Showing papers in "Lipids in 1967"
TL;DR: When whale oil triglycerides were subjected to pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were found mainly in the di- and triglyceride products, suggesting that they are in the 1,3-positions but resistant to the action of the lipase.
Abstract: When whale oil triglycerides were subjected to pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were found mainly in the di- and triglyceride products, suggesting that they are in the 1,3-positions but resistant to the action of the lipase Their presence in the 1,3-positions was confirmed Their resistance to pancreatic lipase hydrolysis was demonstrated by analysis of the products of the enzyme action on: (a) a concentrate of highly unsaturated whale oil triglycerides; (b) the latter after randomization; and (c) synthetic 1,2-di-octadecenoyl-3-eicosapentaenoyl glycerol
299 citations
TL;DR: Quantitative elution of acidic and neutral glycolipids of brain and spinach leaves from silicic acid columns with acetone was demonstrated and provided the basis for an analytical procedure employing column and quantitative thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
Abstract: Quantitative elution of acidic and neutral glycolipids of brain and spinach leaves from silicic acid columns with acetone was demonstrated. Cerebrosides and sulfatides of brain and sulfolipid and glycosyl diglycerides of spinach leaves were eluted quantitatively with acetone while prospholipids remained on the column. The observations provide the basis for an analytical procedure employing column and quantitative thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Sephadex column chromatography is utilized for separation of lipids from nonlipids; silicic acid column chromatography for separation into neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions; and quantitative TLC for analysis of lipid classes of each column fraction.
221 citations
TL;DR: Two varieties of turnip, Laurentian and Wye, were examined for their lipid and fatty acid composition and no great differences between the two varieties studied were observed.
Abstract: Two varieties of turnip, Laurentian and Wye, were examined for their lipid and fatty acid composition. Lipids extracted with 80% ethanol contained variable quantities of phosphatidic acid, which was considered to be an artifact. Crude lipids were fractionated by TLC, and fatty acids and sterols were analyzed by GLC. Among the common phospholipids, cardiolipid and phosphatidyl glycerol were abundant components. Linolenic acid comprised 60% of the total fatty acids. beta-Sitosterol was the principal sterol, and about half of the carotenoids was lycopene. No great differences between the two varieties studied were observed however.
214 citations
TL;DR: The general approach is applicable to the determination of the structure of other phospholipids of comparable complexity and the identity and proportions of the various lecithins are deduced by integration and normalization of all the experimental data.
Abstract: A method is described for the separation, identification, and quantitative estimation of the individual molecular species occurring in natural lecithin mixtures. Purified lecithin preparations are converted into diglyceride acetates by enzymic dephosphorylation and acetylation. The diglyceride acetates are separated on the basis of the degree of unsaturation and the molecular geometry by means of chromatography on thin layers of silica gel which are impregnated with silver nitrate. The various acetates thus resolved are separately recovered from the plates and diluted with tridecanoin internal standard; the quantitative distribution of the molecular weights is determined by gas chromatography.
112 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the stimulatory role of the supernatant fraction can be attributed to the presence ofl-α-phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, and the hydrolysis of the biosynthesized microsomal phosphatidic acid by thesupernatant enzyme occurs at a faster rate than the hydroleysis of added phosphatodic acid prepared from egg lecithin.
Abstract: Evidence is presented as to the nature and mechanism of the stimulatory effect of the supernatant fraction on the biosynthesis of triglycerides via the α-glycerophosphate pathway in the intestinal mucosa. When microsomes are employed as the enzyme source, the major lipid formed from either labeled palmitic acid orl-α-glycerophosphate is phosphatidic acid and only a limited amount of triglyceride is synthesized. The addition of the supernatant fraction to microsomes results in a stimulation of triglyceride biosynthesis at the expense of phosphatidic acid. Employing the same microsomal fraction, the reaction sequence was followed step by step and the intermediates were isolated. The results suggest that the stimulatory role of the supernatant fraction can be attributed to the presence ofl-α-phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.4). The hydrolysis of the biosynthesized microsomal phosphatidic acid by the supernatant enzyme occurs at a faster rate than the hydrolysis of added phosphatidic acid prepared from egg lecithin. The initial acylation steps in the biosynthesis of triglycerides or phosphatidic acid via the glycerophosphate pathway occur only in the presence of fatty acid and the cofactors necessary for its activation. Under these conditions, fatty acyl-CoA will not substitute for the fatty acid activation system.
