Showing papers in "Knowledge Based Systems in 1989"
Journal Article•
101 citations
TL;DR: The development and use of a Knowledge Dictionary, a tool to facilitate the documentation and maintenance of rule based expert systems, is discussed, which utilizes the relational data model to store the heuristics in a data form rather than in an executable code form.
Abstract: The development and use of a Knowledge Dictionary, a tool to facilitate the documentation and maintenance of rule based expert systems, is discussed. The Knowledge Dictionary may be used to record heuristics and their component parts, facts and rule actions, in such a way that a knowledge engineer, or end user, may determine the usage of any part of the knowledge, may easily add new parts, and may run the expert system to determine the effect of the maintenance. The Knowledge Dictionary utilizes the relational data model to store the heuristics in a data form rather than in an executable code form. Use of the relational model provides the knowledge engineer with all the power of relational calculus to interrogate the stored knowledge.
15 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents an implementable approach to innovative and creative design based on operations within a dynamic memory model of episodic memory and the requirements of a reasoning system to support these classes of design activity.
Abstract: Innovative and creative design occurs when fragments of previous design episodes are retrieved and incorporated into the present design context. This paper presents an implementable approach to innovative and creative design based on operations within a dynamic memory model of episodic memory. Innovative and creative design are defined in terms of operators. The requirements of a reasoning system to support these classes of design activity are outlined. Examples of the processes are presented.
14 citations
TL;DR: The Asynchronous Production System is presented, which is a rule-based inference engine capable of monitoring and processing asynchronous, real-time information to provide a unique and convenient mechanism for designingRule-based expert systems capable of dynamic and rapid interaction with their environments.
Abstract: Intelligent computing systems for aerospace, robotics and process control applications require an integration of traditional expert system technologies with real-time response and control capabilities To address such requirements, the Asynchronous Production System (APS) is presented, which is a rule-based inference engine capable of monitoring and processing asynchronous, real-time information The primary motivation of the proposed APS is to provide a unique and convenient mechanism for designing rule-based expert systems capable of dynamic and rapid interaction with their environments The paper elaborates on the architectural and operational characteristics of the APS and addresses issues pertinent to the the implementation of the APS in a multi-processor environment
12 citations
TL;DR: A legal expert system and its associated report generating system is described here.
Abstract: Legal reasoning in the Common Law system has elements of reasoning by analogy, of reasoning from example, and certain characteristics which are unique. A legal expert system must provide a sophisticated level of justification for its advice, for the justification is the system's most important product. A legal expert system and its associated report generating system is described here.
11 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed here that equivocations between meronymic and other types of semantic relations can be a source of ambiguity during knowledge elicitation, and are, in some part, responsible for the confusing plethora of types of is_a link to be found in current knowledge-based system environments.
Abstract: Studies in the field of cognitive science have demonstrated the existence of a taxonomy of meronymic (part-whole) relations, each of which corresponds to a meaning of the English phrase 'part of'. It is proposed here that equivocations between meronymic and other types of semantic relations can be a source of ambiguity during knowledge elicitation, and are, in some part, responsible for the confusing plethora of types of is_a link to be found in current knowledge-based system environments. Based on the taxonomy of part-whole relations, a general-purpose implementation, and applications of meronymic inheritance for a Rule Based Frame System, are presented.
9 citations
TL;DR: A knowledge description language designed to be useful in tackling the automation of real-world selection decisions is introduced, which creates an apparatus in which objects inherit dynamically, are always mutable, and which abstract both state and procedural properties.
Abstract: A knowledge description language designed to be useful in tackling the automation of real-world selection decisions is introduced. Such selection decisions typify the conceptual stage of engineering design, and are exemplified in the paper by reference to the problem of selecting polymers for manufacturing containers. The language is used to create a classification hierarchy, which may be construed as a collection of objects related in terms of a graph which determines a pattern of default property inheritance. The language provides for the formulation of symbolic descriptions of an objects and its properties, and allows the graph to evolve in a controlled interaction with the computer user. Each fresh description of an object is treated as a partial or incomplete description, which is subjected to a strategy for maintaining the consistency of all objects in the graph. The result is an apparatus in which objects inherit dynamically, are always mutable, and which abstract both state and procedural properties.
