Showing papers in "Journal of The American Planning Association in 1959"
TL;DR: In this article, an empirical analysis of the residential development patterns illustrates that accessibility and the availability of vacant developable land can be used as the basis of a residential land use model.
Abstract: An empirical examination of the residential development patterns illustrates that accessibility and the availability of vacant developable land can be used as the basis of a residential land use model. The author presents an operational definition and suggests a method for determining accessibility patterns within metropolitan areas. This is a process of distributing forecasted metropolitan population to small areas within the metropolitan region. Although the model presented is not yet sufficiently well refined for estimating purposes, the concept and the approach may be potentially useful tools for metropolitan planning purposes.
2,954 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed a project where the neighborhood chosen for clearance is a low-rent area, rather than a slum, since the majority of the structures and facilities cannot be proved to be harmful to their inhabitants or to the city.
Abstract: Redevelopment and relocation procedures in large American cities frequently benefit the redevel-oper and his tenants more than the site residents. In the project analyzed here, the neighborhood chosen for clearance is a low-rent area, rather than a slum, since the majority of the structures and facilities cannot be proved to be harmful to their inhabitants or to the city. In addition to losing their neighborhood, the 2,800 households on the site are subsidizing the redevelopment by the involuntary payment of a number of economic, social, and psychological costs because of inadequate relocation planning. Recommendations to correct serious inequities in all phases of renewal procedures are suggested.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a parallel technique to national income accounting can be used for analyzing the social choices made within a population, based upon the ways people spend their time, and the cumulative data on time allocations are used to indicate whether the life of various sections of the population is getting richer and the effectiveness of programs directed to modifying the social and physical environment can be tested.
Abstract: It is possible to develop indices of the richness of life in urban communities. A parallel technique to national income accounting can be used for analyzing the social choices made within a population. It is based upon the ways people spend their time. Improvements in income and social development are accompanied by increases in the amount of time spent in public activity. They are reflected also in an increase in the variety of life. Thus, the cumulative data on time allocations can be used to indicate whether the life of various sections of the population is getting richer, and the effectiveness of programs directed to modifying the social and physical environment can be tested.
33 citations
TL;DR: The author identifies some of the major dimensions of the land use concept, and attempts to make each dimension the basis of a distinct land use classification, a multiple classification system which is comprehensive, flexible, and well suited to modern machine-techniques of data manipulation.
Abstract: “Land use” is a key term in the language of city planning, but its meaning is growing ever more ambiguous. In this article, the author identifies some of the major dimensions of the land use concept, and attempts to make each dimension the basis of a distinct land use classification. The result is a multiple classification system which is comprehensive, flexible, and well suited to modern machine-techniques of data manipulation; it is also capable of putting land use data in a form which corresponds to many of the practical concerns of planning.
26 citations
TL;DR: As a result of central city decay, both urban renewal and metropolitan area planning are emerging into the forefront of local politics and realistic politicians are eyeing the vote-getting appeal of planning.
Abstract: As a result of central city decay, both urban renewal and metropolitan area planning are emerging into the forefront of local politics. Realistic politicians are eyeing the vote-getting appeal of planning. Planners are increasingly abandoning their aloof role of unloved civic vestal virgins and entering the civic arena. Plans are ceasing to be the civic New Year's resolution and embalmed work of art of the old master-plan days and becoming the action programs of a problem-solving community. This is clear gain for the quality of local public life and promises to make planning a vital political process rather than an esoteric activity of a professional elite.
25 citations
TL;DR: The Nature and Uses of Models in City Planning Journal of the American Institute of Planners: Vol 25, No 2, pp 57-60 as mentioned in this paper, The Nature and uses of models in city planning
Abstract: (1959) The Nature and Uses of Models in City Planning Journal of the American Institute of Planners: Vol 25, No 2, pp 57-60
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a case illustration is presented in which various types of slum-dwellers are identified, and the authors illustrate the variety and the complexity of the interests affected, even within the slum.
Abstract: To get at the underlying possibilities for slum renewal or slum clearance, the nature of the slum must first be understood. Among the various lines of possible action that are then identifiable, it appears that only one is ordinarily open to city planning. It is difficult to do anything in even this direction because of the vested interests of the non-slum-dweller in the continued existence of the slum. Moreover, many slum-dwellers have profound interests in their habitat, and disturbance of these interests raises a great many serious social problems. To illustrate the variety and the complexity of the interests affected, even within the slum, a case illustration is presented in which various types of slum-dwellers are identified.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors outline a procedure whereby area-wide estimates of future population and economic activity can be distributed to small subareas so that measures of local land requirements may be obtained.