102 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that, although esters of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids can be quantitatively analyzed on open tubular columns with a flame ionization detector there are serious losses of the long-chain highly uns saturated fatty acids of marine oils on the column.
Abstract: Methyl esters of fatty acids of marine origin contain large amounts of highly unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. It is shown that, although esters of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids can be quantitatively analyzed on open tubular columns with a flame ionization detector there are serious losses of the long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids of marine oils on the column. Through comparison of chain-length composition and iidine value some correction factors are suggested for the highly unsaturated fatty acids which permit reasonably accurate analyses.
92 citations
TL;DR: Plasma phospholipids in several common mammalian species, including cat, cow, dog, goat, guinea pig, horse, pig, rabbit, rat, and sheep, were analyzed by using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods and lecithin, lysolecith in, and sphingomyelin were found in the plasma of all species and accounted for more than 95% of the phospholIPids except in the rodents.
Abstract: Plasma phospholipids in several common mammalian species, including cat, cow, dog, goat, guinea pig, horse, pig, rabbit, rat, and sheep, were analyzed by using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Lipids were extracted from plasma with chloroform-methanol 2∶1 (v/v) and freed of nonlipid material by passage through a Sephadex column. The phospholipids were separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Spots were identified by spray reagents, also by infrared spectrophotometry. The relative distribution of the phospholipids was determined by phosphorus analysis on the spot scraped off the TLC plate.
92 citations
TL;DR: Seed of 194 species in 56 genera of Labiatae, representing six of the eight subfamilies, were analyzed for oil and protein and for fatty acid composition of the oil.
Abstract: Seed of 194 species in 56 genera of Labiatae, representing six of the eight subfamilies, were analyzed for oil and protein and for fatty acid composition of the oil. The oils are diverse and include some that contain up to 70% oleic acid, 79% linoleic acid, or 72% linolenic acid. An allenic function occurs in a third of the samples from the subfamily Stachyoideae and in the one sample analyzed from the Prasioideae. A method for determining the allene was devised. Oils fromTeucrium species containtrans unsaturation in unidentified components. Oils from twoLamium species have both allenic andtrans unsaturation. Two species ofThymus appear to produce hydroxy acids.
83 citations
TL;DR: Ring location in cyclopropane fatty acid esters is accomplished simply and unequivocally with submilligram samples, and assignment of the position of the methyl groups, and hence of the ring in the parent compound is assigned.
Abstract: Ring location in cyclopropane fatty acid esters is accomplished simply and unequivocally with submilligram samples. The technique involves reductive ring opening with platinum catalyst and hydrogen in glacial acetic acid, to give a mixture of branched-chain and straight-chain acid esters. The sample is analyzed with a combination gas chrmatograph-mass spectrometer. Examination of the spectra obtained from the mixture of branched-chain acid esters permits assignment of the position of the methyl groups, and hence of the ring in the parent compound.
83 citations
TL;DR: Findings indicate an equal amount of methyl 9- and 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoate produced by autoxidation of methyl linoleate, and the exclusive formation of 13-HydroPeroxyoCTadeca-9,11-dienoic acid from the incubation of lipoxidase with linoleic acid.