9 citations
TL;DR: A knowledge-based system for rapid prototyping is presented, in which the Frame-and-Rule Oriented Requirements Language and a methodology are developed to provide an integrated means of prototyping through the software life cycle.
Abstract: In recent years it has been noticed that rapid prototyping produces better software products. Research on combining Artificial Intelligence and software engineering has also been conducted for a number of years. A knowledge-based system for rapid prototyping is presented. In the system, the Frame-and-Rule Oriented Requirements Language and a methodology are developed to provide an integrated means of prototyping throughoyt the software life cycle. The particular application domain to be modelled is represented in terms of objects and activities. FRORL, which uses the concept of frames and production systems, describes the problem domain's objects and activities in a natural way. With the support of a knowledge base, a software prototype can be rapidly developed using FRORL. The system has been implemented using Prolog on a VAX-11/780 computer.
9 citations
Journal Article•
8 citations
TL;DR: By means of a comprehensive survey of documented systems in the USA, UK and FRG, the state-of-the-art of production applications of knowledge-based systems is described.
Abstract: With the development of 'expert' or 'knowledgeased' systems, the efforts of artificial intelligence research have attained commercial application While there have been to date, only a few investigations concerning the extent of this transfer, assessment of the extent of manufacturing applications has been mostly the result of speculation By means of a comprehensive survey of documented systems in the USA, UK and FRG, the state-of-the-art of production applications of knowledge-based systems is described Detailed discussion i is made of reasons leading to computer assistance and integrated solutions Computer-assisted technological s systems are reviewed under their specific task areas — that is, construction and design, production planning, production control, production of parts, quality assurance, assembly, maintenance and customer service Solutions for the connection of islands of automation are dealt with under the heading of Computer Integrated Manufacturing
8 citations
TL;DR: The approach, features and technical implementation of this application-independent problem-solving structure can be used as a framework for solving similar problems in the area of machine diagnostics.
Abstract: In the endeavour to build an expert system called XBAK using Personal Consultant Plus for the diagnosis of sophisticated equipment used in microchip manufacturing, a rule-based machine diagnostic expert system architecture was developed. The approach, features and technical implementation of this application-independent problem-solving structure are described. The architecture can be used as a framework for solving similar problems in the area of machine diagnostics.
TL;DR: A model of diagnostic behaviour shared by most diagnostic tasks is discussed and can be seen as being twofold: first as an aid in the construction of more adequate shells for diagnostic tasks; and more importantly, as the initial interpretation model held by the knowledge engineer about to embark on the cumbersome task of analysing a particular expert diagnostician's behaviour.
Abstract: A model of diagnostic behaviour shared by most diagnostic tasks is discussed. The model is, by-and-large, presented at a conceptual (knowledge) level. Its expression at more concrete level is task dependent. The model's use can be seen as being twofold: first as an aid in the construction of more adequate shells for diagnostic tasks; and second, and more importantly, as the initial (albeit crude) interpretation model held by the knowledge engineer about to embark on the cumbersome task of analysing a particular expert diagnostician's behaviour.
TL;DR: A new term 'similarity' and the method to compute s to enhance the capability of fuzzy set theory for application in expert systems is introduced and even though the complexity of the hardware engine is slightly increased, it actually reduces the overhead of computation by eliminating the need for normalization of fuzzy data.
