Showing papers in "Journal of transportation and statistics in 2000"
TL;DR: In this article, the major mobility variables from about 30 travel surveys in more than 10 countries are compared and the analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal data broadly confirms some earlier findings of regularities in time and money expenditures shares for passenger travel budgets.
Abstract: The major mobility variables from about 30 travel surveys in more than 10 countries are compared in this paper. The analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal data broadly confirms some earlier findings of regularities in time and money expenditures shares for passenger travel budgets. Despite the rather rough stability, travel demand characteristics, influenced by the two travel budgets, show strong regularities across space and time for all countries examined.
246 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the hypothesis of induced travel demand by using county level data from Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and Washington, D.C. to estimate "fixed effects" cross-sectional time series models that relate travel levels, measured as daily vehicle miles of travel, to roadway capacity in lane miles.
Abstract: The hypothesis of induced travel demand is investigated. County level data from Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and Washington, D.C. are used to estimate "fixed-effects" cross-sectional time series models that relate travel levels, measured as daily vehicle miles of travel, to roadway capacity in lane miles. This includes analysis of a difference (or growth) model estimated using a two-stage least squares procedure with an instrumental variable to account for simultaneity bias. Individual models for each state, a combined-state model, and a model with data from the Washington, D.C./Baltimore metropolitan area are estimated. Average elasticities of vehicle miles of travel (VMT) with respect to lane miles are estimated. The results build on recent research in this area by confirming both the range of elasticities found in other studies and the robustness of these estimates by accounting for simultaneity bias.
142 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present some of the issues complicating the statistical analysis of vehicle emissions and the effectiveness of emissions control programs, including variability of inter-and intra-vehicle emissions, skewness of emission distribution from in use vehicles, difficulty of obtaining statistically representative vehicle samples, the effect of repeated testing on a subset of the vehicle fleet, and differences among common test methods and pollutant measurement devices.
Abstract: Some of the issues complicating the statistical analysis of vehicle emissions and the effectiveness of emissions control programs are presented in this article. Issues discussed include: the variability of inter- and intra-vehicle emissions; the skewness of emission distribution from in use vehicles; the difficulty of obtaining statistically representative vehicle samples; the effect of repeated testing on a subset of the vehicle fleet; and, differences among common test methods and pollutant measurement devices. The article discusses the relevance of these issues in light of the following regulatory purposes: compliance testing of in-use vehicles that have certification standards; effectiveness evaluation of inspection and maintenance programs of vehicles; and emissions inventory estimates for air quality modeling and compliance planning. The article also provides a brief history and description of common vehicle emission tests.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identified factors that substantially affect three safety measures: accidents, moving violations, and hours of service violations, using data from the 1997 survey of drivers conducted by the University of Michigan Trucking Industry Program.
Abstract: Using data from the 1997 survey of drivers conducted by the University of Michigan Trucking Industry Program, factors were identified which substantially affect three safety measures: accidents, moving violations, and hours of service violations. The variables used include both operational characteristics (firm size, trailer type) and personal characteristics (age, race, union status). Using both basic descriptive statistics and probit estimation, it was found that the variables that have the most impact on the three safety measures are operational in nature, not individual characteristics.
63 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the subtle differences in ownership and use patterns between light duty trucks and passenger cars, using the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) data and found that the average pickup is used over longer distances with more people aboard and is purchased by wealthier household in less dense neighborhoods.
Abstract: Pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and minivans are classified as light duty trucks (LDTs) in the United States, resulting in a variety of regulatory protections According to production and purchase trends, Americans have shifted toward a significantly higher use of such vehicles for personal travel This research explores the subtle differences in ownership and use patterns between LDTs and passenger cars, using the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) data The results, based on a variety of model specifications and response variables, suggest that the average LDT is used over longer distances with more people aboard and is purchased by wealthier household in less dense neighborhoods Pickups tend to be driven by males, be owned by smaller households, and carry fewer people
55 citations
TL;DR: This article applied contextual stated preference (CSP) methods and associated multinomial logit models to estimate the value of such factors from an Australian survey of freight shippers using road freight transportation in 1998.
Abstract: Most evaluations and economic assessments of transportation proposal and policies in Australia omit a valuation of time spent in transit for individual items or loads of freight. Knowledge of delays and the practical value of reliability can be useful for shippers and receivers, but the information does not necessarily appear directly in vehicle operating costs and personal travel times, and benefits generated by improvements from road investments and traffic management may be understated and expenditure decisions may be biased towards passenger movements. Contextual stated preference (CSP) methods and associated multinomial logit models are applied in this paper to estimate the value of such factors from an Australian survey of freight shippers using road freight transportation in 1998.