Abstract: Linoleate hydroperoxides from autoxidation of methyl linoleate and from lipoxidase oxidation of linoleic acid are compared. Data indicate an equal amount of methyl 9- and 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoate produced by autoxidation of methyl linoleate, and the exclusive formation of 13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid from the incubation of lipoxidase with linoleic acid. As a result of these findings, a specific mechanism for the reaction of lipoxidase with linoleic acid is postulated.
81 citations
TL;DR: The methyl esters of phytanic and pristanic acids derived from phytol each can be resolved into two diastereomers by gas-liquid chromatography on an efficient open-tubular, gas- liquid chromatographic column with a polyester coating.
Abstract: The methyl esters of phytanic (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic) and pristanic (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic) acids derived from phytol each can be resolved into two diastereomers by gas-liquid chromatography on an efficient open-tubular, gas-liquid chromatographic column with a polyester coating. Authentic D,D,D isomers prepared from the lipids of bacteriumH. cutirubrum gave only one peak. In mammals the D,D,D isomers usually predominate, but in marine life the L,D,D isomers apparently are the principal forms. The origin and metabolic roles of the diastercomers are discussed.
TL;DR: Nine samples of fresh raw cow's milk were separated into fat globules and milk serum by centrifugation and the lipid composition of these structures was compared to that of the surrounding milk serum.
Abstract: Nine samples of fresh raw cow's milk were separated into fat globules and milk serum by centrifugation. After destabilization by freezing and thawing, the milk fat globules were resolved into membranes and fat cores. The lipid composition of these structures was compared to that of the surrounding milk serum. Of the total milk fat, 95-98% was in the fat cores, 0.5-1% in the globule membranes and the rest (1.5-4%) in the milk serum. The fat cores contained 88-93% triglyceride, 5.2-9.8% diglyceride, 1.5-7.3% free fatty acid and 0.2-0.4% cholesterol, but no phospholipid. The lipids of the membrane contained 21-44% phospholipid, made up of about equal proportions of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, and sphingomyelin. The other lipids of the membrane (56-79%) consisted of 83-88% triglyceride, 5.1-10.7% diglyceride, 1-5.1% free fatty acid and 0.4-1.9% cholesterol. The milk serum contained 30-45% phospholipid divided about equally among phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin. The rest (55-70%) of the milk serum lipids was made up of 71-83% triglycerides, 4.3-10.1% diglycerides, 8.7-15.7% free fatty acids, and 1.2-8.4% cholesterol. Corresponding phospholipid classes of milk serum and globule membranes had identical fatty acid compositions. The triglycerides and diglycerides of the globule membranes possessed increased proportions of palmitic and stearic acids in comparison to the glycerides of the fat cores.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the binding of calcium ions to springomyelin monolayers is significantly reduced by the presence of the hydroxyl group at the 3-carbon position of the molecule.
Abstract: Dipalmitoyl lecithin and sphingomyelin monolayers have similar limiting areas, whereas their surface potentials are strikingly different. The double bond at the 4–5 position in sphingomyelin acts as an induced dipole in relation to the surface potentials. This was confirmed by the surface potential of hydrogenated sphingomyelin. The binding of calcium to lecithin and sphingomyelin monllayers resulted in an increase in surface potential. This increase was greater for the dipalmitoyl lecithin monolayer as compared to that for sphingomyelin. It is concluded that the binding of calcium ions to springomyelin monolayers is significantly reduced by the presence of the hydroxyl group at the 3-carbon position of the molecule.
TL;DR: Thermal decomposition of 13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid yields hydrocarbons as part of the scission products.
Abstract: Thermal decomposition of 13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid yields hydrocarbons as part of the scission products. Pentane is formed predominately and to the practical exclusion of all other short-chain hydrocarbons.
TL;DR: The structure of the acetylated 1,2-diglycerides was determined by a combination of argentation-TLC and pancreatic lipase hydrolysis using internal standards for quantification and was accompanied by intermolecular as well as intramolecular rearrangement of the fatty acids.
