Showing papers in "Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology in 1998"

Visualizing a discipline: an author co-citation analysis of information science, 1972–1995

Abstract: This study presents an extensive domain analysis of a discipline—information science—in terms of its authors. Names of those most frequently cited in 12 key journals from 1972 through 1995 were retrieved from Social Scisearch via DIALOG. The top 120 were submitted to author co-citation analyses, yielding automatic classifications relevant to histories of the field. Tables and graphics reveal: (1) The disciplinary and institutional affiliations of contributors to information science; (2) the specialty structure of the discipline over 24 years; (3) authors' memberships in 1 or more specialties; (4) inertia and change in authors' positions on 2-dimensional subject maps over 3 8-year subperiods, 1972–1979, 1980–1987, 1988–1995; (5) the 2 major subdisciplines of information science and their evolving memberships; (6) “canonical” authors who are in the top 100 in all three subperiods; (7) changes in authors' eminence and influence over the subperiods, as shown by mean co-citation counts; (8) authors with marked changes in their mapped positions over the subperiods; (9) the axes on which authors are mapped, with interpretations; (10) evidence of a paradigm shift in information science in the 1980s; and (11) evidence on the general nature and state of integration of information science. Statistical routines include ALSCAL, INDSCAL, factor analysis, and cluster analysis with SPSS; maps and other graphics were made with DeltaGraph. Theory and methodology are sufficiently detailed to be usable by other researchers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The death of distance: How the communications revolution will change our lives

Abstract: From the advent of electronic communications, there's been talk about how the world has been shrinking. Frances Cairncross, senior editor for the Economist, makes her case from an economical CiteULike is a free online bibliography manager. Register and you can start organising your references online. standpoint: The growing ease and speed of communication is creating a world where the miles have little to do with our ability to work or interact together. Cairncross predicts that it won't be long before people organize globally on the basis of language and three basic time shifts--one for the Americas, one for Europe, and one for East Asia and Australia. Much work that can be done on a computer can be done from anywhere. Workers can code software in one part of the world and pass it to a company hundreds of miles away that will assemble the code for marketing. And with workers able to earn a living from anywhere, countries may find themselves competing for citizens as people relocate for reasons ranging from lower taxes to nicer weather. Cairncross discusses about 30 major changes likely to result from these trends, including greater self-policing of businesses, an unavoidable loss of personal privacy, and a diminishing need for countries to want emigration. Ubicomp's tags for this article

Work, friendship, and media use for information exchange in a networked organization

Abstract: We use a social network approach to examine how work and friendship ties in a university research group were associated with the kinds of media used for different kinds of information exchange. The use of electronic mail, unscheduled face-to-face encounters, and scheduled face-to-face meetings predominated for the exchange of six kinds of information: Receiving Work, Giving Work, Collaborative Writing, Computer Programming, Sociability, and Major Emotional Support. Few pairs used synchronous desktop videoconferencing or the telephone. E-mail was used in similar ways as face-to-face communication. The more frequent the contact, the more “multiplex” the tie: A larger number of media was used to exchange a greater variety of information. The closeness of work ties and of friendship ties were each independently associated with more interaction: A greater frequency of communication, the exchange of more kinds of information, and the use of more media. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Software engineering as seen through its research literature: a study in co-word analysis

Abstract: This empirical research demonstrates the effectiveness of content analysis to map the research literature of the software engineering discipline. The results suggest that certain research themes in software engineering have remained constant, but with changing thrusts. Other themes have arisen, matured, and then faded as major research topics, while still others seem transient or immature. Co-word analysis is the specific technique used. This methodology identifies associations among publication descriptors (indexing terms) from the ACM Computing Classification System and produces networks of descriptors that reveal these underlying patterns. This methodology is applicable to other domains with a supporting corpus of textual data. While this study utilizes index terms from a fixed taxonomy, that restriction is not inherent; the descriptors can be generated from the corpus. Hence, co-word analysis and the supporting software tools employed here can provide unique insights into any discipline's evolution.

