on learning is considered more appropriate for confronting and addressing local power relations within emergent tourism settings. Yet similar problems are encountered in applying the concept. These opportunities and limitations are considered in light of a case study in Squamish, Canada.

114 citations


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this article, a case study analyses the Farm Holiday Bureau, a national structure for farm accommodation in the United Kingdom, networked at local level, focusing on product quality and consistency, the development of external linkages, and the pursuit of repeat business.
Abstract: Better use of the marketing process in rural tourism could help create more sustainable forms of development by reducing provider isolation, utilising resources more effectively, and allowing rural tourism to connect with international flows of tourists The case study analyses the Farm Holiday Bureau, a national structure for farm accommodation in the United Kingdom, networked at local level The primary research included semi-structured interviews and two surveys, one postal and one self-administered The model highlights the different marketing activities carried out at the different levels of the national structure The structure tackled product quality and consistency, the development of external linkages, and the pursuit of repeat business, whilst enhancing local identity and sense of place The model offers direction for the creation of similar marketing structures, either for farm tourism in other countries or for other rural tourism products Above all, it acknowledges that marketing activity inc

106 citations



Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the value and scope of geographical information systems (GIS) in tourism planning and assess the level of current interest and adoption of the technology through studies of tourism and GIS consultants.
Abstract: This paper discusses the value and scope of geographical information systems (GIS) in tourism planning. The discussion focuses on the functionality and application of GIS in tourism development projects (TDPs) before moving on to assess the level of current interest and adoption of the technology through studies of tourism and GIS consultants. The paper argues that GIS can bring significant added value to decision making through data analysis, modelling and forecasting. A literature review focuses on TDPs in sensitive environmental and cultural contexts where the sustainability is a prime consideration. Many of these applications suggest that GIS is well suited to the practice of tourism planners but the findings of the studies suggest a limited use of the technology. Reasons for this lukewarm response include a limited awareness of GIS functionality, a preference for using tried and tested non-computer-based methods of planning, and a widespread avoidance of the technology because of the (assumed) high p...

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate collaboration and partnership working in two rural regions of Bulgaria and Romania, countries unable to match the performance of their CEE counterparts where tourism development is concerned.
Abstract: In many of the former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), the concept of developing wider involvement within decision making-processes remains inherently problematic. Prior to 1989, public participation was a limited and often ignored aspect of policy making. However, more recently throughout the region, tourist agencies, new regional organisations, a range of non-governmental organisations, and community groups have emerged in response to potential growth in new tourism industries, thus expanding the number of stakeholders involved. This paper investigates collaboration and partnership working in two rural regions of Bulgaria and Romania, countries unable to match the performance of their CEE counterparts where tourism development is concerned. It provides a reflective analysis of achievements within a framework of prerequisites to successful partnership working. Although both examples illustrate the emergence of new development practices, the paper questions their sustainability. Th...

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a historical and contextual analysis of the evolution and development of tourism in Kenya and use the product life cycle model as an analytical tool to explain the complex processes of tourism development in Kenya over the years.
Abstract: Until recently (the late 1980s) Kenya has been an important tourist destination, receiving over 6% of the total tourist arrivals to Africa. In 1989, the country received over 800,000 international tourists, and it was being predicted that if similar trends continued, the country could receive over 1 million tourists by the turn of the century. However, defying expert projections, Kenya's tourism industry experienced abrupt and unforeseeable decline in the 1990s, and currently the future of the country's tourism industry is uncertain. This paper provides a historical and contextual analysis of the evolution and development of tourism in Kenya. In order to put the evolution of tourism in Kenya in proper and broader context, the product life cycle model is used as an analytical tool. The model provides a conceptual framework to explain the complex processes of tourism development in Kenya over the years. However, as the study shows, while the product life cycle model is useful in explaining the development a...

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined alternative tourism and especially the form dubbed ecotourism and assesses its prospects for sustainable development in Kenya and also considered community participation in ecOTourism, the Kenya government policy on ecOT, and the initiatives to yield sustainable development.
Abstract: This article examines alternative tourism and especially the form dubbed ecotourism and assesses its prospects for sustainable development in Kenya. It also considers community participation in ecotourism, the Kenya government policy on ecotourism, and the initiatives to yield sustainable development in the country. The findings show that biodiversity conservation encourages and supports tourism which, in turn, provides money for conservation efforts and local development programmes. However, ecotourism has not necessarily led to small scale, locally owned tourism enterprises expected in the ecotourism model. The analysis shows nevertheless that alternative tourism development has drawn attention to the role of local people in biodiversity conservation, the basis of ecotourism. Hopefully, this will lead to greater local participation in the ownership, management and control of ecotourism enterprises.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply Gray's model of collaboration to deliberations concerning sustainable tourism on The Island Territory of Bonaire in the Caribbean, and examine stakeholder logic and strategy in attempting to coordinate three policy areas during the period 1993-98.
Abstract: This paper applies Gray's model of collaboration to deliberations concerning sustainable tourism on The Island Territory of Bonaire in the Caribbean. It examines stakeholder logic and strategy in attempting to coordinate three policy areas during the period 1993-98: those relating to hotel-room inventory, airline capacity and water pollution abatement. Relying on in-depth interviews with key participants, the paper analyses how Bonaire stakeholders attempted to pursue both economic and ecological approaches to sustainability by combining these three. It also examines why this effort has not yet been successful, an examination that emphasises a decline in tourist demand and an approach to collaboration that was unsystematic and lacking in institutionalised structure. Implications for collaboration theory include the findings that there is vulnerability in informal modes of organisation and that progress from one stage of deliberation to the next does not necessarily require closure at the earlier stage. Im...

