Showing papers in "Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association in 1949"
TL;DR: A key for identification of powdered vegetable drugs based on their fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation is presented and possible application of the method and its shortcomings are discussed.
Abstract: An introductory section includes a brief resume of previous observations on the fluorescence of crude drugs and drug products exposed to ultraviolet radiation. A key for identification of powdered vegetable drugs based on their fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation is presented. Possible application of the method and its shortcomings are discussed.
457 citations
TL;DR: In this article, clinically useful antiepileptic drugs were assayed in rats for their ability to modify or prevent electrically or chemically induced seizures, including modification of seizure pattern, ability to elevate normal and experimentally reduced electroshock threshold for minimal seizures, and antagonism to Metrazol.
Abstract: Clinically useful antiepileptic drugs were assayed in rats for their ability to modify or prevent electrically or chemically induced seizures. The assays included modification of seizure pattern, ability to elevate normal and experimentally reduced electroshock threshold for minimal seizures, and antagonism to Metrazol. Toxic doses (TD50) and protective doses (PD50) were determined graphically and the protective indices calculated (TD50/PD50).
99 citations
TL;DR: A fluorometric method and a colorimetric method are presented for the quantitative determination of aureomycin and the results obtained are compared with those found by the cup-plate bioassay.
Abstract: A fluorometric method and a colorimetric method are presented for the quantitative determination of aureomycin. Both procedures are simple and require only common reagents. Time rate studies are included for the separate steps in the procedures. In addition, the results obtained by the chemical methods are compared with those found by the cup-plate bioassay. The products used in this study were commercial samples of aureomycin in the dosage forms of powders, capsules, and troches.
60 citations
TL;DR: It has been demonstrated that acute toxicity by vein and by mouth are unrelated and neither are acute and subacute oral toxicity related quantitatively.
Abstract: The toxicological properties of several surface-active agents have been investigated. It has been demonstrated that acute toxicity by vein and by mouth are unrelated. Neither are acute and subacute oral toxicity related quantitatively. Blood pressure effects have not been found to be important factors in intravenous toxicity.
46 citations
TL;DR: This paper describes a simple method for the assay of curare activity using rats using commercial samples of Intocostrin and d -Tubocurarine Chloride as the active agents.
Abstract: This paper describes a simple method for the assay of curare activity using rats. The method employs a stationary sloping screen. Commercial samples of Intocostrin and d -Tubocurarine Chloride were used as the active agents.
21 citations
TL;DR: Cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen and glucose utilization and mean blood pressure were determined in a series of humans before and after the intravenous administration of amphetamine.
Abstract: Cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen and glucose utilization and mean blood pressure were determined in a series of humans before and after the intravenous administration of amphetamine. Amphetamine sulfate, 20 mg., increased mean blood pressure, and reduced cerebral blood flow and oxygen uptake in the majority of subjects.
19 citations
TL;DR: The hydrophilic properties of standard bulk laxatives are compared with two new synthetic agents and new and modified methods for the in vitro evaluation of such agents are described.
Abstract: This study was undertaken to find a laxative agent superior to those now in use. The hydrophilic properties of standard bulk laxatives are compared with two new synthetic agents. New and modified methods for the in vitro evaluation of such agents are described.
18 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the dialkyl phenols are more irritant locally than the trialkyl phenols studied, and apparently a species susceptibility since rats and guinea pigs are less susceptible to the compound by both the oral and the skin route.
Abstract: Of the compounds studied, 2-t-butyl 4-methylphenol, 2-t-butyl 5-methylphenol, 2,4-di-t-butyl 5-methylphenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol and 3,5-dimethylphenol have a lower degree of acute toxicity than phenol itself However, 2,4-dimethyl-6-t-butyl-phenol is unique in its toxicity to the rabbit, being as lethal by simple application to the intact skin as by the oral route of administration This is apparently a species susceptibility since rats and guinea pigs are less susceptible to the compound by both the oral and the skin route It is concluded that the dialkyl phenols are more irritant locally than the trialkyl phenols studied
15 citations
TL;DR: There is now general agreement that tears are isotonic with 0.9 per cent sodium chloride solution.