44 citations
TL;DR: The Mobile Emissions Assessment System for Urban and Regional Evaluation (MEASURE) model provides an external validation capability for hot stabilized option; the model is one of several new modal emissions models designed to predict hot stabilized emission rates for various motor vehicle groups as a function of the conditions under which the vehicles are operating.
Abstract: The Mobile Emissions Assessment System for Urban and Regional Evaluation (MEASURE) model provides an external validation capability for hot stabilized option; the model is one of several new modal emissions models designed to predict hot stabilized emission rates for various motor vehicle groups as a function of the conditions under which the vehicles are operating. The validation of aggregate measurements, such as speed and acceleration profile, is performed on an independent data set using three statistical criteria. The MEASURE algorithms have proved to provide significant improvements in both average emission estimates and explanatory power over some earlier models for pollutants across almost every operating cycle tested.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the sensitivity of the efficiency indicators of a sample of European railway companies to different alternatives in output specification, and found that the results vary according to the specification selected.
Abstract: This study analyzes the sensitivity of the efficiency indicators of a sample of European railway companies to different alternatives in output specification. The results vary according to the specification selected. Investigating the causes of these differences reveals that the efficiency indicators obtained with different specifications can be brought substantially closer, particularly when the efficiency indicators obtained by considering freight and passenger train kilometers as output variables are corrected to account for the impact of the load factor.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the second-by-second engine-out and tailpipe emissions data collection on 340 light duty vehicles that were tested under "as is" conditions were discussed, and variability of emissions were observed between and within groups over different driving modes.
Abstract: The article discusses the development of a comprehensive modal emissions model that is currently being integrated with a variety of transportation models as part of National Cooperative Highway Research Program project 25-11. Described is the second-by-second engine-out and tailpipe emissions data collection on 340 light duty vehicles that were tested under "as is" conditions. The variability of emissions were observed between and within groups over different driving modes. The initial statistical analysis and model validation methods are summarized.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Chase car data and speed-time profiles of in-use vehicles recorded using a chase car method are used to build the cycle cycle and the acceptability of using chase car data as the foundation for driving cycle development is evaluated.
Abstract: Air quality policies, driving cycles and profiles of average driving behavior have been constructed to characterize the driving behavior of the overall fleet in an effort to ensure vehicle compliance. Chase car data and speed-time profiles of in-use vehicles recorded using a chase car method are used to build the cycles. The acceptability of using chase car data as the foundation for driving cycle development is evaluated in this article. Also recommended are changes in the current data collection method. The effectiveness of the current target vehicle selection procedure and the validity of blending data collected from the chase car are the two issues that are examined closely.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used commodity flows from the 1993 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) together with Input-Output (I-O) coefficients to generate truck flows for the state of Wisconsin.
Abstract: This study uses commodity flows from the 1993 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) together with Input-Output (I-O) coefficients to generate truck flows for the state of Wisconsin. Production and attraction rates in tons, for heavy truck mode only, were derived at the county level using employment for 28 economic sectors. The CFS, a joint product of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the U.S. Bureau of the Census, together with a private database developed for the state, TRANSEARCH, was used to derive the trip production rates. Economic based I-O software was used to derive the I-O coefficients at the state level in order to develop trip attraction rates. Annual tons at the county level were converted to daily truck trips using an average tons-per-vehicle load and days-per-year factor.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented four measures of transportation's economic importance, namely, transportation industry's gross domestic product (GDP), transportation final demand, transportation related GDP, and transportation driven GDP.
Abstract: This paper presents four measures of transportation's economic importance, namely, transportation industry's gross domestic product (GDP), transportation final demand, transportation related GDP, and transportation driven GDP All four of these measures are conceptually consistent with the framework and accounting rules of the Systems of National Accounts and are statistically comparable to the GDP With each targeted at a different aspect of transportation, together the four measures provide a complete frame of reference for the size and importance of transportation in the US economy
TL;DR: In this article, the air quality impact assessment at a typical intersection is presented and potential mitigation strategies for air quality management in urban areas are addressed, and mathematical simulations for several scenarios, both with and without grade separations, changes in vehicle mix, and level of service are performed.
Abstract: The deficient transportation system of Beirut results in significant economic losses for the city and causes severe traffic congestion in the urban areas. Proposals have been made for grade separations at some of the worst congested intersections. The major concern at these intersections is air quality which greatly depends on the geometric configuration of an intersection. The air quality impact assessment at a typical intersection is presented and potential mitigation strategies for air quality management in urban areas are addressed. Air quality measurements were conducted at representative locations to define existing pollution exposure levels. Also performed were mathematical simulations for several scenarios, both with and without grade separations, changes in vehicle mix, and level of service. By comparing simulated exposure levels with air quality standards, assessment of air quality impact was obtained.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare two data collection methods used to collect roadway inventory data: the traditional manual method and the advanced mobile mapping method using state of the art imaging, georeference, and software technologies.
