Showing papers in "Materials Science and Technology in 2011"
TL;DR: Linear friction welding (LFW) is a solid state joining process in which a joint between two metals can be formed through the intimate contact of a plasticised layer at the interface of the adjoining specimens as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Linear friction welding (LFW) is a solid state joining process in which a joint between two metals can be formed through the intimate contact of a plasticised layer at the interface of the adjoining specimens. This plasticised layer is created through a combination of frictional heating, which occurs as a result of pushing a stationary workpiece against one that is moving in a linear reciprocating manner, and applied force. The process is currently established as a niche technology for the fabrication of titanium alloy bladed disc (blisk) assemblies in aeroengines, and is being developed for nickel based superalloy assemblies. However, interest is growing in utilising the process in a wider range of applications that also employ non-aeroengine metallic materials. Therefore, it is the objective of this report to provide a broad view of the capabilities of the LFW process for joining metals. This review paper will cover relevant published work conducted to date on LFW. The basics of the process and ...
138 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the work hardening behavior of Fe-Mn-C twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels with a wide compositional range has been investigated.
Abstract: The work hardening behaviour of Fe-Mn-C twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels with a wide compositional range has been investigated. Based on the consideration that twinning provides a dynamic composite effect resulting in high work hardening rate in TWIP steels, the present work proposes a model to describe such behaviour as a function of chemical composition. The model predictions are in good agreement with experimental observations.
131 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of different amounts of reduction in thickness, annealing treatment, initial thickness, rolling speed, rolling direction, friction coefficient and presence of particles between strips on bond strength were evaluated.
Abstract: Cold roll bonding (CRB), a well established and widely used manufacturing process, is a solid state bonding process to join similar and dissimilar metals. The present work offers a review of the CRB process and effective parameters on bond strength of cold roll bonded materials. The effects of different amounts of reduction in thickness, annealing treatment, initial thickness, rolling speed, rolling direction, friction coefficient and presence of particles between strips on bond strength were evaluated. It was found that higher reduction in thickness and friction coefficient, lower initial thickness, rolling speed and amount of particles were the important factors involved in improving bond strength. In addition, annealing treatment before and/or after the CRB process increased bond strength, while the effect of prerolling annealing was more pronounced. Finally, it has been indicated that bond strength of cold roll bonded fcc materials is stronger than that of the bcc and hcp materials.
130 citations
TL;DR: A nickel alloy of a composition similar to that of the nickel based superalloy Inconel alloy 718 (IN718) was produced with the electron beam melting (EBM) process developed by Arcam AB as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A nickel alloy of a composition similar to that of the nickel based superalloy Inconel alloy 718 (IN718) was produced with the electron beam melting (EBM) process developed by Arcam AB. The microstructures of the as processed and heat treated material are similar to that of conventionally produced IN718, except that the EBM material showed some porosity and the δ phase did not dissolve during the solution heat treatment because the temperature of 1000°C apparently was too low. Mechanical testing of the layer structured material, parallel and perpendicular to the built layers, revealed sufficient strength in both directions. However, it showed only limited elongation when tested perpendicular to the built layers due to local agglomerations of pores. Otherwise, data for the hardness, Young’s modulus, 0·2% yield tensile strength and ultimate tensile strength match those recommended for IN718.
129 citations
TL;DR: In this article, energy efficient methods for joining aluminium to steel have potential for major applications in the automobile industry, where 1 mm gauge 6111 aluminium and DC04 steel automotors are compared.
Abstract: Energy efficient methods for joining aluminium to steel have potential for major applications in the automobile industry. Results are reported where 1 mm gauge 6111 aluminium and DC04 steel automot...
110 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of laser power, scan speed, scan spacing and nominal laser power density on the tensile properties, dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, number of cracks and top surface concavity of samples of Hastelloy X manufactured using a laser powder bed facility, has been assessed systematically on three-dimensional samples.