Abstract: Fuzzy inference engines based on the existing fuzzy theory are inadequate to perform reliable decision making. Besides requiring the fuzzy sets and data to be normalized, the inference engine is also sensitive to noise in observational data. Inaccurate conclusions are produced if noise is present and also when the fuzzy sets are not normalized. In this paper, a new term 'similarity' (s) and the method to compute s to enhance the capability of fuzzy set theory for application in expert systems is introduced. Even though the complexity of the hardware engine is slightly increased, it actually reduces the overhead of computation by eliminating the need for normalization of fuzzy data. With reliable fuzzy data manipulation, it is easy to extend to a multi-dimensional membership function which has a wider scope of applications. To To implement the Very Large Scale Integration fuzzy inference engine, two general schemes of the hardware architecture that van be easily reconfigured to satisfy given performance requirements are discussed.
TL;DR: The SAIRVO system implements the ACTEM model, and combines various characteristics of both expert systems and planners, as well as an interaction mode between ACTEMS in the form of message exchanges.
Abstract: The Laval University Design and Use of Scenes (LUDUS) project is aimed at developing a scene management system. To model a scene we propose to describe actors as autonomous systems which interact together within a temporal framework. Each actor is characterized by its autonomy in making decisions according to the situations it faces. In our approach, the actor's autonomy stems from the possibility of modelling decision and planning knowledge in appropriate knowledge bases. To specify an actor, the concept of the ACTEM (ACTing systEM) is introduced. The SAIRVO system implements the ACTEM model, and combines various characteristics of both expert systems and planners, as well as an interaction mode between ACTEMS in the form of message exchanges. A brief outline of research works related to planning systems is presented, the knowledge structures implemented in SAIRVO are described, and the general architecture of the system is given.
TL;DR: Experiments with perceptrons versus 'idiot' Bayes are reported, and an evaluation of Valiant's learning framework is made that yields improved bounds for reliable learning.
Abstract: Knowledge acquisition will always remains a key problem in the development of knowledge-based systems. With this motivation, a divergent number of methodologies and associated issues are appearing in the literature. This paper looks at how certain induction theories and methodologies conform to the requirements of knowledge acquisition from the light of practical experience. Experiments with perceptrons versus 'idiot' Bayes are reported, and an evaluation of Valiant's learning framework is made that yields improved bounds for reliable learning. Finally, some requirements for inductive knowledge acquisition methodologies are summarized.
TL;DR: This paper presents the implementation techniques of the Package for Intelligent and Algorithmic Floorplanning, a knowledge-based system program written in Prolog, and discusses the influence of domain knowledge on the structure of PIAF.
Abstract: The implementation of a knowledge-based system that deals with the Very Large Scale Integration circuit Computer Aided Design domain requires the important consideration of several problems, including the complexity of the domain, the nature of information processing, and the automation requirements. This paper presents the implementation techniques of the Package for Intelligent and Algorithmic Floorplanning, a knowledge-based system program written in Prolog. The presentation aims at discussing the influence of domain knowledge on the structure of PIAF. The main modules of PIAF are discussed in detail, notably the operation of its frame system, inference engine, current context memory and explanation system.
TL;DR: The knowledge engineering viewpoint is brought to bear in a number of key issues of software engineering: software process models; the design process; safety-critical software; and object-oriented programming.
Abstract: Software development is an intensely knowledge-based activity, whose richness and sublety is sometimes discounted by people who tell us how to do it Idealized models of the software lifecycle, and of the human processes within it, often misrepresent those processes They are often not a useful basis for supporting or improving them Insights from developing knowledge-based systems in other domains can help us appreciate the fully subtlety of software engineering, to build tools and methods which will truly help us do it better The relevant intellectual tools of knowledge engineering include the recognition of many different flavours of knowledge, which require different techniques to represent them, empirical knowledge acquisition techniques, metal-level reasoning, and knowledge-based description of plans and procedures The knowledge engineering viewpoint is brought to bear in a number of key issues of software engineering: software process models; the design process; safety-critical software; and object-oriented programming This highlights some strengths, and potential weaknesses of approaches currently being advocated; and it also points to ways forward
Journal Article•
TL;DR: An artificially intelligent expert system called DISCON is presented, which is designed to give legal advice to design and construction engineers as well as contractors and owners concerning Different Site Conditions claims.
