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Showing papers in "Journal of Wine Research in 2017"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report findings on forces constraining sustainability innovation from an ongoing seven-year investigation into global contemporary wine marketing and sustainability, and share insights to strategies, processes and capabilities that enabled them to overcome these constraints.
Abstract: In dynamic and turbulent contexts many firms are trying to develop innovative sustainability solutions. Winery managers across the globe from this study discussed sustainability innovations in terms of product innovation (products, services, and product-service bundles), process innovation, and organizational innovation. However, forces act to constrain sustainability innovations in some agricultural industries including the wine industry. This article reports findings on forces constraining sustainability innovation from an ongoing seven-year investigation into global contemporary wine marketing and sustainability. This inductive theory-building grounded theory study involved a large number of in-depth interviews and used traditional interpretive trustworthiness criteria to ensure valid data were collected and the best interpretations out of multiple possible ones considered by the research term were developed. Executive perspectives from wineries of seven countries yielded insights to four significant constraints to sustainability innovations (i.e. competing motivations, variation in innovation approaches, lack of resources, and lack of a sustainability orientation) and why, in some cases, overcoming these constraints can be difficult, retarding progress toward sustainability goals. These executives also shared insights to strategies, processes and capabilities that enabled them to overcome constraints.

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Tony B. Shaw1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the evolution of the climates in Ontario's principal cool climate wine regions to determine their variability and evolution based on long-term data for the period 1970-2015.
Abstract: The anthropogenic-driven changes witnessed in the global climate over the last several decades are often manifest in the world’s wine regions in form of climate variability, extreme weather events and the gradual evolution of their thermal and precipitation regimes. The cool climate wine regions, such as those in Canada, on the climatic margins of commercial viticulture are likely to benefit from this gradual warming trend, but not without attendant risks. This study evaluates the evolution of the climates in Ontario’s principal cool climate wine regions to determine their variability and evolution based on long-term data for the period 1970–2015. Non-parametric time series and standard descriptive statistics are used to analyse long-term trends in key bio-climatic indices and precipitation variables related the winter and April–October growing season conditions. The results indicate high inter-annual variability of the thermal and moisture attributes, but accompanied by a gradual warming of the growing season and the evolution from a cooler climate to a warmer climate that could positively affect wine quality.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors determine the influence of carbonation level on the sensory and chemical properties of traditional sparkling wine and identify the level of CO2 that could be perceived by consumers.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the influence of carbonation level on the sensory and chemical properties of traditional sparkling wine and identify the level of carbonation that could be perceived by consumers. Sparkling wine treatments (n = 11) were produced through the addition of different concentrations of dextrose at bottling to create sparkling wines varying in carbonation (CO2) level. Final wines ranged in CO2 concentration from 0 to 7.5 g CO2/L (p ≤ .05). A consumer sensory evaluation panel (n = 48) evaluated the wines using a paired comparison test in which a sparkling wine at CO2 concentrations of 1.2, 2.0, 4.0, 5.8, or 7.5 g CO2/L was compared to the control sparkling wine (0 g CO2/L) for mouthfeel attributes (carbonation and bite) and sour taste. Results showed significant differences (p ≤ .001) between the control and sparkling wines containing 2.0, 4.0, 5.8, and 7.5 CO2/L for the mouthfeel attributes of carbonation and bite, suggesting that a minimum CO2 concentration o...

20 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, market value for wine search attributes is measured through the estimation of a hedonic price model using online data from a Wine Searcher website and the information contained in the labels of wines marketed in Russia.
Abstract: Italian wine is increasingly appreciated in new world consumer countries and, in particular, in Russia where consumers associate its consumption with an Italian lifestyle. In this paper, market value for wine search attributes is measured through the estimation of a hedonic price model using online data from a Wine Searcher website and the information contained in the labels of wines marketed in Russia. Results show a premium price for wines from Piedmont and Tuscany, and in particular for non-native varieties and for Indicazione Geografica Tipica and Protected Geographical Indication wines. Additionally, vintage and higher alcohol content have a significant positive impact on the prices that consumers are willing to pay for wines. The knowledge of the implicit price of wine quality attributes has important implication for producers to aid in the adoption of effective marketing strategies, and for decision-makers for the adoption of effective measures to improve regional competitiveness in the world market.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Foliar applied nitrogen may be an effective technique to contribute to berry composition optimization of petit manseng grown in a warm, humid climate.
