Showing papers in "Macromolecules in 1974"

Conformation of Polymer Chain in the Bulk

Abstract: Neutron coherent scattering techniques have been used for the determination of the conformation of polymer in bulk and experimental details are given about the application of this method to the study of polymeric systems. Measurements have been made for small and intermediate momentum ranges on a series of eight monodisperse deuterated polystyrenes of molecular weight ranging from 21,000 to 1,100,000. The results lead to the concluson that in amorphous state the conformation of the polymer molecule is indistinguishable from that in solvent and that the Debye scattering function which is valid for unperturbed chains applies for q ~1 as low as 10 Á. In order to explain such properties as rubber elasticity it has long been assumed that polymer chains in the liquid state obey Gaussian statistics.2,3 Below its glass transition temperature a polymer becomes hard and loses its elastic properties. It is believed,4 however, that this transition affects only the motion of the drawn segments and not their configuration which is expected to remain Gaussian. There is much indirect evidence in favor of this hypothesis but until recently it has been impossible to prove it directly. Moreover, many authors5,6 believe from theoretical considerations, electron microscopy, and diffraction results that there is more order in the amorphous state, taking the form of supramolecular structures. In this paper, we present the results of measurements of the conformation of polystyrene molecules in the bulk amorphous state. These measurements were made using the neutron small angle scattering apparatus at the Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble and at the CEA Saclay. Similar experiments in this field have already been published by Kirste7 and Ballard.8 The neutron SAS technique is particularly well suited to the problem for two reasons. (1) Neutron wavelengths available from the cold sources at each of the installations are of the order of 10 Á. It is thus possible to match the experimental wave vectors to the molecular dimensions. In light scattering experiments only radii of gyration of very large molecules can be measured, while X-ray experiments need extremely small scattering angles. (2) The difference between the neutron scattering length of deuterium and hydrogen is particularly useful since it will be shown that deuteration does not affect the thermodynamic properties of the chains and that there is perfect compatibility between deuterated and hydrogenous molecules. Thus, if deuterated molecules are embedded in a matrix of hydrogenous molecules, the scattering pattern of the former may be measured and the molecular dimensions and the statistical distribution of the chain segments deduced. The contrast is large enough for very low concentration of polymer to be used. In the first part of the paper we give details of the neutron technique as applied to the problem of polymer conformation, then the sample preparation is described and finally the results and their interpretation are discussed. Neutron Small Angle Scattering Technique For experiments on polymeric systems two principal properties differentiate neutron scattering from other techniques: the interaction with the sample depends only on the neutron-nucleus interaction leading to results described in part A of this section; the wavelengths available range from 1 to 12 Á giving values of the scattering vector which are inaccessible to light and X-ray scattering. The apparatus is described in part B. (A) Scattering Intensity. The intensity scattered by systems with long-range correlations (greater than 10 Á) takes the form of a central peak about the forward direction. The amplitude of this peak varies strongly from nucleus to nucleus. Isotopic substitution used in neutron scattering gives a powerful method of labeling molecules because it leaves the chemical properties of the molecules unchanged. We now evaluate the scattering cross section of a mixture of labeled and unlabeled polymer molecules with a view to its application to deuterated and nondeuterated polystyrene. Using the relation for the scattered intensity which we derived, we consider the choice of sample. (1) Scattering Cross Section. The neutron-nuclear interaction is characterized by a scattering length o¿ which takes into account the spin of the isotope of the nucleus considered. The scattering cross section a(q )per unit solid angle of a neutron of wavelength X scattered at an angle by a monoatomic system consisting of N atoms at positions r¡ is written9 v(q) = Z^(ei9irrri)) (1) il q is the scattering vector |q| = (4ir/X) sin 6/2, the bar over the scattering amplitudes denotes a spin and an isotopic averaging while the broken brackets indicate a thermal average of the function inside. a(q) may be written in the form a{q) = a2J^(ei“iri-rJ>) + Na2 (2) ij This relationship introduces the coherent scattering amplitude a and the incoherent scattering cross section a\\ defined by a = a¡ and by = 4 2 = 4 ( ^ a2) (3) and for which tables of experimental values exist.10,11 Thus the scattered intensity decomposes into a coherent intensity depending on the scattering vector and an incoherent intensity 2. Values of a and are given in Table I. It is evident from the table that the values of the scattering amplitudes of hydrogen and deuterium are very different. The transmission of the system T = I(x)/I(0) is given by the equation T = exp[-d(4na2 + ) ] (4) D ow nl oa de d vi a U N IV O F C IN C IN N A T I on J an ua ry 2 2, 2 02 1 at 0 0: 26 :5 4 (U T C ). Se e ht tp s: //p ub s. ac s. or g/ sh ar in gg ui de lin es f or o pt io ns o n ho w to le gi tim at el y sh ar e pu bl is he d ar tic le s. 864 Benoit, et al. Macromolecules where d is the density of the system and x the thickness of the sample. Expression 2 takes no account of multiple scattering and can only be used when T is of the order of unity. Let us consider a system of N deuterated molecules each composed of m atoms of which the scattering amplitudes are aQ and ai„ (a varying from 1 to m). If the values of the scattering vector q are such that q~x is large relative to the molecular dimensions, the structure factor of the molecule may be neglected (this is in fact always true for small scattering angles). In this case, it is possible to generalize to molecules the idea of coherent and incoherent scattering amplitudes A and A \\ such that

A Study of Compatible Polymer Mixtures

Abstract: The compatibility of various compositions of polystyrene (PS)-poly (vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) films and the thermally induced phase separation of such mixtures have been studied using several methods. Density measurements indicate extensive mixing of the PS and PVME chains in compatible PS-PVME films. Vapor sorption measurements have enabled calculation of the PS-PVME interaction parameter X′23 as a function of composition and temperature. The parameter X′23 is negative for compatible PS-PVME films in the composition range 35-65 wt % PVME satisfying the thermodynamic criterion for stability in a binary mixture. The temperature dependence of X′23 for the PS-PVME system suggests the existence of a lower critical solution temperature and an upper critical solution temperature. Vapor sorption measurements also indicate that the diffusion of benzene into a 45.3:54.7 PVME-PS film is Fickian, supporting the notion of extensive mixing of PS and PVME chains in the compatible mixture. Temperature-dependen...

Plasma Polymerization of Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Abstract: : A series of nine saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons were polymerized by subjecting them to a radio frequency glow discharge at reduced pressures. It was found that acetylene polymerizes most rapidly, followed by ethylene and butadiene, then by propylene, cis-2-butene and isobutylene. The saturated alkanes: methane, ethane, and propane polymerize most slowly. Infrared spectra of the polymers made of ethane ethylene, and acetylene showed that with increasing monomer unsaturation the polymer contained more double bonds, fewer methylene groups, and a greater tendency to be oxidized after preparation. An examination of the mechanism of ethylene polymerization led to the conclusion that a significant amount of oligomerization occurs in the gas phase. In addition it is hypothesized that an important initial step is the partial conversion of ethylene to acetylene.