Abstract: The planning of community facilities requires accurate quantitative estimates of the area, type, intensity, and location of land uses required by the growth of urban activities. The distribution of these activities and the intensity of their use of land are highly related to accessibility as measured by distance from the CBD. This paper outlines a procedure whereby area-wide estimates of future population and economic activity can be distributed to small subareas so that measures of local land requirements may be obtained.
20 citations
TL;DR: The most consistent factor related to land use distribution is sheer distance, and especially distance from the CBD as mentioned in this paper, which supports the "crest of the wave" theory of urban growth.
Abstract: To provide a background for the other articles in this issue the author summarizes some of the studies that have identified key variables affecting urban growth patterns. The most consistent factor related to land use distribution is sheer distance, and especially distance from the CBD. In Philadelphia and Toronto urban density patterns have followed almost identical patterns over the past half-century, giving support to the “crest of the wave” theory of urban growth. Both residential and employment densities exhibit a consistently regular pattern that follows concentric rings out from the CBD. The observations reveal strong regularities of metropolitan land use patterns and hence raise the intriguing question posed in the title of this article.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an index of "urbanity" is proposed, which measures the intensity of the flow of meaningful symbols among humans, an activity which cities are intended to facilitate.
Abstract: Cultural growth and development have hitherto been matters of opinion. Recent work in information technology suggests that it should be possible to obtain and use, within a decade or so, a representative sample of social communications which summarizes the state of the culture. Many specific questions about urban behavior, particularly in nonmarket activities, could be routinely answered by referring to such a record. An interesting further consequence is the possibility of preparing an index of “urbanity.” It would measure the intensity of the flow of meaningful symbols among humans-an activity which cities are intended to facilitate. Here approximations of the present flow are made, and their implications for metropolitan planning are discussed.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a historical-statistical investigation of the history of metropolitan decentralization is presented, showing that although decentralization appeared a century ago, it did not become a widespread pattern until after World War II.
Abstract: Some writers contend that metropolitan decentralization is a new phenomenon; others insist that it is a pattern of long standing. Although fraught with problems of measurement, a historical-statistical investigation throws some new light on the question. The results offer some solace to both camps; although decentralization appeared a century ago, it did not become a widespread pattern until after World War II. What is needed now is a return to the theoretical insights of earlier writers and research geared to the study of the metropolitan community as the spatial expression of a complex social system.
TL;DR: A plan is a coordinated system of some kind intended as a guide to action as mentioned in this paper, which is a new instrument necessary for bringing physical, social, economic, and political considerations into an adequate state of coherence.
Abstract: The essence of urban planning is the deliberate coordination of the activities of many individuals through disciplined research and creative invention. Maps, budgets, and programs are tools to help coordinate activities. Planning comprises five functions: research and information, general goal formation, specific plan making, coordination, and the furnishing of assistance and advice. Of these, however, the making of specific plans is the pivotal function of a planning office. A plan is a coordinated system of some kind intended as a guide to action. The term “policies plan” describes a new instrument necessary for bringing physical, social, economic, and political considerations into an adequate state of coherence. The top executive of any organization must play a pre-eminent role in the exercise of the planning function. His integral ties to operations and his responsibility for coordination make this essential. A metropolitan policies plan could be created only through the workings of a unit of...
TL;DR: Many professional fields are now involved directly in different applications of planning: architecture, economics, engineering, geography, business and governmental management, mathematics and operations research, military and physical planning, sociology as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Many professional fields are now involved directly in different applications of planning: architecture, economics, engineering, geography, business and governmental management, mathematics and operations research, military and physical planning, sociology. Such recent intellectual advances as information and decision theory, game and communication theory, symbolic logic, mathematical and other simulation, queueing theory, linear programming, or the psychology of groups are being applied successfully to planning problems. From a synthesis of these professional and intellectual activities, a theory, principles, and methodology of comprehensive planning are likely to develop. This substantive body of knowledge will become an important field of study.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is suggested that if the school reflects the changing social composition of its immediate neighborhood, it tends to speed up the transition from upper-income to lower-income occupancy and to encourage social homogeneity and segregation.