Abstract: Vineyard applications of foliar nitrogen (N) and sulfur were evaluated in the Yadkin Valley of North Carolina in 2011 and 2012 as a means to modify grape composition of Vitis vinifera cv. petit manseng. Four treatments were applied each year in a randomized complete block design with six replicates of six vines each: untreated control, soil N at 30 kg/ha, foliar N at 15 kg/ha and foliar N at 15 kg/ha plus sulfur at 5 kg/ha. Fruit ammonia and yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) concentrations increased in foliar-treated vines both seasons compared to control vines. Total glycosides (TGGs) increased ∼80% in foliar N/sulfur-treated vines compared to control vines in 2011, and TGGs increased ∼157% in foliar N/sulfur-treated vines relative to glycoside level in foliar N alone in 2012. Foliar N and foliar N/sulfur applications increased the majority of amino acid concentrations analyzed in 2011. Measured concentrations of various amino acids, partly responsible for aroma and flavor of petit manseng wines, ...

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a 1H-NMR database of several wine metabolites was built using spectra recorded in a wine-like matrix containing ethanol and tartaric acid with pH precisely adjusted.
Abstract: Barbera is one of the most common red grape in Italy, found in almost every region of the country. The widespread market of the corresponding wine deserves studies on its traceability and authenticity. To this end, the 1H-NMR database of several wine metabolites was built using spectra recorded in a wine-like matrix containing ethanol and tartaric acid with pH precisely adjusted. The combination of 1H-NMR metabolomics study and chemometrics (multivariate data analysis) is able to discriminate between samples of such a wine produced in three different areas of Piedmont. The influence of climatic factors on the wine characteristics has also been studied.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the extent that consumers report purchasing wine on mobile devices and empirically examine potential drivers of m-wine purchasing across six countries to guide theoretical research enquiry moving forward.
Abstract: The purpose of this exploratory study was to understand the extent that consumers report purchasing wine on mobile devices and to empirically examine potential drivers of m-wine purchasing across six countries to guide theoretical research enquiry moving forward. Purposive sampling was employed. An online survey involving 2853 respondents from France, Germany, Greece, Canada, US and South Africa forms the basis for the current study. The results of the study indicate that though mobile phone usage, wine consumption and purchasing rates are high, mobile-wine purchasing prevalence is low within all six countries. While technology hype has us believe an online presence is essential for business revenue growth and performance; the current study indicates wineries should carefully consider consumer readiness towards mobile-wine purchasing. Limitations and recommendations for future research are identified.

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ideal cheese and wine combination might be relatively subjective, depending on personal preference, context factors, previous knowledge and experience of food and wine as mentioned in this paper. But the aim of this study was t...
Abstract: The ideal cheese and wine combination might be relativelysubjective, depending on personal preference, context factors,previous knowledge and experience of food and wine. The aim ofthis study was t ...

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article provided insight into consumers' perception of regionality when purchasing regional wine in terms of regional specialisation for style, volume of production of wine style, quality of wine, heritage of the wine region and the distinctiveness of wine styles produced in the wine regions of Australia.
Abstract: This study provides insight into consumers’ perception of regionality when purchasing regional wine in terms of regional specialisation for style, volume of production of the wine style, quality of the wine, heritage of the wine region and the distinctiveness of the wine styles produced in the wine regions of Australia. Data were collected from 203 Australian wine consumers through an online survey. The study compares the results of this study with Easingwood et al. [2011. The drivers of wine regionality. Journal of Wine Research, 22(1), 19–33.] study on experts’ opinion of regionality drivers. This paper will expand knowledge on how consumer involvement levels impact decisions relating to purchasing regional wine. This study is of value to academics and wine practitioners alike. It contributes to the wine literature by providing a new perspective on consumers’ perception and draws attention to the risk of drawing conclusions about wine consumption based on experts’ opinions as being reflective of...

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Anatoliy G. Goncharuk1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated and compared the efficiency of winemaking in Germany and Ukraine in order to find the key factors of efficiency of wine business in these countries, including returns to scale, scale efficiency, super-efficiency and some other indicators.
Abstract: The paper is devoted to the evaluation and comparison of the efficiency of winemaking in Germany and Ukraine in order to find the key factors of efficiency of wine business in these countries. The models of data envelopment analysis (DEA), correlation and other tools of data analysis are used to analyse the efficiency of wineries in two countries. Returns to scale, scale efficiency, super-efficiency and some other indicators are examined. The study is based on the sample including 36 wineries of Germany and Ukraine. The hypothesis about a higher relative efficiency of winemaking in Germany in comparison with Ukrainian winemaking was confirmed analytically. Relatively a high average scale efficiency score indicates a good potential (above 30%) for efficiency growth due to the optimization of a scale of production and sales. Generally, winemaking in Germany and Ukraine has increasing returns to scale. It was found to be the most efficient combination of the size and legal form of business organization for wine business in Germany.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Journal of Wine Research (JWR) as mentioned in this paper is the most widely cited journal for wine research and has a wide range of topics, ranging from enology and viticulture, through geography and tourism to economics and marketing.