Internet browsing and searching: user evaluations of category map and concept space techniques

Abstract: The Internet provides an exceptional testbed for developing algorithms that can improve browsing and searching large information spaces. Browsing and searching tasks are susceptible to problems of information overload and vocabulary differences. Much of the current research is aimed at the development and refinement of algorithms to improve browsing and searching by addressing these problems. Our research was focused on discovering whether two of the algorithms our research group has developed, a Kohonen algorithm category map for browsing, and an automatically generated concept space algorithm for searching, can help improve browsing and/or searching the Internet. Our results indicate that a Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM)-based algorithm can successfully categorize a large and eclectic Internet information space (the Entertainment subcategory of Yahool) into manageable sub-spaces that users can successfully navigate to locate a homepage of interest to them. The SOM algorithm worked best with browsing tasks that were very broad, and in which subjects skipped around between categories. Subjects especially liked the visual and graphical aspects of the map. Subjects who tried to do a directed search, and those that wanted to use the more familiar mental models (alphabetic or hierarchical organization) for browsing, found that the map did not work well. The results from the concept space experiment were especially encouraging. There were no significant differences among the precision measures for the set of documents identified by subject-suggested terms, thesaurus-suggested terms, and the combination of subject- and thesaurus-suggested terms. The recall measures indicated that the combination of subject- and thesaurus-suggested terms exhibited significantly better recall than subject-suggested terms alone. Furthermore, analysis of the homepages indicated that there was limited overlap between the homepages retrieved by the subject-suggested and thesaurus-suggested terms. Since the retrieved homepages for the most part were different, this suggests that a user can enhance a keyword-based search by using an automatically generated concept space. Subjects especially liked the level of control that they could exert over the search, and the fact that the terms suggested by the thesaurus were real (i.e., originating in the homepages) and therefore guaranteed to have retrieval success.

Computer‐mediated communication: Linguistic, social, and cross‐cultural perspectives

Abstract: Following your need to always fulfil the inspiration to obtain everybody is now simple. Connecting to the internet is one of the short cuts to do. There are so many sources that offer and connect us to other world condition. As one of the products to see in internet, this website becomes a very available place to look for countless computer mediated communication linguistic social and cross cultural perspectives sources. Yeah, sources about the books from countries in the world are provided.

Children's Internet searching on complex problems: performance and process analyses

Abstract: The research reported here examined the effects of task structure on elementary school students' information seeking on the Internet. Thirty-two 5th- and 6th-grade students searched on 2 tasks (1 well-defined and 1 ill-defined) for information that was relevant to solving 2 problems. Information-seeking process behaviors were analyzed by collecting computer trace data of each students search. Information-seeking performance was measured by 2 adult raters and by students' own judgments of all documents found. Analyses of students' process behaviors illustrated that children are interactive information seekers, preferring to browse rather than plan or employ systematic analytic-based searching strategies. Performance results indicated that children have difficulty finding relevant information on the Internet, however, children did search more effectively on the ill-defined task than on the well-defined one. Further, when judging their own performance, students rated their work equally on both tasks, yet adult judges found that students performed significantly worse on the well-defined task. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A cognitive model of document use during a research project. Study I. document selection

Abstract: This article proposes a model of document selection by real users of a bibliographic retrieval system. It reports on Part 1 of a longitudinal study of decision making on document use by academics during an actual research project. (Part 2 followed up the same users on how the selected documents were actually used in subsequent stages.) The participants are 25 self-selected faculty and graduate students in Agricultural Economics. After a reference interview, the researcher conducted a search of DIALOG databases and prepared a printout. The users selected documents from this printout; they were asked to read and think aloud while selecting documents. Their verbal reports were recorded and analyzed from a utility-theoretic perspective. The following model of the decision-making in the selection process emerged: document information elements (DIEs) in document records provide the information for judging documents on 11 criteria (including topicality, orientation, quality, novelty, and authority); the criteria judgments are combined in an assessment of document value along five dimensions (epistemic, functional, conditional, social, and emotional values), leading to the use decision. This model accounts for the use of personal knowledge and decision strategies applied in the selection process. The model has implications for the design of an intelligent document selection assistant. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The impact of gender, occupation, and presence of children on telecommuting motivations and constraints

