Showing papers in "Journal of Urban Affairs in 2005"
TL;DR: This paper made an attempt to sketch the variety of ethnic and social segregation within Europe, using a large number of sources and found that generally segregation levels in Europe are more moderate compared to what we can find in American cities, but these differences are not absolute.
Abstract: The measurement of segregation, the understanding of its drivers, and the effects of segregation are three interrelated issues that receive ample attention on both sides of the Atlantic. The comparative study of these subjects in Europe is not an easy task because the continent is highly fragmented and diversified. This regards the types of welfare state, but also the multitude of urban histories. Consequently, there is a lack of uniform information. Nevertheless, this paper makes an attempt to sketch the variety of ethnic and social segregation within Europe, using a large number of sources. It is shown that generally segregation levels in Europe are more moderate compared to what we can find in American cities, but these differences are not absolute. The paper also links the levels of segregation with a range of potential explanations and provides a window on European research focusing on effects of segregation.
562 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a case study of the Xintiandi project in Shanghai reveals how property-led redevelopment actually works, i.e., the government controls the direction and pace of urban redevelopment through policy intervention, financial leverages, and governance of land leasing.
Abstract: Urban redevelopment in China has experienced great transformation. Government-backed redevelopment has been replaced by privately funded and property-led redevelopment. This article discerns the impetus of ongoing property-led redevelopment. A case study of the Xintiandi project in Shanghai reveals how property-led redevelopment actually works. Pro-growth coalitions between local government and developers are formed. Despite its role as capital provider, the private sector is still regulated by the government due to its negligible influence on local governance. The government controls the direction and pace of urban redevelopment through policy intervention, financial leverages, and governance of land leasing. Property-led redevelopment is driven by diverse motivations of different levels of the government, e.g. transforming urban land use functions, showing off the entrepreneurial capability of local government, and maximizing negotiated land benefits. Driven by profit seeking, some thriving urban neighborhoods are displaced by high-value property development, and suffer from uneven redevelopment.
364 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used U.S. EPA's National Air Toxi Index (NAATI) to study cumulative exposure in minority neighborhoods due to multiple sources of pollution.
Abstract: Environmental justice advocates have recently focused attention on cumulative exposure in minority neighborhoods due to multiple sources of pollution. This article uses U.S. EPA’s National Air Toxi...
216 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, 12 conceptually distinct dimensions of land use patterns are operationalized for 50 large US metropolitan areas using a battery of indices, and common patterns of variation in these indices across metropolitan areas are discerned using correlation and factor analyses.
Abstract: : Twelve conceptually distinct dimensions of land use patterns are operationalized for 50 large US metropolitan areas using a battery of indices. Common patterns of variation in these indices across metropolitan areas are discerned using correlation and factor analyses. We find that: (1) seven principal components best summarize the dimensions of housing and employment land uses, (2) metro areas often exhibit both high and low levels of sprawl-like patterns across the seven components, and (3) housing and employment aspects of sprawl-like patterns differ in nature. Thus, land use patterns prove multi-dimensional in both theory and practice. Exploratory analyses indicate: (1) little regional variation in land use patterns, (2) metro areas with larger populations are more dense/continuous with greater housing centrality and concentration of employment in the core, (3) older areas have higher degrees of housing concentration and employment in the core, (4) constrained areas evince greater density/continuity, and (5) inter-metropolitan variations in several dimensions of land use patterns are not well explained by population, age, growth patterns, or topographical constraints on development. Results imply that policymakers must carefully unravel which land use dimension is causing undesirable outcomes, and then devise precise policy instruments to change only this dimension.
131 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extend the empirical work to the local government level, while retaining the use of objective data to gauge institutional performance, and provide a more stringent test of the effect of social capital because social capital is likely to vary less at lower levels of government.
Abstract: :A large and growing body of research is devoted to the effects of social capital on institutional performance. This literature reveals that societies characterized by higher levels of social capital tend to achieve superior performance. Still, enquiries to date predominantly concentrate on country-level data or large sub-national units. The primary purpose of this article is to extend the empirical work to the local government level, while retaining the use of objective data to gauge institutional performance. This use of local data has the advantage of increasing the data set available and provides a more stringent test of the effect of social capital because social capital is likely to vary less at lower levels of government. The results—based on an empirical analysis of 305 Flemish municipalities in 2000—support the view that social capital leads to government (out)performance also at the local level of government.
125 citations
TL;DR: Fainstein this paper reviewed the City Builders: Property Development in New York and London, 1980-2000, 2nd Edition, Revised, (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2001).
Abstract: Susan S. Fainstein, The City Builders: Property Development in New York and London, 1980–2000, 2nd Edition, Revised, (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2001).This is a reviewing of Fainstei...