Abstract: For the first time, the influence of laser power, scan speed, scan spacing and nominal laser power density on the tensile properties, dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, number of cracks and top surface concavity of samples of Hastelloy X manufactured using a laser powder bed facility, has been assessed systematically on three-dimensional samples. It has been found that the nominal laser power density is the dominant factor, but the influence of scan spacing and scan speed can sometimes be significant. Density of >99·5% can be obtained using most conditions. Cracks are observed at corners of the samples. An optimised process window can be derived from the above systematic analysis under which the component can be built smoothly, with good surface finish and dimensional accuracy, consistent mechanical properties and the properties are comparable with those of forged products.
100 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a steel microstructure with a high tensile strength and good ductility similar to that of advanced high strength steels was constructed using flash processing of an AISI8620 steel sheet, which involves rapid heating and cooling with an overall process duration of <10 s.
Abstract: Flash processing of an AISI8620 steel sheet, which involves rapid heating and cooling with an overall process duration of <10 s, produced a steel microstructure with a high tensile strength and good ductility similar to that of advanced high strength steels. Flash processed steel [ultimate tensile strength (UTS): 1694 MPa, elongation: 7·1%], showed at least 7% higher UTS and 30% greater elongation than published results on martensitic advanced high strength steel (UTS: 1585 MPa, elongation: 5·1%). The underlying microstructure was characterised with optical, scanning electron, transmission electron microscopy as well as hardness mapping. A complex distribution of bainitic and martensite microstructures with carbides was observed. A mechanism for the above microstructure evolution is proposed.
98 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate that a large amount of published data relating the fraction of martensite to plastic strain can in fact be described in terms of the pure thermodynamic effect of applied stress.
Abstract: Many studies monitoring the formation of martensite during the tensile deformation of austenite report data which are, in principle, affected by both the applied stress and the resulting plastic strain. It is not clear in these circumstances whether the transformation is stress induced (i.e. the stress provides a mechanical driving force) or whether the generation of defects during deformation helps nucleate martensite in a scenario better described as strain induced transformation. The authors demonstrate in the present work that a large amount of published data relating the fraction of martensite to plastic strain can in fact be described in terms of the pure thermodynamic effect of applied stress.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the ductility of twin induced plasticity (TWIP), 0·6 wt-%C steels containing 18 − 22 wt −%Mn with N levels in the range 0·005 − 0·023 wt% and the Al additions either low (<0·05 wt%) or high (1·5 wt -%) has been examined.
Abstract: The hot ductility of twin induced plasticity (TWIP), 0·6 wt-%C steels containing 18–22 wt-%Mn with N levels in the range 0·005–0·023 wt-% and the Al additions either low (<0·05 wt-%) or high (1·5 wt-%) has been examined. Little change in ductility occurred in the temperature range 1100–650°C as the structure was always fully austenitic. Ductility was generally poor (<40%), reduction of area values, the best ductility at the higher Al level being given by the steel with the lowest N and S levels. Because the steel is fully austenitic, the ductility is solely dependent on that for unrecrystallised austenite. Therefore, to avoid transverse cracking the volume of second phase particles should be kept to a minimum, i.e. the N should be low to reduce the amount of AlN that can be precipitated out and the S level should be as low as possible to limit the amount of MnS inclusions. Metallographic and TEM studies were carried out and the poor ductility was found to be due to extensive precipitation of AlN a...
63 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown how new discoveries and advanced experimental techniques in the last 25 years have led to paradigm shifts in the analysis of deformation and annealing structures of metals and in the way the strength of deformed samples is related to structural parameters.
Abstract: It is shown how new discoveries and advanced experimental techniques in the last 25 years have led to paradigm shifts in the analysis of deformation and annealing structures of metals and in the way the strength of deformed samples is related to structural parameters. This is described in three sections: structural evolution by grain subdivision, recovery and recrystallisation and strength–structure relationships.
61 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of end milling experiments were conducted to comprehensively characterise surface integrity at various milling conditions of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V with TiAlN coated carbide cutting tools.