Abstract: A detailed procedure for quantitative determinations of molecular species of lecithins is described and applied to several lecithins isolated from natural sources. The method is based on the conversion of lecithin to acetylated 1,2-diglycerides and analysis of these compounds by methodology used for the determination of triglyceride structure.
TL;DR: The brain lipids of young rats from dams which were fed corn oil exhibited a marked tendency to incorporate 22∶6ω3 in the immediate postnatal period in spite of a relatively high linoleic-linolenic acid ratio in the milk.
Abstract: In order to determine to what extent maternal diet influenced the brain lipids of young rats, female rats were maintained on diets differing in fatty acid composition. Fatty acid determinations on the total brain lipids of the young from these dams indicated that the maternal dietary lipids influence the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of these animals. A maternal diet with a high linoleic-linolenic acid ratio (corn oil) resulted in lower levels of 22∶6ω3 and higher levels of 22∶5ω6 than one with a low linoleic-linolenic acid ratio (grain). Transfer of young rats at birth to a foster mother, which was fed a diet differing from that of the natural dam, resulted in brain polyunsaturated fatty acid patterns at weaning similar to those of the natural young, and suckling, of the foster mother, thus indicating that the maternal diet in the immediate postnatal period can modify the brain lipids of young rats prior to weaning. The brain lipids of young rats from dams which were fed corn oil exhibited a marked tendency to incorporate 22∶6ω3 in the immediate postnatal period in spite of a relatively high linoleic-linolenic acid ratio in the milk.
TL;DR: Data indicate that a significant portion of the intermediate components observed with rat serum is probably attributable to the HDL~ (d = 1.050) fraction, and therefore the HDL1 fraction may be absent or present at low concentration in the sera of other species.
Abstract: high-density lipoproteins were apparently the predominant species in the sera of chicken, rabbit, and mouse, the serum tipoprotein patterns of these species were similar to the human rather than to the rat. In all species except rat, when 3.75% gel was used, there was an absence of major lipoprotein components of mobilities intermediate to those of LDL and HDL. Other data indicate that a significant portion of the intermediate components observed with rat serum is probably attributable to the HDL~ (d = 1.050) fraction (2). Therefore the HDL1 fraction may be absent or present at low concentration in the sera of other species. Alternatively the characteristics of the serum HDL~ fraction may vary among species. A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S Blood samples provided by C. H. Walton, E. P. Royal, A. H. Sakr, and H. L. Creiniu. This work was supported by Career Development Award 5-K3-CA-31,063-02 and Research Grant CA4)1932-14 from the National Cancer Institute, U. S. Public Health Service. K . A N A N T H NARAYAN Burnsides Research L a b o r a t o r y University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois
TL;DR: The results support the hypotheses that cyclopropene fatty acids inactivate an essential component of the desaturase system, probably by combination with-SH groups, and that this inhibition causes many of the effects of dietary cyclopropyrene fatty acids, including permeability disorders of eggs.
Abstract: The mechanism of the hardening of body fats of animals by dietary lipids which contain cyclopropene fatty acids has been studied. Dietary methyl sterculate increased the stearic acid content of egg yolk lipid and decreased the activity of the stearic acid desaturase system of hen liver. The cyclopropene fatty acids were specific inhibitors of the stearic acid desaturase system of hen livers since other fatty acids, including two possible metabolites of sterculic acid, failed to inhibit the system at equivalent concentrations. Sterculic acid was a more effective inhibitor of the system than malvalic acid. Kinetic studies have shown that the inhibition is irreversible. Apparent kinetic constants were determined for the system.
TL;DR: Data is presented on the plasma and liver fatty acid composition of chicks fed MCT-, corn oil-, or coconut oil-supplemented diets, and studies on the conversion of stearate-2-14C to mono- and di-unsaturated C18 acids showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation activity was enhanced by MCT feeding.