104 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, independent empirical analyses are often used to refute assertions that sports stadiums can serve as economic catalysts, however, these analyses are commonly based on stu cation analysis.
Abstract: Independent empirical analyses are often used to refute assertions that sports stadiums can serve as economic catalysts. Criticisms of recent stadium investments, however, are commonly based on stu...
85 citations
TL;DR: Most research on Latino voting behavior conclusively finds that as a group, Latinos vote at lower rates than other racial and ethnic groups in the United States as mentioned in this paper, and they argue that give...
Abstract: Most research on Latino voting behavior conclusively finds that as a group, Latinos vote at lower rates than other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. In this article, we argue that give...
78 citations
TL;DR: While the growing literature on HOPE VI emphasizes the presumed benefits of income mixing these benefits are most likely to occur if middle-income families with children are drawn to these sites as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: While the growing literature on HOPE VI emphasizes the presumed benefits of income mixing these benefits are most likely to occur if middle-income families with children are drawn to these sites. B...
56 citations
TL;DR: The images from the nightly news, newsweeklies, and on the pages of our dailies reinforce an overwhelmingly negative and misleading view of urban America as mentioned in this paper, leading to a negative view of cities.
Abstract: :Major news media coverage of cities reinforces an overwhelmingly negative and misleading view of urban America. The images from the nightly news, newsweeklies, and on the pages of our dail...
52 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used Charlotte, North Carolina as a case study to illustrate a geography of gentrification in which motivations to gentrify and stage trajectories do not quite fit traditional expectations.
Abstract: :In keeping with calls for gentrification research to show greater sensitivity to contextuality, this article uses Charlotte, North Carolina as a case study to illustrate a geography of gentrification in which motivations to gentrify and stage trajectories do not quite fit traditional expectations. In this mid-sized Southern city, gentrification was first introduced in the early 1970s when corporate leaders recognized the importance of revitalizing central city space in a manner that would enhance their corporate identity and advance their strategic goals. Early stage gentrification in Charlotte was characterized by the production of gentrifiable space in one of the city’s most deteriorated districts, the absence of marginal gentrifiers and traditional urban pioneers, unconventional profit motives, and significant deviations from traditional stage theory. Beyond providing an analysis of gentrification at a level of the urban hierarchy (and in a region) that has long been overlooked, the article co...
TL;DR: The authors examined variation in tenant association participation among public housing tenants in Boston and Los Angeles using logistic data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality (MUSUIN).
Abstract: This study uses data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality to examine variation in tenant association participation among public housing tenants in Boston and Los Angeles. Using logistic re...
TL;DR: This article explored the symbolic meanings of class and the nature of inter-class relations within the black community and found that the residents most active in the neighborhood's redevelopment activities display a particular middle-class identity (multi-class) that links them to lower-class blacks and structures their vision of the neighborhood as a micro-level racial justice project.
Abstract: : This research documents the importance of class and racial identities to urban community development activities. It explores the symbolic meanings of class and the nature of inter-class relations within the black community. The research is based on three years of ethnographic fieldwork in a Philadelphia neighborhood with an active grassroots community development agenda. The author concludes that the residents most active in the neighborhood's redevelopment activities display a particular middle-class identity (“multi-class”) that links them to lower-class blacks and structures their vision of the neighborhood as a micro-level racial justice project. The community development activities in this neighborhood are a product of the multi-class residents’ attempt to articulate and affirm their racial identity and ideology. However, the unacknowledged class bias of these residents prevents them from creating the type of inclusive Black community that they envision.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the case of Nashville, Tennessee and its pursuit of the Houston Oilers through the use of stakeholder analysis, focusing on the public policy decision-making process.
Abstract: Through the use of stakeholder analysis, this article examines the case of Nashville, Tennessee and its pursuit of the Houston Oilers. Focusing on the public policy decision-making process, we revi...
TL;DR: In the case of Montreal, a multi-level reform of the municipal regime was introduced that comprises measures of metropolitan governance, large-scale amalgamations of local municipalities in the urban core area, and the introduction of a new political and administrative scheme at the borough level as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: : In the last decade, new political and institutional arrangements have begun emerging in differing European and North-American metropolises. These new institutional arrangements deal in different ways with the rescaling of jurisdictions in a context of evolving intergovernmental relations, social movements, visions of urbanity and mobilization, urban public policies, etc. This article is about the case of Montreal (Quebec, Canada). This case is important because from 1996 to 2004 Montreal experienced intense public debates and implemented a diversity of institutional innovations. A multi-level reform of the municipal regime was introduced that comprises measures of metropolitan governance, large-scale amalgamations of local municipalities in the urban core area, and the introduction of a new political and administrative scheme at the borough level. Our focus is on this third pillar as it has shifted the municipal reform into an unusual direction as it activates the expression of the numerous spatial logics of the fragmented metropolis and gives way to a composite rescaling of urban governance.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the extent to which conflict is present on city councils in Wisconsin communities with populations greater than 10,000 and develop a set of hypotheses for testing in the analysis of the survey data.