Abstract: The school today plays a peculiarly dynamic role in neighborhood change, for its quality-real or as perceived by parents-strongly affects the decisions of upper-income families as to where to live. If the school reflects the changing social composition of its immediate neighborhood, it tends to speed up the transition from upper-income to lower-income occupancy and to encourage social homogeneity and segregation. If it maintains special standards and a special approach toward education, independent of changes in the population of the surrounding area, it serves as a brake on population change and tends to encourage heterogeneous neighborhoods. It is suggested this principle may help in achieving stable and heterogeneous neighborhoods.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed an urban land use model based on the thesis that all activities in urban areas depend on convenient proximity to certain other activities, and the ability of any activity to compete for a good location depends on an income-density combination.
Abstract: This urban land use model is based on the thesis that all activities in urban areas depend on convenient proximity to certain other activities. The owner of a business activity tries to minimize transportation costs to his outlets by minimizing distance. The relative competitive economic strength of activities is a major determinant of their locational patterns. The ability of any activity to compete for a good location depends on an income-density combination. If population, economic composition, household incomes, business incomes, and input-output patterns of business are known, a generalized land use projection can be constructed.
TL;DR: A traffic model was developed by the Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS) for predicting urban traffic volumes as mentioned in this paper, which used a combination of the gravity model and a linear programming technique.
Abstract: A traffic model was developed by the Chicago Area Transportation Study for predicting urban traffic volumes. The research conducted by CATS indicates that a combination of the gravity model and a linear programming technique provides a sound method for forecasting. Linear programming is one of the newest techniques in the industrial field. It can be applied to the city planning field to indicate expected travel patterns that would result. Tests reveal that it is a satisfactory and reliable procedure for forecasting traffic.
TL;DR: A traffic model was employed in the San Diego area for the purpose of designing the proper freeway system and relates trips between zones to total trips generated by each zone and to the distance between those zones.
Abstract: A traffic model was employed in the San Diego area for the purpose of designing the proper freeway system. Following the basic gravity concept, this model relates trips between zones to total trips generated by each zone and to the distance between those zones. The mathematical influence that distance and trip generation have on travel patterns is determined by analyzing the data obtained from a comprehensive home-interview study. Tests of the procedure reveal a maximum error of 15 per cent for large volumes of traffic.
TL;DR: In city planning, data-processing machines permit the rapid handling and summarization of data in housing, renewal, land use, transportation, and basic urban research, and three examples of data processing are elaborated on.
Abstract: In city planning, data-processing machines permit the rapid handling and summarization of data in housing, renewal, land use, transportation, and basic urban research. Electronic computers. specifically, are exciting because they offer a means of solving complex city planning problems, especially in forecasting land use and travel demand. For most planning operations punched card data processing is superior to other processes. The functions of these machines are described herein and three examples of data processing are elaborated on. In future years, planning techniques may have to be altered considerably to take advantage of the potentials of data processing.
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model was used to estimate existing and future traffic patterns in the Baltimore region and predict the future traffic volumes that would occur on a proposed highway system and the volumes that could be expected if specific mass-transit improvements were made.
Abstract: A mathematical model was recently used to estimate existing and future traffic patterns in the Baltimore region. Based on such factors as the number of people living and working in various zones, car ownership, and the travel time between zones, it was possible to estimate the origins and destinations of travel in the metropolitan area. The model was used to predict the future traffic volumes that would occur on a proposed highway system and the volumes that could be expected if specific mass-transit improvements were made. Tests of the model indicate its reliability and versatility.
TL;DR: In this paper, an attorney and a city planner discuss some fundamental issues concerned with the role of the city council, role of a professional city planner, and role of master plan.
Abstract: Editor's Note: In a brilliantly argued debate, an attorney and a city planner discuss some fundamental issues concerned with the role of the city council, the role of the professional city planner, and the role of the master plan. In this essay, as in the casebook from which it is extracted, Professor Haar is more concerned with posing the important questions than with supplying answers. The reader is invited to join the debate.
TL;DR: The fallout shelter program serves only to lull the nation into a false sense of security and should disassociate itself from this program and advocate a productive political solution as the only protective measure that will save our cities as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: While planners and civil defense officials have been searching for ways and means to reduce the vulnerability of cities, the destructive potential of atomic warfare has increased astronomically. Should a full-scale thermonuclear exchange take place, all that can be expected is the total destruction of our urban civilization. The fallout shelter program serves only to lull the nation into a false sense of security. The planning profession, therefore, should disassociate itself from this program and should advocate a productive political solution as the only protective measure that will save our cities. A new and promising area for combined civil defense and planning activity is in the field of integrated and coordinated public services which are involved in peacetime emergency situations.
