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Showing papers in "Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society in 1968"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a rapid, sensitive method for evaluating antioxidants is described based on minimizing β-carotene loss in an emulsified, aqueous, coupled oxidation of linoleic acid and β-Carotene.
Abstract: A rapid, sensitive method for evaluating antioxidants is described. The antioxidant comparisons are based on minimizing β-carotene loss in an emulsified, aqueous, coupled oxidation of linoleic acid and β-carotene. The effects of linoleic acid levels were observed. Attempts to replace β-carotene with vitamin A or linoleic acid with ergosterol gave undesired results. The quantitative applications of the method are discussed.

426 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although bile is a special case, it is probable that the physical arrangement of the lipids in membranes, cellular organelles, lipoproteins, and adipose tissue can be suggested by studies of the interaction of lipid classes with themselves in water.
Abstract: A classification of lipids is presented, based upon their physical properties in bulk aqueous systems and at the air-water or oil-water interface. This is supported by binary-phase diagrams of the various classes of lipids in water. The interactions of the lipids of each class with a lipid of another class is illustrated by a series of different ternary-phase diagrams of two lipids in water. The various types of association and the molecular relation of one lipid to another are indicated. The interaction of three classes of lipids with water is illustrated in two examples by quaternary-phase diagrams of the three lipids in water. As an example of the application of these invitro studies, the composition of bile is correlated with a quaternary-phase diagram cholesterollecithin-bile salt-water. The correlation shows that human bile behaves as a biologic four-component system the physical state of which is entirely predictable from the quaternary-phase diagram. Although bile is a special case, it is probable that the physical arrangement of the lipids in membranes, cellular organelles, lipoproteins, and adipose tissue can be suggested by studies of the interaction of lipid classes with themselves in water.

236 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simple and convenient method for the quantitative preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids from glyceride fats and oils is described, using potassium methylate as catalyst and a heating interval of 2 min at 65C in a closed vial, is applicable to fats containing both low and high molecular weight fatty acids such as butteroil.
Abstract: A simple and convenient method for the quantitative preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids from glyceride fats and oils is described. The procedure, using potassium methylate as catalyst and a heating interval of 2 min at 65C in a closed vial, is applicable to fats containing both low and high molecular weight fatty acids such as butteroil. The methyl esters of samples ranging from a few mg to 30 mg are isolated by CS2 extraction and a TLC technique. A similar procedure using sulfuric acid in methanol as catalyst is described for the conversion of free fatty acids to methyl esters. For the routine analysis by GLC of fats and oils such as lard, tallow, soybean, cottonseed oil or butteroil, no isolation of the methyl ester is required. A CS2 extraction carried out in the reaction vial allows the GLC analysis immediately after the reaction period (2 min).

201 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, various types of crude and refined vegetable oils were analyzed for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P and Zn using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Abstract: Atomic absorption spectrophotometry has been used for the rapid determination of various metallic and nonmetallic elements in crude and refined vegetable oils and in animal fats, many present in levels of parts per million. Various types of crude and refined vegetable oils were analyzed for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P and Zn. This method of analysis has proven to be less time consuming, as accurate and more convenient than other spectroscopic techniques for elemental analyses.

147 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The solubilities of He, Ne, Ar, N2, O2, CO and CO2 in olive oil have been determined and the Meyer-Overton theory of transport through the cell membrane is extended.
Abstract: The solubilities of He, Ne, Ar, N2, O2, CO and CO2 in olive oil have been determined in the temperature range 24–56 C. The gas solubility apparatus was a considerably improved version of the one reported by Morrison and Billett and gave a precision, depending on the gas solvent system of ±0.2% to ±1.0%. Plots of log L, the Ostwald coefficient, and log α, the Bunsen coefficient, against 1/TK were linear and showed a small temperature dependence for CO2. The enthalpy and entropy changes corresponding to the solution process were calculated. The partition coefficients of the gases between olive oil and water were calculated using reported values for the solubility of the gases in water. These results have been used to test and extend the Meyer-Overton theory of transport through the cell membrane.