Abstract: The construction industry not only presents problems of engineering, but legal problems as well. Litigation and claims in construction are consuming an ever larger share of the energy and resources of construction industry participants. An artificially intelligent expert system called DISCON is presented, which is designed to give legal advice to design and construction engineers as well as contractors and owners concerning Different Site Conditions claims. DISCON development is discussed, and its features are outlined.
TL;DR: GOLD/M is an expert system that identifies some mineral mixtures in rocks by searching for characteristic features in the infrared reflectance spectra of the rocks by using subjective Bayesian reasoning.
Abstract: GOLD/M is an expert system that identifies some mineral mixtures in rocks by searching for characteristic features in the infrared reflectance spectra of the rocks. Some of these minerals indicate subsurface gold deposits. The system is implemented in a shell based on subjective Bayesian reasoning, as used in the Prospector expert system. An earlier system, called GOLD, could identify only the one mineral in a pure sample. GOLD/M identifies up to two minerals in a rock consisting of a mixture of minerals. This paper discusses the extensions made to cope with mineral mixtures, and discusses problems that emerged with the Prospector formalism.
TL;DR: The representation provides facilities that enable qualitative physics systems to use qualitative methods not only at the process level, but also at the constraint and motion analysis level.
Abstract: A qualitative representation for shape and space in two dimensions, and methods for carrying out simple spatial reasoning tasks using this representation are described. The representation provides facilities that enable qualitative physics systems to use qualitative methods not only at the process level, but also at the constraint and motion analysis level. It also provides qualitative methods that could be applied to conventional spatial reasoning applications, such as high level robot programming.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A survey of current line drawing and diagram interpretation systems details the assumptions that follow from the sources of knowledge embedded in these systems, and the use of knowledge in the surveyed methods is discussed.
Abstract: Considerable effort has been applied to the problem of picture interpretation, and in particular the interpretation of line drawings and diagrams. The paper surveys published approaches to line drawing and diagram understanding. A set of distinct processing levels that characterize the surveyed approaches is described, and five basic classes of knowledge which can be used to interpret line drawings and diagrams are then defined. The effect of these five classes of knowledge on the generality of an interpretation system is discussed, and the implications of using a particular class of knowledge at a particular processing level are considered in terms of system generality. A survey of current line drawing and diagram interpretation systems details the assumptions that follow from the sources of knowledge embedded in these systems. Finally, the use of knowledge in the surveyed methods, in relation to that proposed for an idealized and more general picture interpretation system, is discussed.
TL;DR: A model of integrated learning is proposed, and is illustrated with a detailed case study from the field of epidemiology, and an algorithm called Negative Instance Elimination algorithm is presented that is orthogonal to the well-known Candidate Elimination algorithms.
Abstract: Research in integrated learning is concerned with designing learning systems that combine empirical (inductive) and analytical (deductive) approaches to learning. A model of integrated learning is proposed, and is illustrated with a detailed case study from the field of epidemiology. An algorithm called Negative Instance Elimination algorithm is presented. We show that it is orthogonal to the well-known Candidate Elimination algorithm, i.e. the former is based on a set of assumptions similar to the letter, except that the roles of features and instances are interchanged.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is shown that normal forms are at least as relevant to knowledge systems as they are to information systems, and it is argued that for a knowledge system to be effectively maintainable, normal forms for data and information are required.
Abstract: The terms knowledge system, data, information and knowledge are clearly defined, and the essentially functional nature of data, information and knowledge is explored in the paper. It is shown that normal forms are at least as relevant to knowledge systems as they are to information systems. Also it is argued that for a knowledge system to be effectively maintainable, normal forms for data and information, in addition to the classical normal forms, are required. Extensive new normal forms for knowledge are proposed, and the compatibility of these normal forms is discussed.
Journal Article•