Abstract: The effect of corn oil, coconut oil, and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT, a glyceride mixture consisting almost exclusively of fatty acids of 8 and 10 carbons in length) ingestion on lipid metabolism was studied in chicks. In chicks fed cholesterol-free diets, MCT ingestion elevated plasma total lipids and cholesterol and depressed liver total lipids and cholesterol when compared to chicks receiving the corn oil diet. As a consequence of the opposite effects of MCT ingestion on plasma and liver cholesterol and total lipids, the plasma-liver cholesterol pool was not altered. When cholesterol was included in the diets, dietary MCT depressed liver and plasma total lipids and cholesterol as compared with corn oil, consequently also lowered the plasmaliver cholesterol pool.
TL;DR: Isopropylidenes, in addition to their applicability for the resolution of polyhydroxy acid mixtures, are particularly useful for the determination of double bond positions and geometrical configurations of fatty acids without cleavage.
Abstract: Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were used to investigate the isomeric positional geometrical isopropylidene derivatives of nine isomeric dihydroxy esters, four isomeric methyl 9,10-12-trihydroxystearates, and eight isomeric methyl 9,10-12,13-tetrahydroxystearates prepared from unsaturated fatty acids The isopropylidenes derived fromcis andtrans monounsaturated fatty acids were easily separated on both polar and nonpolar columns Positional isopropylidenes derived from positional isomers of monounsaturated fatty acids were not separated on either liquid phase but were resolved by TLC
TL;DR: Seed oil ofXeranthemum annuum (family Compositae) contains a number of unusual fatty acids in addition to palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic, as well as a mixture of two hydroxy acids.
Abstract: Seed oil ofXeranthemum annuum (family Compositae) contains a number of unusual fatty acids in addition to palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic. These acids includecis-5,cis-9,cis-12-octadecatrienoic, 5%;cis-9-l,10-l-epoxyoctadecanoic, 3%;cis-9-l,10-l-epoxy-cis-12-octadecenoic (coronaric), 8%; andcis-12-d,13-d-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenoic (vernolic), 2%; as well as a mixture of two hydroxy acids, 11%. The absolute configurations of the two 9,10-epoxy acids are established for the first time.
TL;DR: Comparison with synthetic products of known configuration shows that the natural material is essentially all (S)-1,2-diacyl-3-acetin, and the presence of monoacetotriglycerides in seven species of Celastraceae and five species in three other plant families is indicated.
Abstract: The seed oil ofEuonymus verrucosus Scop., family Celastraceae, contains more than 90% 1,2-diacyl-3-acetins (monoacetotriglycerides). The constituent triglyceride acids, other than acetic, are the usual long-chain fatty acids.
TL;DR: Comparison of IR and NMR spectra of the saturated and unsaturated isomeric glyceryl ethers, and various derivatives, demonstrated the applicability of these spectroscopy methods for characterization and structural determination, in addition to distinguishing between the two isomersic forms.
Abstract: Long-chain saturated and mono- and diunsaturated 1- and 2-glyceryl monoethers were synthesized by reacting 1,2-isopropylidene and 1.3-benzylidene glycerol potassium salts with alkyl halides in the preparation of the saturated monoethers, and with alkenyl-p-toluenesulfonates in the preparation of the unsaturated monoethers, followed by hydrolysis of the blocking groups with boric acid. The progress of the reaction was monitored by gasliquid chromatography (GLC) of the reaction mixture. The 2-glyceryl ethers, with two exceptions, had not been prepared previously. Normal propyl and 3-pentyl octadecyl ethers also were synthesized to aid in the interpretation of infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. All the ethers prepared were purified by preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and crystallization. Their purity was found to be greater than 95%, as determined by TLC and GLC, supported by NMR and IR spectra. The isomeric 1- and 2-glyceryl ethers were separated on Silica Gel G adsorbent layers impregnated with either sodium arsenite or boric acid and their TLC behavior interpreted, based on the polarity of the complexes formed. Melting point determinations indicated more than one polymorphic form. Comparison of IR and NMR spectra of the saturated and unsaturated isomeric glyceryl ethers, and various derivatives, demonstrated the applicability of these spectroscopy methods for characterization and structural determination, in addition to distinguishing between the two isomeric forms.