114 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a method for the analysis of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in oils is described, which is applicable to oils containing from 0.01% to 100% of CFA.
Abstract: A method is described for the analysis of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in oils. The method consists of reacting the methyl esters of the cyclopropenoid fatty acids with silver nitrate in methanol to form ether and ketone derivatives. The derivatives formed from the cyclopropenoid fatty acids are separated from the methyl esters of the normal fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography on a 15% diethylene glycol succinate column. The method is applicable to oils containing from 0.01% to 100% of cyclopropenoid fatty acids. The derivatives of oils containing lew levels of cyclopropenoids are separated from the normal methyl esters by alumina chromatography prior to gas-liquid chromatography. Studies on the quantitative aspects of the derivative formation, alumina chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography are reported. Analyses for total cyclopropenoid fatty acid content of cottonseed oil andSterculia foetida oil by the gas-liquid chromatographic and hydrobromic acid titration procedures showed good agreement. Replicate analyses of a sample ofSterculia foetida oil for malvalic and sterculic acid gave coefficients of variation of 6.04% and 1.17%, respectively.

105 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the composition of achenes from sunflower varieties Armavirec, Peredovik, VNIIMK 8931, Smena, Krasnodarets, Arrowhead and Mingren were analyzed.
Abstract: Comparative data are provided on the composition of achenes from sunflower varieties Armavirec, Peredovik, VNIIMK 8931, Smena, Krasnodarets, Arrowhead and Mingren. Handseparated achene components were analyzed. Kernel oil from seed raised in northern United States or southern Canada typically contains about 70% of linoleic acid. In addition to other common acids, traces of C17, C20, C22, C24 acids and linolenic acid are present. The amino acid composition of sunflower kernel protein suggests that the meal may be a valuable ingredient of high-quality feed or food materials. The hull is primarily cellulose, lignin and pentosans; hull lipid and protein differ in composition from the corresponding kernel constituents.

87 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Treatments with ammonia, methylamine, sodium hydroxide and ozone were effective in either destroying aflatoxins or greatly reducing aflatoxin levels as indicated both by TLC analysis and feeding experiments with ducklings and rats.
Abstract: Peanut meal containing aflatoxins was heat treated in the presence of moisture and chemicals to reduce the aflatoxin content. Treatments with ammonia, methylamine, sodium hydroxide and ozone were effective in either destroying aflatoxins or greatly reducing aflatoxin levels as indicated both by TLC analysis and feeding experiments with ducklings and rats. Weight gains for animals receiving the treated meals were essentially comparable to those for animals receiving aflatoxin-free meal. The treated meals, however, had somewhat reduced protein efficiency ratios, as indicated by rat feeding tests. Complete elimination of aflatoxins from contaminated peanut meal was achieved by extraction with a 90% acetone-10% water (w/w) solvent system. The extracted aflatoxin-free peanut meal gave good growth in the duckling and rat feeding tests, and had a relatively high protein efficiency ratio.

85 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: High meal moistures, high temperature, and longer treatment times favored inactivation as measured by thin-layer chromatography, while aflatoxins B1 and G1 were readily destroyed by the ozone processes whereas aflatoxin B2 appeared relatively resistant.
Abstract: Cottonseed and peanut meals were treated with ozone to destroy or eliminate aflatoxins. High meal moistures (cottonseed 22%, peanut 30%), high temperature (100C), and longer treatment times favored inactivation as measured by thin-layer chromatography. Aflatoxins B1 and G1 were readily destroyed by the ozone processes whereas aflatoxin B2 appeared relatively resistant. In cottonseed meal, 91% of the total aflatoxins was destroyed in 2 hr, a decrease from 214 to 20 ppb; in peanut meal, 78% was destroyed in 1 hr, a decrease from 82 to 18 ppb. In both meals, aflatoxin B1 was totally inactivated within the times specified.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Of particular interest in living systems are liquid crystals, which are formed by cholesteric esters and many protein materials, and the two-dimensional crystals (smectic structure), which are form by fatty acid derivatives.
Abstract: Most lipids do not pass, on heating, directly from a crystalline structure to an isotropic structure. They are often characterized by a number of intermediate phases, ranging from the plastic crystal, where the center of gravity of the molecule may rotate about one or more axes while the three-dimensional order of the crystal remains, to nematic liquid crystals, which have birefrigent properties of crystals and yet are characterized by completely random ordering of the molecular centers. The smectic and cholesteric liquid crystalline structures are most commonly encountered in lipids. The structural characteristics of these systems are discussed. Of particular interest in living systems are liquid crystals, which are formed by cholesteric esters and many protein materials, and the two-dimensional crystals (smectic structure), which are formed by fatty acid derivatives. The mechanisms of energy transfer and the mechanical alignment in these liquid crystalline systems are unique and require different considerations from those found adaptable to liquids or solids. The properties of liquid crystals which might best be associated with living systems will be discussed, including surface properties and diffusivity.

