Showing papers in "Mapping Sciences & Remote Sensing in 1986"
TL;DR: The author continues development of his concept of cartography as the “language of the map,” an earlier paper of this subject appearing in translation in M.R.S.S., 1985, No. 1.
Abstract: The author continues development of his concept of cartography as the “language of the map,” an earlier paper of this subject appearing in translation in M.S.R.S., 1985, No. 1. Although the term language has been widely used to describe cartographic communication, current theory fails to incorporate aspects of the language which provide for a comprehensive understanding of its structure and function. In particular, the language of the map and its symbolic elements cannot be explained reflexively by methods and rules of symbol and map design, since these elements were developed not before but after the existence of the language. The language of the map thus is proposed as the mechanism which provides for replicability or duplication in the way a system of mapmaking-map use functions (under diverse conditions, purposes, historical periods, and levels of training of users) through its different methods, models, and norms. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1985, No. 3, pp. 142-151.
3 citations
TL;DR: An approach is outlined for the construction of a digital terrain model based on elevations assigned to nodes of an irregular (non-rectangular) grid whose apices are prominent points of local relief or points located on structure lines, and whose sides represent portions of structure lines or arbitrarily selected line segments.
Abstract: An approach is outlined for the construction of a digital terrain model based on elevations assigned to nodes of an irregular (non-rectangular) grid. More specifically, this grid consists of a series of non-intersecting, non-equilateral triangles whose apices are prominent points of local relief or points located on structure lines, and whose sides represent portions of structure lines or arbitrarily selected line segments. Such an irregular model provides for a better approximation of basic terrain structure than those constructed from traditional, geometrically regular networks. Operation of algorithms for the plotting of contour lines from such a model is described. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1986, No. 2, pp. 34-38.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a Soviet program of monitoring and preparing for declines in the water level of the Aral' Sea is described, based upon the compilation of a time series of maps from aerial photographs, and space im...
Abstract: A Soviet program of monitoring and preparing for declines in the water level of the Aral' Sea is described, based upon the compilation of a time series of maps from aerial photographs, and space im...
3 citations
TL;DR: The relatively new field of geoiconics, encompassing image theory, processing, and interpretation, is proposed as a branch of knowledge promoting the integration of cartography and remote sensing rather than a megafield that will ultimately replace them.
Abstract: The history of the joint use of maps and air photos/space imagery in geographic problem solving is examined, as are general problems which must be addressed before more complete consolidation of map use and image interpretation methods will be possible. The relatively new field of geoiconics, encompassing image theory, processing, and interpretation, is proposed as a branch of knowledge promoting the integration of cartography and remote sensing rather than a megafield that will ultimately replace them. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1985, No. 4, pp. 11-22.
2 citations
TL;DR: A “machine-oriented formalized cartographic language,” suitable for both machine and visual reading, analysis, and construction of map elements is proposed as the basis for the development of a system of lettering in automated cartography.
Abstract: Guidelines for the design of lettering in computer mapping are outlined, which include, but are not restricted to: retention of basic elements of existing lettering styles, provision of high perceptibility and simplicity of design, retention of high readability and informational properties, consistency in the assignment of particular styles to particular classes of features, and observance of letter-spacing rules established in cartographic practice. A “machine-oriented formalized cartographic language,” suitable for both machine and visual reading, analysis, and construction of map elements is proposed as the basis for the development of a system of lettering in automated cartography. Translated from: Izvestiya vuzov. Geodeziya i aerofotos'-yemka, 1986, No. 1, pp. 92-97.
1 citations
1 citations
TL;DR: Emphasis is placed upon enhancing the readability and visual appeal of color “landscape” maps, providing a generalized, small-scale aerial view of the region(s) of interest and developing larger-scale “reference’ maps maximizing levels of graphic detail without jeopardizing ease of perception.
Abstract: Measures to improve the effectiveness and informational content of general reference maps and other materials in atlases designed for the general public are outlined. Emphasis is placed upon (a) enhancing the readability and visual appeal of color “landscape” maps, providing a generalized, small-scale aerial view of the region(s) of interest–this through the application of principles of perception and colorimetry–and (b) developing larger-scale “reference” maps maximizing levels of graphic detail without jeopardizing ease of perception–this based on a careful study of general reference maps in atlases worldwide and broadly based testing of users with various levels of map reading skills. Translated from: Izvestiya vysshykh uchebnykh zavedeniy: Geodeziya i aerofotos'yemka, 1985, No. 6, pp. 111-115.
1 citations
TL;DR: Particular emphasis is placed on the use of “multitemporal” space imagery, either actual temporal composites or a series of individual heterochronous images arranged side-by-side to facilitate comparison, in the study of meteorology, oceanography, geomorphology, and hydrology.
Abstract: This paper examines the use of remote sensing imagery in the study of temporal environmental change, the author outlining the principles and methods of what is proposed here as a distinct subfield of “dynamic remote sensing.” Particular emphasis is placed on the use of “multitemporal” space imagery, either actual temporal composites or a series of individual heterochronous images arranged side-by-side to facilitate comparison, in the study of meteorology, oceanography, geomorphology, and hydrology. Applications of dynamic remote sensing are less widespread in socioeconomic disciplines. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1985, No. 4, pp. 7-13.
1 citations
TL;DR: The paper surveys the development of “space geography”–a field of knowledge applying the methods of remote sensing, the physical sciences, and mathematics in the solution of geographic problems.
Abstract: The paper surveys the development of “space geography”–a field of knowledge applying the methods of remote sensing, the physical sciences, and mathematics in the solution of geographic problems. Early advances featured methodological improvements (use of quantitative methods in image processing), whereas future research must focus upon perfecting our knowledge of: (a) relationships underlying the use of these methods, i.e., between environmental parameters and reflectance values, (b) methods of effectively combining different types of imagery, and image products and field work, in research, and (c) appropriate quantitative indices for feature recognition. Examples of the operationalization of such concerns are demonstrated for land-use and soil mapping projects. Translated from: Izvestiya, AN SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1985, No. 5, pp. 110–116.
1 citations
TL;DR: Construction of curves showing changes in image texture and tone occurring at different stages in the growth cycle of a pine forest community are used to estimate the age of a forest stand and to approximate such valuational characteristics as mean diameter, mean height, and stand volume.
Abstract: The authors discuss a method by which the image characteristics of forest vegetation can be used to determine various valuational characteristics of forest stands through the combination of air photo interpretation and ground surveys at selected training sites. Construction of curves showing changes in image texture and tone occurring at different stages in the growth cycle of a pine forest community are used to estimate the age of a forest stand, and through known relationships between age and other stand characteristics incorporated into yield tables, to approximate such valuational characteristics as mean diameter, mean height, and stand volume. Translated from: Distantsionnyye issledovaniya rel'yefa Sibiri, A. L. Yanshin and V. N. Sharanov, eds. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1985, pp. 73-78.