TL;DR: The specific radioactivity-time relationships show that the ethanolamine plasmalogen is not a precursor for the glyceryl ether form but suggest that acyl alkyl glyceryL-3-phosphorylethanolamine is desaturated to form some of the acylAlkenyl Glyceryl-3,phosphorouslethanlamine.
Abstract: After intracerebral injection of C14-ethanolamine into rats, the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides were isolated and hydrolyzed with mild alkali and acid. The specific radioactivity of the diacyl, acyl alkenyl, and acyl alkyl glyceryl-3-phosphorylethanolamine, the diacyl and acyl alkenyl glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine, and sphingomyelin was determined at 0.5, 2, 24, and 48 hours. The specific radioactivity-time relationships show that the ethanolamine plasmalogen is not a precursor for the glyceryl ether form but suggest that acyl alkyl glyceryl-3-phosphorylethanolamine is desaturated to form some of the acyl alkenyl glyceryl-3-phosphorylethanolamine. The radioactivity in the choline portion of the choline phospholipids was very low.
TL;DR: There was no evidence for short-chain fatty acid specificity; however the triglycerides containing butyric acid were hydrolyzed more rapidly than OOO, and positional specificity of pancreatic lipase was always maintained.
Abstract: The racemic triglycerides, glyceryl-1-palmitate-2,3-dibutyrate (PBB), glyceryl-1-butyrate-2,3-dipalmitate (PPB), glyceryl-2-butyrate-1,3-dipalmitate (PBP), and the diglyceride, racemic glyceryl-1-palmitate-3-butyrate (P-B) were synthesized and digested with pancreatic lipase. Each triglyceride was mixed with equimolar amounts of triolein (OOO) prior to incubation. The following order of digestion rates was observed: PBB>PPB>PBP>P-B. There was no evidence for short-chain fatty acid specificity; however the triglycerides containing butyric acid were hydrolyzed more rapidly than OOO. Based upon the fatty acid composition of partial glycerides, digestion of butyrate glycerides was not a simple phenomenon. For example, in the digestion of PBB, butyric acid accumulated faster than palmitic acid in the diglycerides, and monobutyrin was found to accumulate when the diglyceride, P-B, was digested. As evidenced by the fatty acid composition of the monoglycerides, positional specificity of pancreatic lipase was always maintained.
TL;DR: The phospholipid composition of the sea anemone (Anthopleura elegantissima) was determined by quantitative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the structure of ceramide aminoethylphosphonate, a phosphonlipid, was elucidated by hydrolysis and oxidative degradation followed by characterization of the products by TLC and gas-liquid chromatography.
Abstract: The phospholipid composition of the sea anemone (Anthopleura elegantissima) was determined by quantitative thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Phosphonic acids were not detected in phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, or phosphatidyl serine following isolation and hydrolysis. The structure of ceramide aminoethylphosphonate, a phosphonolipid, was elucidated by hydrolysis and oxidative degradation followed by characterization of the products by TLC and gas-liquid chromatography. The long-chain base was shown to be sphingosine with the 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid group attached through the primary hydroxyl group at carbon one. Ceramide aminoethylphosphonate is therefore 1-(O-phosphonoethylamine)-N-acyl sphingosine.
TL;DR: The gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscle phospholipids of the antioxidant-deficient rat fed a source of both linoleate and linolenate showed a progressive net increase in arachidonate, agressive net decrease in all other polyunsaturated fatty acids, and there was a concomitant accumulation of fluorescent pigment of the lipofuscin or ceroid type in the tissue.