Abstract: Machined titanium components, such as medical prosthesis, require the greatest reliability, which is determined by process induced surface integrity. However, surface integrity of milled titanium components easily deteriorates due to the poor machinability of titanium alloys and cyclic chip loading during milling. Milling induced surface integrity, including anisotropic surface roughness, residual stress, surface microstructure alterations and microhardness, has received little attention. In the present study, a series of end milling experiments were conducted to comprehensively characterise surface integrity at various milling conditions of titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V with TiAlN coated carbide cutting tools. The experiments were carried out under dry cutting conditions. For a range of cutting speeds, feeds and depths of cut, analyses of machined surface roughness, residual stress, microhardness and the microstructural observations were carried out. The present work aims to evaluate the influence of ...
TL;DR: The microstructure and room tensile properties of as cast and heat treated TiC/Ti-6Al-4V composites were investigated in this article, where the shape and fracture of TiC particles can strongly influence the fracture and failure of the composites.
Abstract: TiC/Ti–6Al–4V composites containing various volume fractions of TiC were produced by induction skull melting and common casting utilising in situ reaction between titanium and carbon powder. The microstructure and room tensile properties of as cast and heat treated TiC/Ti–6Al–4V composites were investigated. Bar-like or small globular eutectic TiC were found in 5 vol.-%TiC/Ti–6Al–4V composite, whereas the equiaxed or dendritic primary TiC particles were found to be the main reinforcements in 10 and 15 vol.-%TiC/Ti–6Al–4V composites. The as cast TiC/Ti–6Al–4V composites have shown higher strength but lower ductility than those of monolithic Ti–6Al–4V alloy. The shape and fracture of TiC particles can strongly influence the fracture and failure of the composites, and so the ultimate tensile strengths and elongations of as cast composites reduce with the increase in volume fraction of TiC. TiC particles appear to be spheroidised, and titanium precipitation can be found within large TiC particles afte...
TL;DR: In this paper, transition metal oxides have been used to increase the charge selectivity of the electrodes due to the energetic positioning of their valence and conduction bands, allowing for improved light harvesting.
Abstract: Organic-based photovoltaics (PV) have attracted increasing attention in recent years and efficiencies exceeding 8% have recently been confirmed. These low cost, lightweight and mechanically flexible devices offer unique advantages and opportunities currently unavailable with crystalline silicon technology. Progress in the field of organic PV has been achieved in part due to the incorporation of transition metal oxides. These offer a wide range of optical and electronic properties, making them applicable in organic-based PV in many capacities. Transparent electrodes can be made from doped metal oxides. The high intrinsic charge carrier mobility of many undoped metal oxides makes them attractive as active materials and charge collectors. Metal oxides can increase the charge selectivity of the electrodes due to the energetic positioning of their valence and conduction bands. Thin films of these materials can manipulate the light distribution inside of organic devices, allowing for improved light harv...
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of a comprehensive characterisation study of different phase transformations that take place upon heating and cooling in some low carbon, 9 wt-%Cr steels with varying concentrations of microalloying additions are presented.
Abstract: The results of a comprehensive characterisation study of different phase transformations that take place upon heating and cooling in some low carbon, 9 wt-%Cr steels with varying concentrations of microalloying additions are presented in this paper. The steels investigated include: standard 9Cr–1Mo grade, V and Nb added modified 9Cr variety, controlled silicon added versions of plain 9Cr variety, (Ni+Mn) content controlled modified 9Cr welding consumables and one composition of W, Ta added reduced activation steel. The various on-heating diffusional phase changes up to the melting range and subsequent rapid cooling induced martensitic transformations are investigated in a controlled manner using differential scanning calorimetry under different heating and cooling rates, in the range 1–100 K min−1. In addition to the accurate determination of Ac1, Ac3, M23C6, MX carbide dissolution and δ-ferrite formation temperatures upon heating, the melting range and the associated fusion enthalpy have also bee...