Abstract: The p H of tears is approximately 7.4. Further study reveals the fact that the p H of tears increases very rapidly to a value of 8.2 or higher on standing under conditions which permit loss of carbon dioxide. There is now general agreement that tears are isotonic with 0.9 per cent sodium chloride solution.
15 citations
TL;DR: The extraction of the dried powdered root according to the successive solvent extraction method, the general lead method, and the Stas-Otto method did not establish the presence of an alkaloid, but did establish the existence of the following substances: starch, gum, hemicellulose, sucrose, oxalates, nitrates, steroid materials, and at least one water-soluble saponin.
Abstract: The extraction of the dried powdered root according to the successive solvent extraction method, the general lead method, and the Stas-Otto method did not establish the presence of an alkaloid, but did establish the presence of the following substances: starch, gum, hemicellulose, sucrose, oxalates, nitrates, steroid materials, and at least one water-soluble saponin. In further search for an alkaloid, the dried powdered root, as well as the expressed juice of the fresh root, was subjected to extensive investigation which embodies various techniques, namely: solvent extraction, precipitation, adsorption, and distillation—with negative results. By pharmacological studies, the toxicity of the root, by elimination, was confined to certain extractives and ultimately led to the acidic steroid sapotoxin, m. p. 212°, the physiological activity of which was correlated in all respects to the reported physiological activity of the root and its crude extract. This crystalline toxic principle was subjected to physical, chemical, and pharmacological examination.
14 citations
TL;DR: The results of a hematological study on three species of warm-blooded animals after a series of exposures to p-dichlorobenzene vapors indicate that this compound has a selective action on the granulocytes of the blood.
Abstract: A determination of the LD50, dose of p-dichlorobenzene by the method of Bliss is presented. The results of a hematological study on three species of warm-blooded animals after a series of exposures to p-dichlorobenzene vapors indicate that this compound has a selective action on the granulocytes of the blood. Contrary to reports in the literature a histological study of twelve rabbits, thirteen rats, and eight guinea pigs, representing those animals dying or sacrificed after a series of exposures to p-dichlorobenzene vapors, revealed comparatively little liver damage or evidence of a definite hepatitis. Every animal, without exception, showed marked and extensive damage to die kidneys.
TL;DR: The results of a study of the ultraviolet spectrophotometric absorption characteristics of aqueous solutions of theophylline, theobromine, and caffeine at different pH values are reported and the basic dissociation constants of each of the three substances correspond to pKb value of not less than 13 in any case.
Abstract: The results of a study of the ultraviolet spectrophotometric absorption characteristics of aqueous solutions of theophylline, theobromine, and caffeine at different pH values are reported. From these data the acidic dissociation constants of theophylline and theobromine, expressed as pKa values, were found to be 8.6 and 10, respectively. The basic dissociation constants of each of the three substances correspond to pKb value of not less than 13 in any case.
TL;DR: The effects of soil, irrigation, fertilizing, form of cultivation, and other environmental factors on Hyoscyamus muticus during cultivation have been determined.
Abstract: The effects of soil, irrigation, fertilizing, form of cultivation, and other environmental factors on Hyoscyamus muticus during cultivation have been determined. The effect of the factors studied upon the yield of alkaloids from the plant is particularly emphasized.
TL;DR: An attempt was made to synthesize some esters of p-carboxybenzamidine wherein their structure resembled that of the common local anesthetics in general use.
Abstract: An attempt was made to synthesize some esters of p-carboxybenzamidine wherein their structure resembled that of the common local anesthetics in general use. The compounds synthesized differ from the esters of p-amino-benzoic acid only in that the amidino group replaces the p-amino group. The methyl through hexyl series of esters of p-carboxybenzamidine were prepared.