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the possibilities currently available to the Turkish Cypriots, and recommended the possibilities of tourism in the south of Cyprus to avoid the pitfalls of the south.
Abstract: Since 1974, the Mediterranean island of Cyprus has been divided. The southern, Greek sector has benefited from international recognition as the Republic of Cyprus, and is generally much more developed than the unrecognised Turkish sector in the north. A boom in construction and environmental degradation has accompanied the rapid growth of southern Cyprus as a tourist destination. The large numbers of visitors are now viewed less positively than before, and the number of complaints by holidaymakers about noise and other forms of pollution is increasing. In contrast, northern Cyprus has been slow to develop, giving an important opportunity to the Turkish Cypriot community to avoid the pitfalls of the south.The growth of interest in alternative forms of tourism worldwide presents an opportunity for development to take place even where political problems exist, and to be both environmentally sensitive and profitable. This paper explores the possibilities currently available to the Turkish Cypriots, and recomm...

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that credible ecotourism must be firmly based in scientific ecological principles that define ecosystem integrity, especially the resilience of ecosystem processes to disturbance, and that such tolerance should be the fundamental measurement against which eco-tourism products are monitored.
Abstract: Ecotourism has become a popular form of tourism development and marketing in the past ten years, often harnessing the growth in public concern over the wise use of natural resources. In most cases, however, impacts on the ecosystems that are the resource base for ecotourism products are either externalised or their consequences incorporated into the natural evolution of tourism products. This paper is an attempt to stimulate debate on the role that more holistic resource management should play in ecotourism developments. We contend that this can only be achieved through an understanding of ecological science. Credible ecotourism must be firmly based in scientific ecological principles that define ecosystem integrity, especially the resilience of ecosystem processes to disturbance. Such tolerance should be the fundamental measurement against which ecotourism products are monitored.We introduce the term 'ecosystem tourism' to summarise this agenda to define truly sustainable ecotourism development.


Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: The Banff-Bow Valley Study (BBVS) as mentioned in this paper identified a common ground between the enduring and deeply help views of citizens espousing the maintenance of ecological integrity and those supporting continued freedom of access and enjoyment.
Abstract: The Banff-Bow Valley Study (BBVS), a major, two-year, $2.4 million study, sought to identify a common ground between the enduring and deeply help views of citizens espousing the maintenance of ecological integrity and those supporting continued freedom of access and enjoyment, as the country plans the future of the 'Crown Jewel' of Canada's National Park System. This article provides a review of a consensus-building approach that has been relatively neglected in tourism. The approach employed, Interest Based Negotiation (IBN), appears to have succeeded in improving understanding of the issues involved, in arriving at a common vision for the future of the region, and in facilitating the first steps towards implementation of consensus-based recommendations. Nearly two years following the submission of the Task Force's final report and its over 500 recommendations, the majority of stakeholders involved in the process remained optimistic that the IBN approach had indeed proven useful in finding a common groun...

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the role of downhill skiing as part of a sustainable policy for mountain areas in the Cairngorms area of the Scottish Highlands, using case studies and different perspectives on sustainability.
Abstract: The development of tourism in mountain areas can have profound influences on both the local economy and physical environment. One type of tourism activity which has aroused controversy because ofits negative consequences for the landscape is downhill skiing. As the concept of sustainability becomes increasingly influential in policy making, the future of downhill skiing in mountain areas can be viewed as uncertain. However, the extent to which policy will shift from an anthropocentric bias towards a more ecocentric approach is uncertain. One mountainous area that has recently developed a sustainable management strategy is the Cairngorms area of the Scottish Highlands. The development of downhill skiing in this area is highly contentious owing to the uniqueness of the physical environment. Using the case study and different perspectives on sustainability, the role of downhill skiing is evaluated as part of a sustainable policy for mountain areas.

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: In this article, a case study illustrates the importance of strong, philosophical statements implemented through an environmental planning and control system for the start-up phase of a backcountry mountain biking company in the Crowsnest Pass/Pincher Creek area of Alberta, Canada.
Abstract: This case study illustrates the importance of strong, philosophical statements implemented through an environmental planning and control system for the start-up phase of a backcountry mountain biking company in the Crowsnest Pass/Pincher Creek area of Alberta, Canada. Careful planning that showed a commitment to the environment allowed the founder access to the necessary trails located on public land. The key was to consider where the company's values and goals over lapped with the other stakeholders' values and goals and to develop a plan to achieve these goals through the help of its environmental management system (EMS). By developing a simple but effective monitoring and control system, the company was allowed to self-regulate, primarily by measuring its progress towards achieving its mission. The Land and Forest Department felt that the only regulation needed for Treadsoftly was adhering to is own environmental policy and monitoring its progress in implementing the policy through its own control syst...