70 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols at various concentrations and a mixture of these tocopherols representing the averagetocherol content of peanut oil on the oxidative stability of lard at 97C was made.
Abstract: A comparison was made of α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol at various concentrations and a mixture of these tocopherols representing the average tocopherol content of peanut oil on the oxidative stability of lard at 97C. Uptake of oxygen was used to indicate the length of the induction period. The antioxidant effectiveness of the tocopherols was found to increase in the order α, δ, γ. The antioxidant efficiency decreases with increasing concentrations of tocopherols such that addition of any single tocopherol above a concentration of 250 µg/g has little effect on oxidative stability. A mixture equivalent to that of an average peanut oil sample, containing 150 µg/g of α-tocopherol and 250 µg/g of γ-tocopherol and 15 µg/g of δ-tocopherol was found to be no more stable than one containing 250 µg/g of γ-tocopherol alone.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Qualitative and quantitative data show that the cleavage in fatty acids essentially follows a specific pattern and is not random and a mechanism of radiolysis is proposed.
Abstract: The effect of gamma radiation on simple triglycerides was investigated. Trilaurin, trimyristin, tripalmitin, tristearin, tripalmitolein, triolein and trilinolenin were irradiated under vacuum at 6 megarads. The volatile breakdown products were separated by vacuum distillation and identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Qualitative and quantitative data show that the cleavage in fatty acids essentially follows a specific pattern and is not random. A mechanism of radiolysis is proposed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Medium-chain triglycerides, prepared from fractionated fatty acids of vegetable oils ranging from caproic to lauric, have been prepared and used in the treatment of patients suffering from malabsorption syndromes and modifications of such esters for special medicinal and nutritional uses are suggested.
Abstract: Medium-chain triglycerides, prepared from fractionated fatty acids of vegetable oils ranging from caproic to lauric, have been prepared and used in the treatment of patients suffering from malabsorption syndromes. Commercial practices for processing of the kernel oils to obtain such fractionation of fatty acids are described, and the practical sources for such medium-chain fatty acids are given. Medium-chain esters of synthetic fatty acids and modifications of such esters for special medicinal and nutritional uses are suggested for future consideration and application.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The contribution of x-ray diffraction has made to the understanding of triglyceride polymorphism is reviewed in this article, where the crystal structure of these compounds is explained in terms of molecular orientation in the crystal lattices.
Abstract: The contribution that x-ray diffraction has made to the understanding of triglyceride polymorphism is reviewed. The crystal structure of these compounds is explained in terms of molecular orientation in the crystal lattices. At the present time only the crystal structure of the monoacid saturated triglycerides has been reasonably well defined. Mixed triglycerides and mixtures thereof have not yet been fully investigated. This review stresses the need for systematic correlation of the crystal structure of fats with the molecular composition and configuration.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The arsenic content of phospholipid fractions separated from codliver oil and herring oil was analyzed and indicated that the arsenic appears as arseno or-ganic compounds.
Abstract: The arsenic content of phospholipid fractions separated from codliver oil(Gadus morrhua) and herring oil(Clupea harengus) was analyzed by means of neutron activation The fractions were separated on a silicic acid column by chloroform/ methanol mixtures as eluting agents The results indicate that the arsenic appears as arseno or-ganic compounds Two such compounds were evident in herring oil