Abstract: I am honored to be taking over the editorial reins of the Journal of Wine Research (JWR). I am also grateful for the wonderful foundation work done to the journal by Tim Unwin, and carried on so well by the outgoing editor Jane Carr. There is also the reassurance that comes from having a great and diverse editorial board, which has the skills and knowledge so essential in a journal that has such a broad remit. JWR is unique among academic wine journals in that it covers such a broad range of disciplines, whose common denominator is wine. Unlike other wine journals, which cover more specialized facets of wine such as wine economics, wine business, or the technical aspects of viticulture and enology, JWR embraces them all. A recent and perfectly executed bibliometric analysis of the journal by Paschen, Wilson, Nehajowich, and Prpic (2016) revealed that the journal published work on a wide array of topics, ranging from enology and viticulture, through geography and tourism to economics and marketing. However, these authors concluded that among the most cited papers in the journal over a 25-year period, the majority were in the domain of business. I come to JWR primarily as a business generalist and marketing scholar with a great love for wine. I love meeting the people who grow and make it, talking with the people who sell it, and of course, consorting with the people who drink it. I also enjoy writing about it, primarily from a marketing perspective, and also because as a marketer, I think that wine is the most magical product of all. In what follows, I list 10 reasons why I think wine is a dream offering for both the marketing scholar and the marketing enthusiast to consider in their research and publication. I hope these offer potential authors some ideas for what they might want to explore in terms of their research and writing, and that their best work will find a home in JWR. So here are my 10 observations about wine and its marketing. First, wine grapes do not seem to thrive in ugly places. From the stately glory of Bordeaux to the majesty of Stellenbosch, and from the rugged valleys of Barossa to beautiful Napa, the places where wine grapes are grown and wine is made are among the most scenic in the world. This has made wine tourism and wine experiences a huge business and significant contributors to national economies above and beyond the sales of the product itself. We need to know more about the intricacies of wine tourism and the staging of wine experiences. Second, as far as I know, wine is the only alcoholic beverage that occurs naturally. Left to themselves, wine grapes will eventually shed juice under their own weight and the wild yeasts in the air around them will ferment this. There really is no word in French for ‘winemaker’ – the great Bordeaux chateaux believe that it is merely the cellar master’s job to assist this process and to attend the birth of a wine. Even beer has to be ‘cooked’, with steps in the brewing process that include malting, milling, mashing, lautering, boiling, fermenting, conditioning, filtering, and packaging. I subscribe to the view that because wine is so natural, wine consumption in moderation has positive health benefits. We need to know more about how consumers perceive this and what they know and believe. Third, wine is the most prolifically branded consumer good of all. According to wine economist Veseth (2013), there are more than 7000 wine brands sold in the USA alone, and an estimate of more than 15,000 brands worldwide. The next most profusely branded product

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate a method for identifying and measuring the preferences and prejudices of wine critics, employing expert rating scores from four wine critics assessing Australian premium wines, the analysis further illustrates the significant variability which exists among expert quality scores.
Abstract: The paper demonstrates a method for identifying and measuring the preferences and prejudices of wine critics. Employing expert rating scores from four wine critics assessing Australian premium wines, the analysis further illustrates the significant variability which exists among expert quality scores. A mean pairwise correlation of 0.435, an intraclass correlation of 0.426 and an alpha reliability of 0.748 are identified for 258 commonly assessed wines. These measures of rater consensus are lower than those identified from other wine studies and in other disciplines. Regression models are developed to explain the difference between each specific expert score and the average score of the other experts. The models explain the specific preferences of wine critics employing information which is readily available to consumers. For different experts, the cellaring potential of a wine, its vintage, the source region of the grapes and the variety/style of the wine are found to explain wine preferences to ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, qualitative research was employed through the use of interviews conducted with wineries and industry associations, in an attempt to answer two specific questions: (1) how does the wine industry and wine tourism aid in the development of Niagara's rural area using the integrated rural tourism (IRT) concept, and (2) how can IRT aid in rural development through direct, experiential, conservation, development, and synergistic benefits.
