Showing papers in "Justice Quarterly in 2013"
TL;DR: This paper found that as schools increase their use of police, they record more crimes involving weapon and drugs and report a higher percentage of their non-serious violent crimes to law enforcement, and the possibility that placement of police officers in schools increases referrals to the law enforcement for crimes of a less serious nature and increases recording of weapon and drug offenses requires that more rigorous research be carried out to assess more carefully the school climate and school safety outcomes related to this popular and costly practice.
Abstract: The use of police in schools has increased dramatically in the past 12 years, largely due to increases in US Department of Justice funding. This study used data from the School Survey on Crime and Safety to assess the extent to which the addition of police in schools is associated with changes in levels of school crime and schools responses to crime. We found that as schools increase their use of police, they record more crimes involving weapon and drugs and report a higher percentage of their non-serious violent crimes to law enforcement. The possibility that placement of police officers in schools increases referrals to law enforcement for crimes of a less serious nature and increases recording of weapon and drug offenses requires that more rigorous research be carried out to assess more carefully the school climate and school safety outcomes related to this popular and costly practice.
259 citations
TL;DR: This article argued that the standard approach adopted in research on race and sentencing is not sufficient and proposed a systematic assessment of the accumulated empirical literature and interviews with 25 race and criminal justice scholars.
Abstract: Drawing on a systematic assessment of the accumulated empirical literature and interviews with 25 race and sentencing scholars, this paper argues that the standard approach adopted in research on r...
248 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined whether imprisonment may increase subsequent levels of offending, but it was not clear why this was the case, and drew on general strain theory (GST).
Abstract: Recent research suggests that imprisonment may increase subsequent levels of offending, but it is not clear why this is the case. Drawing on general strain theory (GST), this study examines whether...
223 citations
TL;DR: There has been a dramatic increase in research on gang, gang members, and gang behavior since the early 1990s, making this review especially timely as discussed by the authors, which provides an opportunity to assess the current state of gang research and suggest directions for its future.
Abstract: This review provides an opportunity to assess the current state of gang research and suggest directions for its future. There has been a dramatic increase in research on gangs, gang members, and gang behavior since the early 1990s, making this review especially timely. We use Short’s three-level framework of explanation to organize the findings of prior research, focusing on individual-, micro-, and macro-level research. Attention is focused on the findings of such research, but we also examine theoretical and methodological developments as well. Drawing from Short and life-course research, we introduce a cross-level temporal framework to guide future directions in gang research.
219 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors support a normative process model to account for variation in the public's cooperation with police in the USA and other developed countries, as well as other studies.
Abstract: Numerous studies by Tyler and colleagues, as well as other scholars, support a normative, process model to account for variation in the public’s cooperation with police in the USA and other develop...
187 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study the relationship between disengagement from gangs and desistance from crime within a life-course criminological framework and find that gang disengagement is indirectly related to offending through less exposure to antisocial peers, less unstructured routine activities, less victimization, and more temperance.
Abstract: We study the relationship between disengagement from gangs and desistance from crime within a life-course criminological framework Gang disengagement is conceptualized as the event of gang membership de-identification and the process of declining gang embeddedness We examine the effects of both the event and the process of disengaging from gangs on (1) criminal desistance mechanisms and (2) criminal offending using longitudinal data and multilevel modeling We find that disengaging from gangs is indirectly related to offending through less exposure to antisocial peers, less unstructured routine activities, less victimization, and more temperance Gang disengagement is associated with decreased contemporaneous offending but does not predict future offending after controlling for desistance mechanisms Evidence also suggests that those who leave gangs more quickly are less exposed to antisocial peers, and possess better work histories and psychosocial characteristics even while in the gang We discuss imp
165 citations
TL;DR: Gang members have been found to engage in more delinquent behaviors than comparable nongang youth as mentioned in this paper, and few empirical attempts have been made to identify the group processes associated with the gang exp...
Abstract: Gang members have been found to engage in more delinquent behaviors than comparable nongang youth. Few empirical attempts have been made to identify the group processes associated with the gang exp...
141 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the concerns associated with the introduction of, and increased reliance on, actuarial risk tools in sentencing in order to stimulate cross-disciplinary dialog and researc...
Abstract: This paper discusses the concerns associated with the introduction of, and increased reliance on, actuarial risk tools in sentencing in order to: (1) stimulate cross-disciplinary dialog and researc...
116 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, focused deterrence interventions are associated with violence reduction, although levels of success vary across sites and it is unknown if these strategies can produce sustainably sustainable violence reduction. But, focused deterrence intervention has been shown to be effective in reducing violence.
Abstract: Research indicates that focused deterrence interventions are associated with violence reductions, although levels of success vary across sites. It is unknown if these strategies can produce sustain...