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Partially hydrogenated soybean oil (Iodine Value 78) was heated at 182 C for 10, 8.5-hr, days with exposure to air as discussed by the authors, which was converted to ethyl esters, which were distilled and adducted with urea.
Abstract: Substances produced at low levels in fat by heating were isolated and characterized. Partially hydrogenated soybean oil (Iodine Value 78) was heated at 182 C for 10, 8.5-hr, days with exposure to air. The oil was converted to ethyl esters, which were distilled and adducted with urea. The nonadductable fraction was subjected to chromatographic separations, and some of the components were purified sufficiently for chemical and spectroscopic characterization. Substances recognized include aromatic esters, saturated and unsaturated cyclic esters, ethoxyoctadecenoate, ethoxyhydroxyoctadecanoate, oxo-octadecanoate, oxo-octadecenoate, and cyclic hydroxy esters, all having 18 carbons in the acid chain.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fatty acids with conjugated unsaturation occur in many seed oils and current theories of their biosynthesis in the seed, involving oxygenated precursors, are summarized.
Abstract: Fatty acids with conjugated unsaturation occur in many seed oils. Thirty of these acids are reviewed with emphasis on their detection, isolation, and structure determination. Their distribution among plant families is shown, and a botanical source of each acid is given. Some reactions, derivatives, and methods of determining configuration are described. Current theories of their biosynthesis in the seed, involving oxygenated precursors, are summarized.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The decrease in rate of oxygen consumption on the lowering of partial oxygen pressure at at-mospheric pressure was found to depend on the varying influence of the nonoxygen-dependent and the oxygen-dependent reactions of the prop-agation.
Abstract: Oxidation was measured by oxygen consump-tion in a Warburg apparatus, modified to main-tain constant partial oxygen pressure by auto-matic electrolytic generation of oxygen with automatic recording of the oxygen consumed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rats fed MCT had slightly lower growth rates and caloric efficiency values, less carcass fat and smaller epididymal fat pads than animals fed conventional dietary fats, and the volume of milk secreted by the rats receiving the MCT diet was smaller and contained a lower level of fat, resulting in slower gains in weight.
Abstract: Nutritional evaluation of a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) preparation, containing about 75% octanoic acid and 25% decanoic acid, was carried out in short- and long-term experiments in rats. A casein diet containing 19.6% MCT and 2.5% safflower oil, the latter to supply essential fatty acids, was compared with similar diets containing conventional dietary fats. Data obtained in a 47-week study showed that the MCT diet supported normal growth and development. At autopsy, carcass protein and ash levels, vital organ weights and composition were similar to those in rats fed conventional fats. Histological study showed that intestinal and liver sections were normal after 47 weeks on the MCT-containing diet. In general, rats fed MCT had slightly lower growth rates and caloric efficiency values, less carcass fat and smaller epididymal fat pads than animals fed conventional dietary fats. Little C8 and C10 were found in depot fat. The MCT diet also supported normal reproducton, as indicated by litter size and number. During lactation the volume of milk secreted by the rats receiving the MCT diet was smaller and contained a lower level of fat than that secreted by the rats receiving an oleo oil diet, resulting in slower gains in weight in the MCT group. After weaning, growth of the rats fed MCT compared favorably with that attained by the animals on the diet containing oleo oil.

PatentDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a process where COTTON SEED FLAKES are interacted with ACETONE containing 25-30% water to remove all of the grossy-pork, most of the free fatty acid, about half of the raffinose, and nEGLIGIBLE quantities of NEUTRAL OIL and protein.
Abstract: THIS INVENTION RELATES TO A PROCESS FOR EXTRACTING COTTONSEED FLAKES. MORE PARTICULARLY, THIS INVENTION RELATES TO A PROCESS WHEREBY COTTONSEED FLAKES ARE EXTRACTED WITH ACETONE CONTAINING 25-30% WATER TO REMOVE ALL OF THE GOSSYPOL, MOST OF THE FREE FATTY ACIDS, ABOUT HALF OF THE RAFFINOSE, AND NEGLIGIBLE QUANTITIES OF NEUTRAL OIL AND PROTEIN.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Modifications in the extraction solvent, lead acetate, and silica gel extract purification steps, and the TLC development conditions of the aqueous acetone procedure of Pons et al. provides an improved method with essentially quantitative recovery of aflatoxins added to typical cottonseed materials.
Abstract: Modifications in the extraction solvent, lead acetate, and silica gel extract purification steps, and the TLC development conditions of the aqueous acetone procedure of Pons et al. [JAOAC49, 554–562 (1966)] for the estimation of aflatoxins in cottonseed products, provides an improved method with essentially quantitative recovery of aflatoxins added to typical cottonseed materials. Both the accuracy and precision of aflatoxin estimates are significantly improved by the incorporation of an objective fluorodensitometric measurement of aflatoxins on TLC plates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the solubilities of water in rapeseed oil, coconut oil, and a palm-coconut oil mixture were determined at temperatures of 60C, 80C, and 100C.
Abstract: The solubilities of water in rapeseed oil, coconut oil, and a palm-coconut oil mixture were determined at temperatures of 60C, 80C, and 100C. Oil samples were equilibrated with water vapor under conditions of constant temperature and humidity. The equilibrium water content was determined by means of the Karl Fischer titration method. The solubility was found to be independent of the type of oil when expressed in terms of the mole fraction. An equation relating solubility and temperature is given.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the x-ray structure analysis of a single crystal of the β-@#@ form of 2-11-bromoundecanoyl-l, 1- dicaprin has revealed an arrangement of carbon atom chains within a molecular layer that is identical to that found in the β -form monoacid triglycerides.
Abstract: The x-ray structure analysis of a single crystal of the β-@#@ form of 2-11-bromoundecanoyl-l, 1- dicaprin has revealed an arrangement of carbon atom chains within a molecular layer that is identical to that found in the β-form monoacid triglycerides. However the packing of the molec-ular layers within the crystal lattice is sub-stantially different because of the unequal fatty acid chain-lengths in the symmetrical diacid triglyceride of this investigation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Most of the14C recovered in hepatic lipids after incubation with 1−14C octanoate was found in the carboxyl groups of long-chain fatty acids, suggesting that the latter had been synthesized from 2-carbon fragments formed from the oxidation ofoctanoate.
Abstract: The hepatic metabolism of 1−14C octanoic acid was compared with that of 1−14C palmitic acid in male rats which were fed. After intraportal injection only 1/6 to 1/18 as much octanoic acid as palmitic acid was incorporated into hepatic lipids. In contrast, octanoic acid yielded two to four times as much water-soluble product as did palmitic acid. Similar, but even more impressive, differences between the incorporation of these fatty acids into hepatic lipids were observed in liver slices incubated with14C octanoate and14C palmitate. The oxidation of octanoate to CO2 was more than 10 times as great as that of palmitate. With both substrates, triglycerides comprised almost half the labeled lipid recovered. However octanoate yielded a higher proportion of labeled, unesterified fatty acids and a lower proportion of labeled phospholipid and monoglycerides than did palmitate. Most of the14C recovered in hepatic lipids after incubation with 1−14C octanoate was found in the carboxyl groups of long-chain fatty acids, suggesting that the latter had been synthesized from 2-carbon fragments formed from the oxidation of octanoate. In contrast, only a small fraction of the palmitate was elongated. The similarities and differences between the metabolism of octanoic and palmitic acid in liver and intestine, and the possible nutritional significance of octanoic acid are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The advantages of a wet-heat treatment in processing rapeseed are discussed and the new wet- heat method of processing to inactivate myrosinase also results in the production of an improved quality of oil.