TL;DR: A simple chloroform extraction is described, and a method is suggested for the determination of the three-component mixture by means of infrared absorption spectrometry that was found to be an improvement over previously described methods in that it is less time-consuming and more accurate.
Abstract: The results of a study on the simultaneous determination of aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine are reported. A simple chloroform extraction is described, and a method is suggested for the determination of the three-component mixture by means of infrared absorption spectrometry. This procedure was found to be an improvement over previously described methods in that it is less time-consuming and more accurate.
TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt was made to synthesize some esters of p-carboxybenzamidine wherein their structure resembled that of the common local anesthetics in general use.
Abstract: An attempt was made to synthesize some esters of p-carboxybenzamidine wherein their structure resembled that of the common local anesthetics in general use. The compounds synthesized differ from the esters of p-amino-benzoic acid only in that the amidino group replaces the p-amino group. The methyl through hexyl series of esters of p-carboxybenzamidine were prepared.
TL;DR: A bacteriological study was made of demineralizing units containing synthetic anion and cation exchange resins for the production of water with low mineral content, indicating that there exists a wide variation in the bacterial content of deionized water.
Abstract: A bacteriological study was made of demineralizing units containing synthetic anion and cation exchange resins for the production of water with low mineral content. The conditions studied were: the chemical purity of the effluent, intervals of time elapsing between successive operations of the deionizing units, and the frequency of resin regeneration. The results obtained indicate that there exists a wide variation in the bacterial content of deionized water which is conditioned by the manner in which these units are operated and that the bacterial content of the effluent bears no relationship to its chemical purity.
TL;DR: Two previously unreported, isomeric triterpene hydroxy-acids were isolated and identified through its acetate, acetyl-acid chloride, and methyl ester.
Abstract: Tbymus vulgaris L. has been investigated for its nonvolatile constituents. Two previously unreported, isomeric triterpene hydroxy-acids were isolated. Oleanolic acid, C39H48O3, was obtained from the petroleum ether extract and characterized through its acetate. Ursolic acid, C30H48O3, was isolated from the ethyl ether extract and identified through its acetate, acetyl-acid chloride, and methyl ester.
TL;DR: Using the method of Edmunds and Cushny as recently modified by Fugo and Aragon (rabbits intravenously) and one or two modifications are suggested which seem to make the method more accurate than the white mouse and rat methods previously used for antidiuretic assays.
Abstract: Using the method of Edmunds and Cushny as recently modified by Fugo and Aragon (rabbits intravenously), a total of 134 animals, made diuretic by glucose given intravenously, were tested with “Pitressin” and other posterior pituitary fractions to show quantitatively their antidiuretic activity. In most cases the relative antidiuretic activity was in good agreement with the relative pressor values but notably the International Reference Standard was only about 75 per cent as active as the U. S. P. Reference Standard instead of being equally active. One or two modifications are suggested which seem to make the method more accurate than the white mouse and rat methods previously used for antidiuretic assays.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a procedure for the determination of d -tubocurarine chloride in aqueous solution based on direct ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination and on colorimetric determination of the Reineckate complex.
Abstract: Rapid and convenient procedures for the determination of d -tubocurarine chloride in aqueous solution based on direct ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination and on colorimetric determination of the Reineckate complex are reported. These procedures give results agreeing closely with calculated values.
TL;DR: Absorption of phenolsulfonphthalein from the Carbowax base through the intact human skin was demonstrated clinically and addition of cetyl alcohol and silica markedly reduced the absorption of the dye and the potassium iodide.
Abstract: The penetration of potassium iodide and phenolsulfonphthalein from “Carbowax” vehicles through the intact skin of albino rats has been studied. A change in rate and amount of penetration caused by the addition of silica, cetyl alcohol, wool fat, petrolatum, and “Tergitol” was demonstrated. Addition of cetyl alcohol and silica markedly reduced the absorption of the dye and the potassium iodide while the addition of petrolatum and wool fat caused a small decrease. Tergitol had little influence. A study also was made on the release of antiseptics from the same vehicles using a modified F. D. A. agar cup method. Absorption of phenolsulfonphthalein from the Carbowax base through the intact human skin was demonstrated clinically.