Abstract: Using the Niagara Peninsula Appellation as the case study, qualitative research was employed through the use of interviews conducted with wineries and industry associations, in an attempt to answer two specific questions: (1) how does the wine industry and wine tourism aid in the development of Niagara’s rural area using the integrated rural tourism (IRT) concept, and (2) how can IRT aid in rural development through direct, experiential, conservation, development, and synergistic benefits. It is apparent that the seven components of IRT provide a reasonable framework to analyse the ability of IRT to realize benefits, although that the addition of marketing and future needs/desires as components improve its explanatory power. Using the modified IRT framework, this research found that wine tourism has derived direct, experiential, conservation, and synergistic benefits, with work still to be undertaken in order to improve upon tourism’s positive impacts in Niagara and peripherally rural areas more g...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Higher water availability due to irrigation and soil tillage management during berry development induced an increase in berry flesh weight and this was more evident in larger berries; however, berry skin and seed fresh weight remained unchanged.
Abstract: Berry size and crop yield are widely recognized as important factors that contribute to wine quality. The final berry size indirectly affects the phenolic concentration of the wine due to skin surface-to-berry volume ratio. The effects of different irrigation levels, soil management and plant crop level on growth of ‘Trincadeira’ berries were studied. In order to test the influence of different irrigation levels (rainfed, pre-veraison and post-veraison), different soil management (tillage and natural cover crops) and different plant crop levels (8 and 16 clusters per vine), leaf water potential, skin anthocyanin, polyphenols, berry skin and seed fresh weight were measured in fruits. The segregation of berries into three different berry classes: small, medium and large, allowed to identify different levels of contribution of soil management and irrigation level into berry, skin and seeds ratios. As expected, higher water availability due to irrigation and soil tillage management during berry development induced an increase in berry flesh weight and this was more evident in larger berries; however, berry skin and seed fresh weight remained unchanged. Also, anthocyanins did not show significant differences.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Wines of Portugal Challenge as discussed by the authors is an annual competition among wines produced by over 1000 vintners in over 30 of the country's wine growing regions, and judges assigned scores to over 1300 wines resulting in over 8400 wine-score observations.
Abstract: The Wines of Portugal Challenge is an annual competition among wines produced by over 1000 vintners in over 30 of the country’s wine growing regions. In 2016, judges assigned scores to over 1300 wines resulting in over 8400 wine-score observations. Analysis of that large sample yields implications about wine judges’ ratings that are difficult to detect with statistical significance in the small samples that are typical of most wine tastings. The Challenge’s frequency distribution of scores showed left skewness and local peaks just below the score thresholds for bronze, silver and gold awards. Student’s t-tests showed that there were no significant differences in scores assigned by gender-of-judge, nationality-of-judge and to wines from different regions. However, judges did assign higher scores to sweet wines than to other types of wine. While the dispersion in scores was material, p-values showed that the aggregate order of rating was very unlikely to be random and the distributions of mean scores showed that the strengths of judges’ preferences against the least-preferred wines were stronger than those in favor of the most-preferred wines. Ties between wines’ mean scores were common and could be broken by several methods including the preference probabilities implied by a Plackett-Luce model.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore factors associated with success or failure of new wineries, using the empirical context of new wine wineries in the Puget Sound region of Washington State.
Abstract: This analysis empirically explores factors associated with success or failure of new wineries, using the empirical context of new wineries in the Puget Sound region of Washington State. Wineries are being established more frequently in various regions around the world. Hence, it is important to understand factors associated with new winery success or failure, so policy-makers and entrepreneurs can better nurture this important industry. Results suggest that factors related to success or failure include the geographic location of a winery, the total number of owners, past business experiences of owners, levels of business diversification, owner gender, and time period.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an empirical study of French and Hungarian wine producers in 2004-2013 was conducted to analyze the capital structure of the Hungarian and the French wine industries and examine the funding models including that of the pledgeable assets rate for collateral.
Abstract: The main purpose of the study (This study is based on the previous work of the authors: Profitability and capital structure: An empirical study of French and Hungarian wine producers in 2004-2013. Business System Research, 7(1), 89–103, 2016) is to analyze the capital structure of the Hungarian and the French wine industries and to examine the funding models including that of the pledgeable assets rate for collateral. First, the database and the applied methods with the appropriate conditions will be described followed by an in-depth descriptive statistical analysis of a specific industry, namely, the wine industry in Hungary and in France. The analysis identifies the capital structure policy applied in the industry, evaluates its performance in terms of profitability and efficiency, and lastly defines the accessibility for external financing sources. The analysis examines the differences between the funding policies applied in the two countries, especially those variables that are the basis for t...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the influence of chambourcin on the quality of red wine blends of V. vinifera varieties in blinded tasting sessions involving three groups: consumers, wine professionals (non-winemaking), and commercial wine makers.