Abstract: The gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscle phospholipids of the antioxidant-deficient rat fed a source of both linoleate and linolenate showed a progressive net increase in arachidonate, a progressive net decrease in all other polyunsaturated fatty acids, and there was a concomitant accumulation of fluorescent pigment of the lipofuscin or ceroid type in the tissue. An increased incorporation of intraperitoneally injected, isotopically labeled acetate into not only arachidonate but also the other higher polyunsaturated fatty acids, was observed. The net loss of the higher polyunsaturated fatty acids from the membrane lipids (presumably via lipid peroxidation) apparently was partially compensated by a homeostatic mechanism which involved conversion of the available precursors, linoleate and linolenate, to the higher polyunsaturated fatty acids. The rates of decrease of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the muscle phospholipids and accumulation of fluorescent pigment in the tissue were correlated with the rate of production of creatinuria.
TL;DR: A direct relationship between the essential fatty acid content of the testes and the rate of testicular degeneration was found, but no effects of biologically available selenium and sulfur amino acids were evident.
Abstract: The hepatic phospholipids of the antioxidant-deficient rat fed a source of both linoleate and linolenate showed a progressive net decrease in eicosapentaenoate, a progressive net increase in arachidonate, and there was a concomitant accumulation of fluorescent pigment of the lipofuscin or ceroid type in the tissue. An increased incorporation of isotopically labeled acetate into both the tetraenoic and pentaplus hexaenoic acid fractions was also noted, indicating that the disappearance of polyunsaturated fatty acids was partially countered by increased synthesis. Comparable results were obtained on diets containing either suboptimum or adequate levels of biologically available selenium. Vesicular dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum was noted in animals fed the tocopherol-deficient diet. In separate experiments using a necrogenic diet containing torula yeast, these subcellular alterations were found to be prevented by tocopherol but not by selenium, although selenium supplementation did prevent macroscopically observable damage.
TL;DR: The terminal ends of both groups of monoene fatty chains yielded a very similar pattern of aldehydes in terms of types and amounts, which suggested that the members of each pattern were formed by chain extensions of an integral number of C2 units beyond the lengths arrived at in 4a.
Abstract: 1) Wax alcohols (as acetates) were isolated from human skin surface lipid and separated into a saturated and a monoene fraction. 2) Four main chain types were found for both saturated and monoene alcohols: normal even, normal odd, iso and anteiso. ("Even" and "odd" refer to the number of C-atoms in the straight chain.) 3) The monoene alcohol acetates were separated into homologues of each chain type by preparative gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and the positions of the double bonds for each homologue were determined by analytical GLC of the original fraction, its hydrogenated derivative, and the products it formed by reductive ozonolysis. 4) The fragments formed by reductive ozonolysis of the monoene alcohol acetates were compared to those formed from the total monoenoic fatty acids (as methyl esters), both obtained from the same sample of surface lipid. (Comparisons were best made by ozonolysis of a portion of the entire sample of each ester group. a) The terminal ends of both groups of monoene fatty chains yielded a very similar pattern of aldehydes in terms of types and amounts. This could be explained by the hypothesis that both fatty acid and fatty alcohol chains of lengths ranging mainly from C(14) to C(18) were first biosynthesized, then desaturated at Delta6. b) The functional group ends gave a distinct pattern of aldehyde esters for the acids and another for the alcohols. Both patterns consisted nearly entirely of members having aneven number of C-atoms from the double bond to the functional group. This suggested that the members of each pattern were formed by chain extensions of an integral number of C(2) units beyond the lengths arrived at in 4a). Thus 71% of the fatty acid monoenes were not extended, 25% were extended by 1 C(2) unit and the remainder extended from 2 to 5 C(2) units, whereas nearly all the fatty alcohols were extended mainly by 2, 3 or 4 C(2) units, with decreasing amounts up to 8 C(2) units. 5) A small amount ( approximately 5%) of odd chain aldehyde esters for both fatty acids and fatty alcohols were found and some unidentified alcohols were detected.