Abstract: : Community conflict has been the domain of social science researchers for decades. However, the systematic study of conflict on city councils has received scant attention in this literature. In this study the authors explore the extent to which conflict is present on city councils in Wisconsin communities with populations greater than 10,000. By using the literature on non-profit and local government boards, the authors develop a set of hypotheses for testing in the analysis of the survey data. The multivariate model used in the analysis reveals certain demographic characteristics of council members, community characteristics, and board practices and behaviors explain a significant amount of the variance in city council conflict in Wisconsin local governments.
TL;DR: A recent debate between Clarence Stone and David Imbroscio focused on the transformative potential of regime theory as mentioned in this paper, and the authors proposed a research agenda for regime theory in which the identificati...
Abstract: A recent debate between Clarence Stone and David Imbroscio focused on the transformative potential of regime theory. Imbroscio proposes a research agenda for regime theory in which the identificati...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assesses the degree of place stratification by income, population, and private employment among the 23 Ku of Tokyo over the past 30 years, and conclude that the TMG's recent policymaking represents a Japanized version or offshoot of Harvey and Jessop's entrepreneurial city, which is sanctioned, guided, encouraged and sometimes even led by the Japanese Government's desire to improve Tokyo's international competitiveness.
Abstract: : Does uneven development exist within central Tokyo? This study assesses the degree of place stratification by income, population, and private employment among the 23 Ku of Tokyo over the past 30 years. It then compares these levels among the Ku for the 1990s relative to those for New York's five boroughs and among census-defined places within the central counties of Los Angeles, Chicago, and Detroit. It finds that income, population, and private employment growth were more unevenly distributed among the Ku during the 1990s than they were in 1970s and 1980s; this was especially true for population change and income. Additionally, it finds that although the distributions of income and private employment growth among the Ku were noticeably lower than within America's largest urban core counties, population change actually occurred more unevenly among the Ku than in these areas during the 1990s. Therefore, it concludes that the 23 Ku did experience a notable degree of uneven residential development during the 1990s. The study then argues that the development strategies of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG), which have become increasingly entrepreneurial since the mid-1980s, were the lead catalysts fostering this situation. Its approach, however, was not an attempt to circumvent the central state. In fact, its activities remain tightly nested within the Japanese Capitalist Developmental State. The TMG's recent policymaking represents a Japanized version or offshoot of Harvey and Jessop's entrepreneurial city, which is sanctioned, guided, encouraged, and sometimes even led by the Japanese Government's desire to improve Tokyo's international competitiveness.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors construct an index of the economic well-being of central city residents for the 98 central cities that had at least 125,000 residents in 1980 with metropolitan area populations of at least 250,000.
Abstract: :Much has been made of the revival of distressed cities during the 1990s, yet how much of this asserted revival really worked its way down to residents? We find that residents of distressed central cities were generally worse off in 2000 than in 1980. We construct an index of the economic well-being of central city residents for the 98 central cities that had at least 125,000 residents in 1980 with metropolitan area populations of at least 250,000. We then compare the change in the economic well-being of residents of the 33 cities with the lowest index scores in 1980 against (1) their own performance over this time period, (2) the performance of the 65 non-distressed central cities, and (3) the performance of the nation. In the third section we build regression models of change in the index and of each index component to determine what explains the change in economic well-being of city residents.
TL;DR: The authors combine the neighborhood effects and spatial mismatch frameworks into a single model explaining how geographic factors contribute to unemployment, using National Longitudinal Survey (NLSS) data, and find that geographic factors contributed to unemployment.
Abstract: This article combines the neighborhood effects and spatial mismatch frameworks into a single model explaining how geographic factors contribute to unemployment. Using National Longitudinal Survey o...
TL;DR: Using the patterns of office development, this paper presented an analysis of suburban Toronto during the last two decades, showing that the suburban domain, like the metropolitan region as a whole, is stratified into concentrated and dispersed spheres.
