Showing papers in "Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior in 1974"

TL;DR: This article found that the question "About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?" elicited higher estimates of speed than questions which used the verbs collided, bumped, contacted, or hit in place of smashed.

TL;DR: The authors presented subjects with pairs of sentences, where the first (the context sentence) provided a context for the second (the target sentence), and the subjects were required to press a button when they felt they understood the target sentences.

TL;DR: This article found that recall cues were more effective when the properties were relevant, rather than irrelevant, to the events described by corresponding acquisition sentences, which raised considerations pertinent to theories of semantic encoding, to semantic theories in linguistics, and to the role of normative data in psycholinguistic theories of comprehension.

TL;DR: Support was provided for the notion that order and item errors are caused by two different processes and there was evidence that subjects employed phonemic coding in the present situations even though it was an inefficient strategy.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the time it takes to access permanent memory and retrieve name-words for visual objects, measured by picture naming reaction time (RT ), which is influenced by four fundamental variables: the uncertainty-codability of the display, the frequency and age of acquisition of the lexical response, and the interval between occasions of picture naming; uncertainty, frequency, and acquisition age covary.

TL;DR: In this paper, the decay principle of the Reitman study was examined and it was shown that 100% recall reflects not a ceiling effect but the absence of forgetting, and the lack of disruption of interpolated detection performance indicates lack of rehearsal.

TL;DR: In this paper, two experiments were conducted to distinguish between the representation of sentences in immediate versus longer-term memory, and the verification latencies indicate there are two modes of sentence representation in memory.

TL;DR: The authors found that phonological similarity reduced the size of the modality effect in serial recall, and the effect of similarity on free recall was beneficial for all except the recency items.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate two hypotheses: (a) transposition errors made in the recall of letter strings occur as a by-product of acoustic confusion errors and do not represent the loss of order information, and (b) order and item information are independently retained in short-term memory.

TL;DR: This article measured the frequency of perceptual errors as a function of differential presupposition in descriptive sentences and found that more errors occurred when the misrepresentation involved the presupposition than when it involved the focused proposition.

TL;DR: This article showed that information about typography can be recovered for at least 32 days after initial reading of a sentence and that memory for sentences can occur in terms of the pattern analyzing activities used in their encoding.

TL;DR: The results indicate that short-term store holds relatively long, complex sequences; that the picture of it as a primitive, severely limited stage in the processing of information is incorrect and the relevance to the linking of memory and language processing is pointed out.

TL;DR: The frequency recognition memory for rare as compared to frequently used words was shown to be unrelated to difference in association value, imagery, concreteness, or any change in phenomenal frequency due to exposure on the test list as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, implicit contiguity of related items whose list presentations are physically disparate results from the subject looking back through memory so as to bring the items together in mental experience was examined in three experiments by controlling looking-back behavior during list presentation and varying the separation of target items and related items that were later provided as recall cues.

TL;DR: In this paper, two experiments were reported which examined the concept of encoding specificity and found that subjects are able to make use of semantic cues which were not likely to have been encoded at time of study.

TL;DR: In this article, two experiments were designed to clarify the priority effect in the A-B, A-C paradigm, higher first-list than second-list recall in the MMFR test following equal amounts of study of both lists.

TL;DR: This article examined the acquisition of deictic verbs by asking children (5, 6, 9, 5) to identify the speaker or the addressee of utterances containing come, go, bring, and take.

TL;DR: This article used an ordered attribute-search model to account for subjects' performance during predicate production and sentence verification, and found that the effect of semantic relatedness reversed for negative (Few and No) as opposed to positive quantifiers.

TL;DR: The authors found that continued attention is necessary to maintain information in primary memory, that a preattentive echoic store can mediate terminal item recall for auditory lists, and that forgetting from primary memory is related to the difficulty of an additional task.

TL;DR: This paper surveys some recent developments in animal conditioning and argues that the emerging principle in this domain—that the associative process is engaged only to the extent that an unpredicted event is experienced—also has utility in dealing with P-A findings.

TL;DR: The authors showed that the effectiveness of words from sentences as retrieval prompts for sentence meaning is dependent upon thematization and showed that when a sentence was presented in isolation, without context, and when the imagery and concreteness of the subject-noun and object-Noun were high and equal, there was no difference between the two nouns in prompt effectiveness.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of spacing of repetitions and the degree to which the repeated events are additive (statistically independent) under different conditions were investigated, and the results implicate differential encoding and attentional processes in the lag effect and dual coding in picture-word memory.

TL;DR: This paper found that initially untested words showed a strong negative recency effect in delayed recall and recognition, suggesting that the effect results from encoding processes terminating with the presentation of each list, which is consistent with the view that terminal list items in typical immediate recall tests are retrieved in terms of short-lived nonsemantic information.

TL;DR: This article examined the effect of comprehension depth upon sentence recall and found that deeper comprehension leads to better recall, and this outcome supports use of memory measures as an estimate of comprehension, which can be used to assess sentence memory.

TL;DR: In this paper, participants were asked to judge complement sentences as true, false, or of indeterminate truth value on sentences where the complement had no logically necessary truth value, while memory subjects typically judged it according to its invited inference Results were interpreted in the context of an interactionist view of higher mental processes, where distinctions between different types of stored semantic information are obscured in memory.

TL;DR: This article found that subjects were better at identifying both meaning and wording changes in concrete sentences and subjects took significantly longer to encode and decode the abstract sentences, and suggested that neither a dual-coding interpretation nor a semantic propositional coding model could adequately explain the results.

TL;DR: This paper showed that mental imagery improves free recall through strengthening of the association between items, and not by improving the distinctiveness, availability, or form of storage of the individual items, while there was no interference with subjective organization in the single image condition.

TL;DR: The authors used an incidental learning paradigm to compare frequency judgments as a function of semantic versus non-semantic levels of processing, finding that frequency judgments are dependent on the level of processing activated by the presented words.

TL;DR: This paper used confusion items corresponding stimuli in the opposite modality, that is, words which are verbal labels of the pictures, and pictures which are visual representations of the words, to assess memory storage for concrete words (nouns) and pictures.

TL;DR: This paper examined the evidence for and against such strength theories of recency and frequency, and reported two experiments and concluded that such theories are almost completely discredited and that not all information need be stored directly.