Abstract: The thioglucosides (which are precursors of toxic principles) and the fibrous hulls of rapeseed are the two major factors which limit the utilization of rapeseed meal as a protein supplement in human foods. In commercial practice the enzyme responsible for the liberation of toxic principles from thioglucosides is destroyed by a dry-heat treatment, but no attempt is made to remove the thioglucosides or the fibrous matter from the meal. The new wet-heat method of processing to inactivate myrosinase also results in the production of an improved quality of oil. In this paper the advantages of a wet-heat treatment in processing rapeseed are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The oxidative stability of partially processed soybean oil has been investigated in laboratory-and plant-scale tests as mentioned in this paper, and the effects of this oxidation on finished product quality have been measured.
Abstract: The oxidative stability of partially processed soybean oil has been investigated in laboratory-and plant-scale tests. Oxidation, as measured by peroxide formation, has been related to storage time and temperature, and availability of oxygen. The effects of this oxidation on finished product quality have been measured. Soybean oil stores best as crude oil. After refining and bleaching, the oil is more susceptible to oxidation than at other stages in processing. Increase in peroxide content is both time and temperature dependent. Substantial improvement in product quality can be obtained by minimizing exposure to oxygen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) in combination with reduced relative humidities (RH) and temperatures on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in peanuts were investigated.
Abstract: Effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) in combination with reduced relative humidities (RH) and temperatures on growth and aflatoxin production byAspergillus flavus in peanuts were investigated. Sound mature kernels of Early Runner peanuts were surface disinfested, inoculated withA. flavus, and incubated at various temperatures, RH, and CO2 concentrations. Visible growth, aflatoxin production, and free fatty acid (FFA) formation byA. flavus was inhibited at approximately 86% RH by 20% CO2 at 17C and by 60 and 40% CO2 at 25C. Aflatoxin and FFA levels decreased as RH decreased from approximately 99% to 92% to 86%. At a constant temperature, an increase in CO2 concentration caused a decrease in aflatoxin and percentage FFA; and, at a given CO2 concentration, lowering the temperature resulted in a decrease in aflatoxin and percentage FFA.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aqueous isopropanol was found to be an effective solvent for removal of aflatoxins from contaminated cottonseed and peanut meals.
Abstract: Aqueous isopropanol was found to be an effective solvent for removal of aflatoxins from contaminated cottonseed and peanut meals. Extraction with 6 passes of 80% aqueous isopropanol at 60C resulted in complete removal of aflatoxins in both meals, as measured by thin-layer chromatography. Under similar extraction conditions, the isopropanol-water azeotrope, 88% isopropanol by weight, removed 88% of the total aflatoxins in peanut meal, a reduction from 82 to 10 ppb, and 79% of the total aflatoxins in cottonseed meal, a reduction from 214 to 46 ppb. Lower temperatures were less effective with both solvent systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that a good gas chromatographic technique effectively counteracts weaknesses in other analytical steps and frequently permit perfect reconstitution of the overall and positional distribution of fatty acids, which must be the ultimate test of the success of the entire analytical scheme.
Abstract: Inclusion of gas chromatography of diglycerides in the various schemes proposed for sub-fractionation of natural glyceryl phosphatides increases the accuracy of identification and quantitation of the individual molecular species. This is due to its efficiency in classifying the molecular weights and proportions of the diglycerides recovered from thin-layer chromatography according to their degree of unsaturation. Determination of the complete structure of glyceryl phosphatides requires standardization of all steps of the analytical system including lipid extractions, enzyme hydrolyses, and thin-layer and gas chromatography. This presentation reviews some of the practical aspects of quantitative gas chromatography of diglycerides and fatty acids as applied in the determination of the molecular species of glyceryl phosphatides. It is shown that a good gas chromatographic technique effectively counteracts weaknesses in other analytical steps. The additional cross-checks provided by the gas chromatography of the diglycerides greatly improve the overall accuracy of the data and frequently permit perfect reconstitution of the overall and positional distribution of fatty acids, which must be the ultimate test of the success of the entire analytical scheme.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, transition temperatures and enthalpies of pure odd and even sodium soaps were determined by means of dif-ferential thermal analysis and scanning calorim-etry.
Abstract: Transition temperatures and enthalpies and some phase diagrams of pure odd and even sodium soaps have been determined by means of dif-ferential thermal analysis and scanning calorim-etry. Branched sodium soaps have been added for comparison.