Abstract: Author(s): Mokhtarian, Patricia L.; Bagley, Michael N.; Salomon, Ilan | Abstract: Accurate forecasts of the adoption and impacts of telecommuting depend on an understanding of what motivates individuals to adopt telecommuting and what constraints prevent them from doing so, since these motivations and constraints offer insight into who is likely to telecommute under what circumstances. Telecommuting motivations and constraints are likely to differ by various segments of society. In this study, we analyze differences in these variables due to gender, occupation, and presence of children for 583 employees of the City of San Diego. Numerous differences are identified, which can be used to inform policies (public or organizational) intended to support telecommuting. Most broadly, women on average rated the advantages of telecommuting more highly than men – both overall and within each occupation group. Women were more likely than men to have family, personal benefits, and stress reduction as potential motivations for telecommuting, and more likely to possess the constraints of supervisor unwillingness, risk aversion, and concern about lack of visibility to management. Clerical workers were more likely than managers or professionals to see the family, personal, and office stress-reduction benefits of telecommuting as important, whereas managers and professionals were more likely to cite getting more work done as the most important advantage of telecommuting. Constraints present more strongly for clerical workers than for other occupations included misunderstanding, supervisor unwillingness, job unsuitability, risk aversion, and (together with professional workers) perceived reduced social interaction. Constraints operating more strongly for professional workers included fear of household distractions, reduced social and (together with managers) professional interaction, the need for discipline, and lack of visibility to management. Key constraints present for managers included reduced professional interaction and household distractions. Lack of awareness, cost, and lack of technology or other resources did not differ significantly by gender or occupation. Respondents with children rated the stress reduction and family benefits of telecommuting more highly than did those with no children at home. Those with children were more likely than those without children to be concerned about the lack of visibility to management, and (especially managers) were more likely to cite household distractions as a constraint.

Indexing and access for digital libraries and the Internet: human, database, and domain factors

Abstract: Discussion in the research community and among the general public regarding content indexing (especially subject indexing) and access to digital resources, especially on the Internet, has underutilized research on a variety of factors that are important in the design of such access mechanisms Some of these factors and issues are reviewed and implications drawn for information system design in the era of electronic access Specifically the following are discussed: Human factors: Subject searching vs indexing, multiple terms of access, folk classification, basic-level terms, and folk access; Database factors: Bradford's Law, vocabulary scalability, the Resnikoff-Dolby 30:1 Rule; Domain factors: Role of domain in indexing

Invoked on the Web

Abstract: Where, how, and why are scholars invoked on the World Wide Web? An inductively derived typology was used to capture genres of invocation Comparative data were gathered using five commercial search engines It is argued that the Web fosters new modalities of scholarly communication Different categories of invocation are identified and analyzed in terms of their potential to inform sociometric and bibliometric analyses of academic interaction

Using latent semantic indexing for literature based discovery

Abstract: Latent semantic indexing (LSI) is a statistical technique for improving information retrieval effectiveness. Here, we use LSI to assist in literature-based discoveries. The idea behind literature-based discoveries is that different authors have already published certain underlying-scientific ideas that, when taken together, can be connected to hypothesize a new discovery, and that these connections can be made by exploring the scientific literature. We explore latent semantic indexing's effectiveness on two discovery processes: uncovering nearby relationships that are necessary to initiate the literature based discovery process; and discovering more distant relationships that may genuinely generate new discovery hypotheses