TL;DR: A new method for the quantitative determination of human and animal surface lipids is described and average lipid values for men and women have been determined and frequency distribution curves are presented.
Abstract: A new method for the quantitative determination of human and animal surface lipids is described. Average lipid values for men and women have been determined and frequency distribution curves are presented. The effects of soaps, astringents, and temperature on the lipid production of human beings have been studied. The action of sex hormones, thyroxin, and thiouracil on the sebaceous gland activity of the albino rat has also been considered.
TL;DR: Twenty-four of the common gastric antacids of the nonsystemic type were purchased and compared potentiometrically for their relative buffering capacities to obtain unbiased information that will serve to rate antacid according to their relative efficiencies.
Abstract: In order to obtain unbiased information that will serve to rate antacids according to their relative efficiencies, the study reported here was undertaken. Twenty-four of the common gastric antacids of the nonsystemic type were purchased and compared potentiometrically for their relative buffering capacities. The data collected are presented.
TL;DR: A colorimetric method applicable to barbiturates in pharmaceutical preparations is described in this article, based on the stable color complex formed by the reaction of the barbitrate with a cobalt salt in an anhydrous alkaline medium.
Abstract: A colorimetric method applicable to barbiturates in pharmaceutical preparations is described. The method is based on the stable color complex formed by the reaction of the barbiturates with a cobalt salt in an anhydrous alkaline medium.
TL;DR: The results reported in this article indicate that the reactivity of the two substances with the Baljet reagent on a molar basis is essentially the same as that of the non-Baljet reagents.
Abstract: The Baljet reagent has been used in a quantitative study of the color reaction of digitoxigenin and digitoxin with that reagent. The results reported in this paper indicate the reactivity of the two substances with the Baljet reagent on a molar basis to be essentially the same. If extreme precision is required, however, correction must be made for the effect of the digitoxose portion of the digitoxin molecule.
TL;DR: The heightened bacteriostatic power of Ointment A is proably due to the fact that resorcinol, itself an antiseptic, is quite soluble in water.
Abstract: The heightened bacteriostatic power of Ointment A is proably due to the fact that resorcinol, itself an antiseptic, is quite soluble in water. Since the agar test medium contains much water the resorcinol in the ointment, particularly a t the edge of the cup where the ointment is in contact with the agar, will dissolve and diffuse into the medium, thereby increasing the inhibition zone. It is open to question whether this same increase in bacteriostasis would be obtained under actual conditions of topical application. The testing under such conditions offers a difficult problem.
TL;DR: Potentiometric titrations as applied to pharmaceutical control procedures are demonstrated in this paper, where the Soxhlet extraction of alcohol-soluble titratable constituents is shown to be a method of control.
Abstract: Potentiometric titrations as applied to pharmaceutical control procedures are demonstrated. Considerable time may be saved by avoiding extraction methods, especially on colored preparations where it is impossible to use indicators. The barbiturates, their sodium salts, and other organic salts which are soluble in ethyl alcohol are titrated directly. The Soxhlet extraction of alcohol-soluble titratable constituents is shown to be a method of control. Graphs illustrate the effectiveness of potentiometric methods. A table comparing the results of titrations with conventional assay methods is given.
TL;DR: The performance of the Borntraeger reaction on the emodin-containing drugs was reinves-tigated and the fluorescence seems to be due to the anthraquinone derivatives and can be used to trace them during extraction procedures.
Abstract: The performance of the Borntraeger reaction on the emodin-containing drugs was reinves-tigated. Colorimetric, spectrophotometric, and fluorometric analyses were used as measures to determine the best procedure, reagents, and organi: solvents to be employed. The color of the fluorescence under ultraviolet is specific for each of the drugs containing emodin and can be used in their identity. The fluorescence seems to be due to the anthraquinone derivatives and can be used to trace them during extraction procedures.