TL;DR: A plea for greater variety ran through six discussions between citizens and professionals who met to consider what neighborhoods should be like as discussed by the authors, where citizens expressed dissatisfaction with the usual suburban development and with the typical redevelopment project in the center of the city.
Abstract: A plea for greater variety ran through six discussions between citizens and professionals who met to consider what neighborhoods should be like. Citizens expressed dissatisfaction with the usual suburban development and with the typical redevelopment project in the center of the city. They favored greater social heterogeneity and thought that greater variety would produce a better esthetic effect. Professionals demonstrated that their fields can provide knowledge to guide planners and developers in creating better neighborhoods. They showed that design, as well as providing esthetic satisfaction, affects people in many ways.
TL;DR: Cost-revenue studies have suffered from important methodological and conceptual shortcomings, and frequently they have been applied to serve narrow and specialized interests as discussed by the authors, and the American public standard of living is to accord more nearly with private standards, the inequality of present tax flows must be adjusted and a rationale must be found for enlarged state and national programs for municipal capital improvements.
Abstract: Cost-revenue studies have suffered from important methodological and conceptual shortcomings, and frequently they have been applied to serve narrow and specialized interests. If the American public standard of living is to accord more nearly with private standards, the inequality of present tax flows must be adjusted and a rationale must be found for enlarged state and national programs for municipal capital improvements. Enlightened cost-revenue studies can help to demonstrate these needs and to hasten recognition of the necessity and justice of regulating fringe-land uses to permit effective location and timing of development.
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TL;DR: To each man, his own city; and for each city, a differing threat of demise as mentioned in this paper The most serious threat is the most subtle one: the prospect that in salvaging our own interests we abandon the common life and the ennobling search for the common good.
Abstract: To each man, his own city; and for each city, a differing threat of demise. The most serious of these threats is the most subtle one: the prospect that in salvaging our own interests we abandon the common life and the ennobling search for the common good.
TL;DR: The land use model as mentioned in this paper recasts an unsuccessful urban form of the past and restricts mobility of resident and employer by type, each to his ring Urban land value patterns are sustained by public action or inaction, a true city plan musters this power to form the best possible city.
Abstract: The land use model recasts an unsuccessful urban form of the past. Concentric rings of declining land value begin at the intense, historic center and grade down through concentric rings to become the city plan. Little planning remains after such a model is accepted. The new freedom of the auto-age city is lost to the principle of a falling body. Further, the land use model plan restricts mobility of resident and employer by type, each to his ring Urban land value patterns are sustained by public action or inaction. A true city plan musters this power to form the best possible city.
TL;DR: The accumulation of incorporated places in the 168 Standard Metropolitan Areas of the 1950 Census is traced from 1900-1950 as mentioned in this paper, and the incorporation population has increased by over 200 per cent and is a steadily rising proportion of the total United States population, but it is declining as a proportion of all SMA population.
Abstract: The accumulation of incorporated places in the 168 Standard Metropolitan Areas of the 1950 Census is traced from 1900-1950. To the 1,521 places existing in 1900, another 1J54 were added by 1950. This net change conceals a loss of 320 incorporated places, however, most of which annexed to central cities and to large satellite cities. New as well as old incorporations are concentrated in a few large SMA's. Post-1900 incorporations are found primarily in SMA's experiencing industrial deconcentration and have been localized within fifteen miles of central city centers. Incorporation population has increased by over 200 per cent and is a steadily rising proportion of the total United States population, but it is declining as a proportion of all SMA population.
TL;DR: The authors inaugurate a casual Journal department that will appear intermittently as contributions warrant, soliciting short notes from readers presenting undeveloped but potentially important ideas, reporting on previously unpublished but useful analytic approaches, suggesting promising lines of research, or, as in the following; offering to their colleagues some principles drawn from rich experience and imaginative thought.
Abstract: Editor's Note: With this issue we inaugurate a casual Journal department that will appear intermittently as contributions warrant. We eagerly solicit short notes from our readers presenting undeveloped but potentially important ideas, reporting on previously unpublished but useful analytic approaches, suggesting promising lines of research, or, as in the following; offering to their colleagues some principles drawn from rich experience and imaginative thought.