Contexts of uninhibited online behavior: flaming in social newsgroups on Usenet

Abstract: Recent research on uninhibited behavior in computer-mediated communication (CMC) systems have suggested that flaming is social-context dependent and not a media characteristic of CMC. This study takes a closer look at the social context in which flaming occurs, which need not necessarily be developed online but, as well, can be the social, religious, and political background and affiliations of the participants. The study analyzed messages posted during 1 week to 4 Usenet social newsgroups that represent different national and cultural groups. The levels of flaming in these groups were found to be higher than any reported in other studies. The findings show that the frequency of flaming differed between the newsgroups, and differed within newsgroups according to the general topic under discussion, confirming that social context and not the medium is the primary determinant of online uninhibited behavior. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Monitoring scientific developments from a dynamic perspective: self-organized structuring to map neural network research

Abstract: With the help of bibliometric mapping techniques, we have developed a methodology of “self-organized” structuring of scientific fields. This methodology is applied to the field of neural network research. We propose a field-definition based on the present situation. This is done by letting the data themselves generate a structure, and, with that, define the subdivision of the research field into meaningful subfields. In order to study the evolution over time, the above “self-organized” definition of the present structure is taken as a framework for the past structure. We explore this evolution by monitoring the interrelations between subfields and by zooming into the internal structure of each subfield. The overall (“coarse”) structure and the detailed subfield maps (“fine structure”) are used for monitoring the dynamical features of the entire research field. Furthermore, by determining the positions of the main actors on the map, these structures can also be used to assess the activities of these main actors (universities, firms, countries, etc.). Finally, we “reverse” our approach by analyzing the developments based on a structure generated in the past. Comparison of the “real present” and the “present constructed from the past” may provide new insight into successful, as well as unsuccessful, patterns and “trajectories” of developments. Thus, we explore the potential of our method to put the observed “actual” developments into a possible future perspective. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Web search engines

Abstract: This review looks briefly at the history of World Wide Web search engine development, considers the current state of affairs, and reflects on the future. Networked discovery tools have evolved along with Internet resource availability. World Wide Web search engines display some complexity in their variety, content, resource acquisition strategies, and in the array of tools they deploy to assist users. A small but growing body of evaluation literature, much of it not systematic in nature, indicates that performance effectiveness is difficult to assess in this setting. Significant improvements in general-content search engine retrieval and ranking performance may not be possible, and are probably not worth the effort, although search engine providers have introduced some rudimentary attempts at personalization, summarization, and query expansion. The shift to distributed search across multitype database systems could extend general networked discovery and retrieval to include smaller resource collections with rich metadata and navigation tools. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A texture thesaurus for browsing large aerial photographs

Abstract: A texture-based image retrieval system for browsing large-scale aerial photographs is presented. The salient components of this system include texture feature extraction, image segmentation and grouping, learning similarity measure, and a texture thesaurus model for fast search and indexing. The texture features are computed by filtering the image with a bank of Gabor filters. This is followed by a texture gradient computation to segment each large airphoto into homogeneous regions. A hybrid neural network algorithm is used to learn the visual similarity by clustering patterns in the feature space. With learning similarity, the retrieval performance improves significantly. Finally, a texture image thesaurus is created by combining the learning similarity algorithm with a hierarchical vector quantization scheme. This thesaurus facilitates the indexing process while maintaining a good retrieval performance. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the overall system in searching over a large collection of airphotos and in selecting a diverse collection of geographic features such as housing developments, parking lots, highways, and airports.

A machine learning approach to inductive query by examples: an experiment using relevance feedback, ID3, genetic algorithms, and simulated annealing

Abstract: Information retrieval using probabilistic techniques has attracted significant attention on the part of researchers in information and computer science over the past few decades. In the 1980s, knowledge-based techniques also made an impressive contribution to intelligent information retrieval and indexing. More recently, information science researchers have turned to other newer inductive learning techniques including symbolic learning, genetic algorithms, and simulated annealing. These newer techniques, which are grounded in diverse paradigms, have provided great opportunities for researchers to enhance the information processing and retrieval capabilities of current information systems. In this article, we first provide an overview of these newer techniques and their use in information retrieval research. In order to familiarize readers with the techniques, we present three promising methods: The symbolic ID3 algorithm, evolution-based genetic algorithms, and simulated annealing. We discuss their knowledge representations and algorithms in the unique context of information retrieval. An experiment using a 8000-record COMPEN database was performed to examine the performances of these inductive query-by-example techniques in comparison with the performance of the conventional relevance feedback method. The machine learning techniques were shown to be able to help identify new documents which are similar to documents initially suggested by users, and documents which contain similar concepts to each other. Genetic algorithms, in particular, were found to out-perform relevance feedback in both document recall and precision. We believe these inductive machine learning techniques hold promise for the ability to analyze users' preferred documents (or records), identify users' underlying information needs, and also suggest alternatives for search for database management systems and Internet applications.