99 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test the contribution that social capital theory, performance theory, and the procedural justice-based model can make towards explaining the trust of majority and minority group membe...
Abstract: This article tests the contribution that social capital theory, performance theory, and the procedural justice-based model can make towards explaining the trust of majority and minority group membe...
88 citations
TL;DR: This article presented a typology of discretion that differs from the standard typology in the legal literature: Type A discretion, which is the generally recognized discretion of indivi...,.
Abstract: This paper presents a typology of discretion that differs from the standard typology of discretion in the legal literature: Type A discretion, which is the generally recognized discretion of indivi...
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that adolescents who socialize with peers in unstructured and unsupervised settings are more likely to engage in deviant behavior. But, their results were limited.
Abstract: Previous research has demonstrated that adolescents who socialize with peers in unstructured and unsupervised settings are more likely to engage in deviant behavior. Research on this front has gene...
TL;DR: In this paper, the intersection of social disorganization at a community level with responses to crime is examined, and the impact of such disorganisation on the product of crime is explored.
Abstract: This paper examines the intersection of social disorganization at a community level with responses to crime. In contrast to other works examining the impact of social disorganization on the product...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined whether an arrest leads to an increase in subsequent crime, but extended the knowledge base by considering whether the arrest has the same effect across offender trajectories and by employing techniques that deal with sample selection bias.
Abstract: Deterrence and labeling theories make opposing predictions regarding the effect of sanctions on subsequent crime. Deterrence anticipates that sanctions deter, while labeling anticipates that sanctions amplify future crime. The knowledge base with respect to this question is vast, and while a handful of studies provide evidence of a deterrent effect, the majority of studies indicate a null effect. Our study examines whether an arrest leads to an increase in subsequent crime, but extends the knowledge base by considering whether an arrest has the same effect across offender trajectories and by employing techniques that deal with sample selection bias. Thus, we assess for whom sanctions deter or exacerbate subsequent offending. Results indicate that for greater risk youth, arrest amplifies subsequent delinquency, net of other effects, but not among lower risk youth. Thus, experiencing an arrest aggravates subsequent delinquency among some but not all persons. Implications and directions for future research are identified.
TL;DR: In this paper, self-report data from a longitudinal study of youth at high risk for serious delinquent behavior are compared with data from official police records to examine systematic bias in both the underreporting and over-reporting of self-reported arrests.
Abstract: The self-report method of collecting data on delinquency, crime, and arrests continues to be one of the most popular techniques of examining the causes of such behavior and assessing the bias in the responses to it. However, the problem of systematic bias in reporting such data continues to cloud its use. Self-report data from a longitudinal study of youth at high risk for serious delinquent behavior are compared with data from official police records to examine systematic bias in both the under-reporting and over-reporting of self-reported arrests. Although under-reporting and over-reporting occur in nearly equal proportions in our data, we find that these two phenomena operate quite differently. Further, we show that systematic bias of self-reported arrests is largely a function of the number of official arrests, and that the effect is non-linear. We offer explanations for these findings, and discuss their implications for the future use of self-report methods.
TL;DR: In this article, the factors associated with differential criminal achievement in a sample of 15 different criminal careers were explored, and the authors explored the differences in criminal performance across different criminal career stages.
Abstract: Variations in criminal performance have been much less explored than other parameters of criminal careers. We explore the factors associated with differential criminal achievement in a sample of 15...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the study of white, African-American, and to a lesser extent, Hispanic offenders, and very little is known about the sentencing of Nativ...
Abstract: Existing sentencing literature largely focuses on the study of white, African-American, and to a lesser extent, Hispanic offenders. Unfortunately, very little is known about the sentencing of Nativ...
TL;DR: The New York Times ran a series "War Torn" on Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans and their adjustment to civilian life upon return from the war zone as discussed by the authors, where they assessed the crimi...
Abstract: In February of 2008 the New York Times ran a series—War Torn—on Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans and their adjustment to civilian life upon return from the war zone. The authors assessed the crimi...
TL;DR: The authors examined the newsworthiness of 866 homicide incidents that occurred in Newark, New Jersey between 1997 and 2007, and identified the most important newsworthy incidents in each case. But they did not identify the most relevant incidents.
Abstract: The current study builds on the homicide and media criminological literature by examining the newsworthiness of 866 homicide incidents that occurred in Newark, NJ between 1997 and 2007. Recognizing...
TL;DR: Despite recent increases in the use of incarceration for white-collar offenders, little is known about the prison experiences of these individuals or how they adjust to imprisonment as mentioned in this paper, although empirically empir...
Abstract: Despite recent increases in the use of incarceration for white-collar offenders, little is known about the prison experiences of these individuals or how they adjust to imprisonment. Although empir...