Abstract: The paper reports the results of a study to compare two data collection methods used to collect roadway inventory data: the traditional manual method and the advanced mobile mapping method using state of the art imaging, georeference, and software technologies. Four experiments examine descriptive inventory data collected by the two methods, considering data accuracy in different roadway environments, type of inventory element, and data collection time. Because there are mobile mapping systems with different technological characteristics, the four experiments use four different mobile mapping systems to cover the spectrum of various systems available for data collection.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a monthly output index for the U.S. transportation sector from January 1980 through April 2002, covering air, rail, water, truck, transit and pipeline activities.
Abstract: This paper develops a monthly output index for the U.S. transportation sector from January 1980 through April 2002, covering air, rail, water, truck, transit and pipeline activities. Separate indexes for freight and passenger are also constructed. The total transportation output index matches very well with the annual transportation output figures produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The strong, cyclical movements of transportation output appear to be more synchronized with the growth slowdowns in the U.S. economy than full-fledged recessions. This index led the turning points of the six National Bureau of Economic Research-defined growth cycles over the period with an average lead time of six months at peaks and five months at troughs.
TL;DR: A seven step framework for a speed monitoring program tailored to meet the needs of individual agencies using speed monitoring data at the state level is developed in this article, which distributes speed monitoring stations to highway classes according to three primary criteria: spatial distributions, crash distribution, and daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) distribution.
Abstract: The federal speed monitoring program, established in 1974 and repealed in 1995, was primarily intended to provide reliable data for inclusion in states' annual certification for Federal Aid Highway Projects. The repeal of the program not only authorized states to set their own speed limits but also allowed them to develop their own speed monitoring program. A seven step framework for a speed monitoring program tailored to meet the needs of individual agencies using speed monitoring data at the state level is developed in this paper. This proposed plan distributes speed monitoring stations to highway classes according to three primary criteria: spatial distributions, crash distribution, and daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) distribution. A comparison is made between the proposed plan and the existing speed monitoring program.
TL;DR: In this article, a mixed effects analysis of covariance model is used to characterize mileage dependent emissions profiles for any given group of vehicles having a common model design, and realistic confidence bounds for an average emissions deterioration profile within a given group can also be provided to allow accurate emissions comparison of multiple groups.
Abstract: A mixed effects analysis of covariance model to characterize mileage dependent emissions profiles for any given group of vehicles having a common model design is used in this paper. These types of evaluations are used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to certify whether or not new models conform to existing emissions standards. The statistical models introduced describe both the average emissions profile for a group of vehicles as well as an accounting for individual vehicle variability within the group. Realistic confidence bounds for an average emissions deterioration profile within a given group can also be provided to allow accurate emissions comparison of multiple groups. Sample of emissions data is presented for two types of vehicles: natural gas Dodge Ram vans and gasoline Dodge Ram vans (all from the 1992-94 model years). Additionally, the population profile for nonmethane hydrocarbons is explored.
TL;DR: In this paper, a multistage stakeholder assessment of data and modeling needs in Australia, primarily in the urban passenger context, required to ensure the continuity of appropriate deliverables to a market of diverse stakeholders.
Abstract: Managing the transport assets of an urban economy and ensuring that change is in accordance with suitable performance measures requires continuing improvement in analytical power and empirical information. This paper presents a multistage stakeholder assessment of data and modeling needs in Australia, primarily in the urban passenger context, required to ensure the continuity of appropriate deliverables to a market of diverse stakeholders. The implementation of the framework of inquiry enables data and modeling agencies to remain current and relevant.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined road and rail accident and vehicular travel data from the mid 1990s to illuminate the status of transportation safety and risk for large quantity shipments of spent commercial reactor fuel and mixed and hazardous wastes.
Abstract: This paper seeks to illuminate the status of transportation safety and risk for large quantity shipments of spent commercial reactor fuel and mixed and hazardous wastes by examining road and rail accident and vehicular travel data from the mid 1990s. Of special interest are the effect of speed limit changes on controlled access expressways and the possible effect of season to season climatic variations on road transportation. Improvements in railroad technology and infrastructure were found to have created a safer overall operating environment for rail freight shipments. Evidence was found of an increase in accident rates of heavy combination trucks in states that have raised highway speed limits. Cold weather increases road transportation risk, while conditions associated with higher ambient temperatures do not. For rail transportation, both hot and cold temperature extremes are associated with higher accident rates.