“If you don't have it, you can't find it”: a close look at students' perceptions in using technology

Abstract: Rarely do adults ask students to reflect on their learning. This study looks closely at a sample of eighth-grade students' perceptions about their experiences with technology, especially the use of the World Wide Web. Employing a phenomenological methodology of both examining a single student story and analyzing a collection of student voices, several themes and questions emerge. Students' personal attributes of self confidence, resilience, and openness to learning about the new technologies, and their skills in reading the Web and managing information, may offer new questions for teachers and information professionals.

A smart itsy bitsy spider for the web

Abstract: As part of the ongoing Illinois Digital Library Initiative project, this research proposes an intelligent agent approach to Web searching. In this experiment, we developed two Web personal spiders based on best first search and genetic algorithm techniques, respectively. These personal spiders can dynamically take a user's selected starting homepages and search for the most closely related homepages in the Web, based on the links and keyword indexing. A graphical, dynamic, Java-based interface was developed and is available for Web access. A system architecture for implementing such an agent-based spider is presented, followed by detailed discussions of benchmark testing and user evaluation results. In benchmark testing, although the genetic algorithm spider did not outperform the best first search spider, we found both results to be comparable and complementary. In user evaluation, the genetic algorithm spider obtained significantly higher recall value than that of the best first search spider. However, their precision values were not statistically different. The mutation process introduced in genetic algorithm allows users to find other potential relevant homepages that cannot be explored via a conventional local search process. In addition, we found the Java-based interface to be a necessary component for design of a truly interactive and dynamic Web agent. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Privacy on the line: The politics of wiretapping and encryption

Abstract: Are you looking to uncover privacy on the line the politics of wiretapping and encryption mit press Digitalbook. Correct here it is possible to locate as well as download privacy on the line the politics of wiretapping and encryption mit press Book. We've got ebooks for every single topic privacy on the line the politics of wiretapping and encryption mit press accessible for download cost-free. Search the site also as find Jean Campbell eBook in layout. We also have a fantastic collection of information connected to this Digitalbook for you. As well because the best part is you could assessment as well as download for privacy on the line the politics of wiretapping and encryption mit press eBook

Collaborative information retrieval: toward a social informatics view of IR interaction

Abstract: This article attempts to lay down theoretical groundwork for information retrieval (IR) that involves the combined efforts of several users. It is argued that the fundamental intellectual problems of IR are the production and consumption of knowledge. Knowledge production is fundamentally a collaborative labor, which is deeply embedded in the practices of a community of participants constituting a domain. The current technological advances in networked systems make the intertextual and intersubjective nature of meaning production and communication readily visible by merging various heterogeneous media into the homogenizing framework of the digital medium. Collaborative IR as envisaged in this article would be based on the ethos of voluntary cooperation to facilitate free exchange of ideas and stimulate creativity. What sorts of functionalities can be expected in a Collaborative IR system are illustrated with the help of some examples of collaborative systems and services from various domains. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Culture of the internet

Abstract: Downloading the book in this website lists can give you more advantages. It will show you the best book collections and completed collections. So many books can be found in this website. So, this is not only this culture of the internet. However, this book is referred to read because it is an inspiring book to give you more chance to get experiences and also thoughts. This is simple, read the soft file of the book and you get it.