TL;DR: The authors examined the minority group threat hypothesis across a metropolitan setting to test whether (1) increases in black and Latino representation in communities were associated with increased crime, and (2) increased crime was correlated with increased minority group threats.
Abstract: The study examined the minority group-threat hypothesis across a metropolitan setting to test whether (1) increases in black and Latino representation in communities were associated with increased ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between gender equality and levels of violence perpetrated by men against women in recent decades has been examined, and the current state of the literature has been criticised.
Abstract: Considerable attention has been given to the relationship between gender equality (GE) and levels of violence perpetrated by men against women in recent decades. Yet, the current state of the liter...
TL;DR: Mental health court outcomes research shows moderate success in reducing criminal recidivism as discussed by the authors. But far less research concentrates on defendants who do not choose to participate or are negatively termina...
Abstract: Mental health court outcomes research shows moderate success in reducing criminal recidivism. Far less research concentrates on defendants who do not choose to participate or are negatively termina...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a study on stress among police, which assumes the presence of uniform stressors across job roles and borrows upon generic stress instruments to tap stress types and levels.
Abstract: Existing research on stress among police assumes the presence of uniform stressors across job roles and borrows upon generic stress instruments to tap stress types and levels. The present study dra...
TL;DR: The Bail Reform Act of 1984 changed the law dictating release and detention decisions in federal court as discussed by the authors, and since its passage, few studies have examined judicial decision-making in this context.
Abstract: The Bail Reform Act of 1984 changed the law dictating release and detention decisions in federal court. Since its passage, few studies have examined judicial decision-making in this context. Legal ...
TL;DR: In this paper, sustainable justice is defined as criminal laws and criminal justice institutions, policies, and practices that achieve justice in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to achieve justice.
Abstract: “Sustainable justice” may be defined as criminal laws and criminal justice institutions, policies, and practices that achieve justice in the present without compromising the ability of future gener...
TL;DR: Probation and parole case managers in 12 field offices of a state juvenile justice agency took part in a controlled experiment aimed at advancing knowledge on implementing evidence-based practices as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Probation and parole case managers in 12 field offices of a state juvenile justice agency took part in a controlled experiment aimed at advancing knowledge on implementing evidence-based practices ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the accuracy of the information in the SHR by comparing homicide cases in Newark, New Jersey with their respective data to determine the level of disagreement between the data sources, which variables exhibit the greatest disagreement, and the case-related variables related to the disagreement.
Abstract: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)’s Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) is a national-level incident-based data clearinghouse for homicide events in the USA used in countless research studies to track homicide trends, test theory, and analyze policy. Despite its wide use, the SHR has well-known limitations. This research note examines the accuracy of the information in the SHR by comparing homicide cases in Newark, New Jersey with their respective data to determine the level of disagreement between the data sources, which variables exhibit the greatest disagreement, and the case-related variables related to the disagreement. Uniquely, we do this for cases where offenders are known in the SHR. Our findings suggest that variables such as victim-offender relationship and circumstance have high disagreement even when the SHR reports an offender, and that the most important covariate of this is time to close the homicide investigation with an arrest. Research implications of the results are discussed.
TL;DR: This study uses interactional theory and the concept of Risk–Needs–Responsivity to theorize that both Needs and Responsivity will change over time in predictable ways and shows that even in late adolescence, individuals who are at risk for violence can be protected from future violence and risky behavior with positive events in their environment and personal life.
Abstract: Research on recidivism in criminal justice and desistance in criminology are not integrated. Yet, both fields are moving towards models that look at how positive elements in a person’s environment can impact a person’s behavior, conditional on different levels of risk. This study builds on this observation by applying interactional theory and the concept of Risk–Needs–Responsivity to theorize that both Needs and Responsivity will change over time in predictable ways. We then use a novel empirical approach with the Rochester Youth Development Study to show that even in late adolescence, individuals who are at risk for violence can be protected from future violence and risky behavior like gun carrying with positive events in their environment and personal life. In young adulthood, fewer people are still at risk for violence, and those who are at risk are harder to protect from future violence and gun carrying.
TL;DR: This paper found that the same genetic factors influence levels of self-control in males and females, and that the magnitude of the genetic effects on self control is the same across the sexes.
Abstract: Research has shown that males, on average, exhibit lower levels of self-control compared to females. While previous research points to socialization processes as a way to explain the gender gap, the current study investigates whether there are genetic differences in self-control that are operating across the sexes in adolescence and adulthood. First, the results revealed that the same genetic factors influence levels of self-control in males and females. This implies that the genetic influences on self-control are not gender-specific. Second, the results also revealed that the magnitude of the genetic effects on self-control is the same across the sexes. These findings are aligned with other studies that have found no significant sex differences in the genetic effects on constructs related to low self-control, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other self-regulatory problems. The implications of these findings for Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory are discussed.