Abstract: :In recent studies, arguments have been made attesting to the growing spatial dispersion of Canadian agglomerations. Using the patterns of office development, this article presents an analysis of suburban Toronto during the last two decades. The suburban domain, like the metropolitan region as a whole, is stratified into concentrated and dispersed spheres. A part of the development is scattered; however, for the most part, it is contained within large and discrete clusters. This pattern has evolved sequentially following key corridors of metropolitan growth. As growth moved farther from the central city, older clusters depreciated and newer clusters became hubs of development. Dispersion has indeed been on the rise, but it has been principally associated with the development of single-family homes and shopping areas. Regarding office development, the suburban realm of Canada’s largest urban region is still rather clustered.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a new approach to helping low-income families achieve economic independence by providing incentives to save and invest in an asset such as a home, a car, or a business.
Abstract: Asset-building strategies have been touted as a new approach to helping low-income families achieve economic independence. By providing incentives to save and invest in an asset—such as a home, a b...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a panel data set of paired observations of housing units for the most recent intercensal period to examine the micro-level mobility dynamics that maintain disproportionately high levels of mobility.
Abstract: This article uses a panel data set of paired observations of housing units for the most recent inter-censal period to examine the micro-level mobility dynamics that maintain disproportionately high...
TL;DR: This article explored contributions from various urban interests and found that non-corporate interests, often allied against the business community, are as active or more active than many corporate contributors, and that patterns of contributions reflect individual rather than organizational, activity.
Abstract: :Political activity is a key determinant of group influence in urban politics. This article examines a form of political activity often ignored by urban scholars, namely, campaign contributions. Using data from the 2001 Los Angeles municipal elections, I explore contributions from various urban interests. Because of its ability to overcome collective action problems, I expect business to be the main contributors, and among corporate interests, I expect development concerns to predominate. Although business contributes the vast majority of funds, contrary to expectations, land use interests are not the most active contributors, a spot reserved for professional concerns. As a whole, non-corporate interests, often allied against the business community, are as active or more active than many corporate contributors. And, in general, patterns of contributions reflect individual, rather than organizational, activity.
TL;DR: For example, this paper found that TANF families are 70% less likely than other low-income families to have a bank account and much more likely to have participated in a credit counseling program.
Abstract: :Little is known about TANF recipients and leavers use of consumer credit. Using data from a 2001 North Carolina household survey of low-income households, we analyze banking and credit behavior of current and recent welfare recipients in Charlotte, North Carolina. Other things equal, TANF families are 70% less likely than other low-income families to have a bank account and much more likely to have participated in a credit counseling program. Except for more frequent contact with bill collectors and credit counselors, leavers are no different from other low income families struggling to make ends meet. Race also matters when it comes to accessing mainstream banking and credit systems. Targeted programs help TANF families gain greater access to the financial mainstream. When it comes to specialization programs, however, those involved in the welfare system are not very different from other poor families. However, by virtue of their formal involvement with TANF, this population can be more efficien...
TL;DR: In this paper, a broad survey of issues related to the relationship between urban governance and poverty in 10 cities: Ahmedabad, India, Bangalore, India; Cebu City, The Philippines; C...
Abstract: This edited volume provides a broad survey of issues related to the relationship between urban governance and poverty in 10 cities: Ahmedabad, India; Bangalore, India; Cebu City, The Philippines; C...
TL;DR: This article found evidence that attitudes about police predict willingness to pay for police services, holding the demographic attributes of respondents constant, and that the effects of some demographic traits on demand for services are mediated by preferences, as are some types of experience and media exposure.
Abstract: : Researchers frequently approach questions dealing with local fiscal decision-making using economic models. These models typically base the demand for public services on a set of socioeconomic characteristics that serve as rough proxies for voter preferences. Our study focuses more directly on preference formation and explores the nature of the relationship between citizens’ attitudes about police services and their willingness to pay for them. We pay particular attention to the role of demographic traits, television media, and direct contact with service providers. We present data from a survey of Connecticut adults and use these data to test direct and indirect effects models with regression analysis. We find evidence that attitudes about police predict willingness to pay for police services, holding the demographic attributes of respondents constant. We also find that the effects of some demographic traits on demand for services are mediated by preferences, as are some types of experience and media exposure.
TL;DR: The federal government attempts to reduce the spatial concentration of the poor through the implementation of its many housing initiatives, guiding recipients toward economically integrated neighbo... as mentioned in this paper, which can be seen as a form of social mobility.
Abstract: The federal government attempts to reduce the spatial concentration of the poor through the implementation of its many housing initiatives, guiding recipients toward economically integrated neighbo...
TL;DR: In many urban studies courses, the class begins with an analysis of early European theorists like Toennies or Simmel followed by an introduction to the Chicago School as mentioned in this paper, and the class ends with a discussion of the Chicago Problem.
Abstract: In many urban studies courses, the class begins with an analysis of early European theorists like Toennies or Simmel followed by an introduction to the Chicago School. Urban problems courses may ex...