IT and changing professional identity: micro-studies and macro-theory

Abstract: This article explores linkages between the use of information technology and changes in the self-identity of professional groups, in terms of how they see and describe themselves in relation to their work and that of others. Three micro-level studies are described, involving the work of loan managers in a particular bank, insurance brokers in the London Insurance Market, and professional salespeople in a pharmaceutical company. Results from the case studies are analyzed using concepts from the macro-level social theory of the sociologist Anthony Giddens. It is argued that such theory can help to us to generalize the results from micro-level studies and, conversely, that micro-studies of IT and social transformation are needed to add in the IT dimension to macro-level theories. The article offers a modest starting point for the investigation of IT and social transformation across multiple levels of analysis.

Issues and applications of case‐based reasoning in design

Abstract: issues and applications of case based reasoning to design. Book lovers, when you need a new book to read, find the book here. Never worry not to find what you need. Is the issues and applications of case based reasoning to design your needed book now? That's true; you are really a good reader. This is a perfect book that comes from great author to share with you. The book offers the best experience and lesson to take, not only take, but also learn.

Scholarly communication and electronic journals: an impact study

Abstract: With the exception of a few experimental projects, peer-reviewed electronic journals (ejournals) have been in existence for only about ten years. The purpose of this research was to study the effects of ejournals, at this early point in their lives, on the scholarly communities they are serving. The study addresses the question: To what extent are scholars and researchers aware of, influenced by, using, or building their own work on research published in ejournals? To put the question another way: What impact are ejournals having on the process of scholarship, research, and the advancement of knowledge? A sample of scholarly, peer-reviewed ejournals was drawn and techniques of citation analysis were used to conduct several analyses. The data show, with a few possible exceptions, that the impact thus far of ejournals on scholarly communication has been minimal. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

User satisfaction with information seeking on the Internet

Abstract: The research described in this article focused on how satisfied Australian academics are when they use the Internet to search for information. The significant methodological outcome of the research was its validation of magnitude estimates of user satisfaction with information seeking on the Internet. Testing the validity and reliability of magnitude estimation as a technique for gathering and analyzing interval data on satisfaction with information seeking was key to the investigation. Data for user satisfaction were then associated with end-user characteristics like training, frequency of use, and expectation of success. The study found that Australian academics generally have a high expectation of success when they engage in information seeking on the Internet, and are satisfied with the process regardless of how frequently they use the network or whether or not they have received formal training. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Document representations and clues to document relevance

Abstract: Research into the role of document representations in the relevance judgment process has focused on the ability of users to predict the relevance of documents based on various document representations. Conclusions have been stated as to the comparative effectiveness of various document representations, but there has been little exploration into why certain document representations seem to enable users to better predict the relevance of documents. This examination is an attempt to identify the extent to which various document representations contain clues that allow users to determine the presence or absence of traits and/or qualities that determine the relevance of the document to the user's situation. Motivated users discussed their reasons for pursuing or not pursuing documents based on information contained within representations of those documents (i.e., titles, abstracts, indexing terms, etc.). The results are presented as the co-occurrence of respondents' mentions of various traits and/or qualities, and the document representations that led to such responses. It is concluded that document representations may differ in their effectiveness as indicators of potential relevance because different types of document representations vary in their ability to present clues for specific traits and/or qualities. Suggestions for further research are provided.

Science and technology mapping: a new iteration model for representing multidimensional relationships

Abstract: Much effort has been done to develop more objective quantitative methods to analyze and integrate survey information for understanding research trends and research structures. Co-word analysis is one class of techniques that exploits the use of co-occurrences of items in written information. However, there are some bottle-necks in using statistical methods to produce mappings of reduced information in a comfortable manner. On one hand, often used statistical software for PCs has restrictions for the amount for calculable data; on the other hand, the results of the multidimensional scaling routines are not quite satisfying. Therefore, this article introduces a new iteration model for the calculation of co-word maps that eases the problem. The iteration model is for positioning words in the two-dimensional plane due to their connections to each other, and it consists of a quick and stabile algorithm that has been implemented with software for personal computers. A graphic module represents the data in well-known “technology maps.” © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.