Abstract: Chambourcin is a hybrid red wine grape that can consistently produce high-quality wine in many humid climate New World sites including New Jersey and much of the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Many of these regions can also produce high-quality V. vinifera-based red wine blends. This study examined the influence of chambourcin on the quality of red wine blends of V. vinifera varieties in blinded tasting sessions involving three groups: consumers, wine professionals (non-winemaking), and commercial wine makers. Consumers preferred or rated equally the chambourcin containing blend to the non-chambourcin containing blend. Among wine professionals and commercial wine makers, there was no preference among blends. Even experienced wine makers could not identify wines containing chambourcin and did not rate wines lower if they thought the wines contained chambourcin. This study suggests chambourcin does not detract and rather may enhance high-quality red wine blends and further suggests that wine blend categorization may be better based on hedonic character and not grape genetic heritage. Inclusion of high-quality hybrid grapes, like chambourcin, in red blends of V. vinifera may enhance sustainability of viticulture in New World grape growing regions without sacrifice in the quality of wine that can be produced.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the development of the contemporary state of viticulture and consumption of wine in the Czech Republic (CR) and proposed suggestions leading to the improvement of the Czech viticulture position on wine markets.
Abstract: The purpose of the article is the elaboration of suggestions leading to the improvement of the Czech viticulture position on wine markets by means of the analysis of the development of the contemporary state of viticulture and consumption of wine in the Czech Republic (CR). The methodology of the following study comes from the comparison of data about the vine-growing and wine production of the Czech Republic, description of the EU legislature and authors’ own findings about consumers’ preferences in the consumption of wines in the Czech Republic. Then the follow-up analysis will become the basis for the elaboration of recommendation towards the improvement of the Czech viticulture position on the global wine market. The state wants to keep employment in the field of viticulture to support the position of the Czech wine on foreign markets and to support young vintners up to 40 years old through the programme of subsidies into vine-growing and wine-making. Domestic production of wine, which is pref...

Journal ArticleDOI
Domenic V. Cicchetti1
TL;DR: Wine judges were randomly selected from the membership of the American Association of Wine Economists (AAWE) to participate in a blind triplicate tasting of two South African varietals: one Sauvignon Blanc and one Pinotage.
Abstract: Wine judges were randomly selected from the membership of the American Association of Wine Economists (AAWE) to participate in a blind triplicate tasting of two South African varietals: one Sauvignon Blanc and one Pinotage; as well as a blind tasting of a single pouring of five additional Sauvignon Blanc wines and five additional Pinotage wines. It was hypothesized that those wine Tasters who scored the triplicate wines reliably would also score the single poured wines reliably; and, conversely, those who were unreliable on the triplicate wines would also be unreliable on the additional five wines. The results were substantially confirmative for the Sauvignon varietals, but only minimally confirmative for the Pinotage varietals. Two possible reasons are, first, the simpler structure of Sauvignon Blanc (a white wine) and possible palate fatigue for the more complex Pinotage (a red wine).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Studies of wine slip between traditional categories of research as discussed by the authors, as globalisation sees wine crossing new borders in barrels, bottles, and bellies, along with the disruption of traditions and t...
Abstract: Studies of wine slip between traditional categories of research. Just as globalisation sees wine crossing new borders in barrels, bottles and bellies – along with the disruption of traditions and t...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a statistical analysis is carried out of the results from the first competition of Malvasias of the World, and the evaluations obtained according to wine type (dry or sweet), geographical location and judge are analyzed and compared.
Abstract: Judgments given by experts in wine-tasting competitions can be relevant in terms of the visible signs of quality they provide for consumers. Even though it is difficult to measure the quality of wines in absolute terms, sensorial analysis through tasting is the generally accepted way to assess it. In this paper, a statistical analysis is carried out of the results from the first competition of Malvasias of the World. The evaluations obtained according to wine type (dry or sweet), geographical location and judge are analyzed and compared. Additionally, possible differences between two Canarian varieties of malvasia (aromatic and volcanic malvasia) are analyzed. Finally, the internal consistency of two tastings using a range of statistical measures based on the judges’ scores is studied to show the degree of concordance and reliability among their wine judgments.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Pigott took us on an exuberant, if somewhat haphazard, global tour of what he called ‘Planet Riesling.’ My review (Hulk... as discussed by the authors ).
Abstract: In 2014, Stuart Pigott’s Best white wine on earth: The riesling story (Pigott, 2014) took us on an exuberant, if somewhat haphazard, global tour of what he called ‘Planet Riesling.’ My review (Hulk...