TL;DR: The roles of the alloying elements in three nanostructured ferritic alloys (14YWT, MA957 and Eurofer 97) have been established through the characterisation of the microstructure by atom probe tomography and spectrum imaging in a transmission electron microscope as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The roles of the alloying elements in three nanostructured ferritic alloys (14YWT, MA957 and Eurofer 97) have been established through the characterisation of the microstructure by atom probe tomography and spectrum imaging in a transmission electron microscope Cr, W, Mo, Ti and Y were found in the ferrite matrix and contributed to solid solution hardening Ti, Y, C, O and N were found in high number densities of precipitates and nanoclusters both in the grain interior and on grain boundaries and thereby contributed to precipitation hardening Cr, W and Mo were enriched at the intraparticle regions of the grain boundaries The solute segregation and precipitation pinned the grain boundaries and contributed to the excellent creep properties of the alloys
TL;DR: In this article, a metallurgical model was developed to predict the austenite grain growth in Nb microalloyed steels and the mutual effects of Nb(CN) particle pinning and Nb solute drag on grain growth kinetics were studied.
Abstract: A metallurgical model has been developed to predict the austenite grain growth in Nb microalloyed steels. The mutual effects of Nb(CN) particle pinning and Nb solute drag on grain growth kinetics are studied. The particle dissolution, the undissolved particle coarsening and the changes in Nb solute in solution during reheating or isothermal heat treatment process are taken into account in the model. It is shown that, besides the pinning exerted by the NbC precipitates, the solute drag of Nb in solid solution plays an important role in the inhibition of austenite grain growth in Nb microalloyed steels. The Nb solute drag effect on grain growth decreases with increasing temperature because the grain boundary can gradually break away from the solute atmosphere in the higher velocity region at high temperature. The mean austenite grain size sluggishly increases with temperature in the low temperature region, while it significantly increases in the relative high temperature region. The predicted austen...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the first fatigue tests on this system, by measuring the life of parallel gauged samples tested using cyclic loading in tension, with maximum stresses in the range 1·2-1·6 GPa.
Abstract: There is a novel steel invented in which the structure consists of extremely fine platelets of bainitic ferrite dispersed in a matrix of carbon enriched retained austenite. The resulting large density of interfaces makes the alloy very strong in its transformed condition. The authors report the first fatigue tests on this system, by measuring the life of parallel gauged samples tested using cyclic loading in tension, with maximum stresses in the range 1·2–1·6 GPa. A comparison of the results against published data indicates that the performance of the steel is consistent with the behaviour of other strong steels, in spite of the fact that it is produced using an air melting technique.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the stability of this δ-ferrite during heating into a temperature range typical of hot rolling conditions and found that a better balance of ferrite promoting solutes is necessary in order to stabilise the dendritic structure.
Abstract: A steel has recently been designed to benefit from the deformation induced transformation of retained austenite present in association with bainitic ferrite. It has as its major microstructural component, dendrites of δ-ferrite introduced during solidification. The δ-ferrite replaces the allotriomorphic ferrite present in conventional alloys of this kind. The authors examine here the stability of this δ-ferrite during heating into a temperature range typical of hot rolling conditions. It is found that contrary to expectations from calculated phase diagrams, the steel becomes fully austenitic under these conditions and that a better balance of ferrite promoting solutes is necessary in order to stabilise the dendritic structure. New alloys are designed for this purpose and are found suitable for hot rolling in the two-phase field over the temperature range 900–1200°C.
TL;DR: In this article, the microstructure evolution and precipitation kinetics of maraging steel C300 have been studied in the aging temperature range from 400 to 600°C, and the relation between mechanical properties and precipitation hardening response is explained, and modelling is used to optimise the properties.
Abstract: The microstructure evolution and precipitation kinetics of maraging steel C300 have been studied in the aging temperature range from 400 to 600°C. The relation between mechanical properties and precipitation hardening response is explained, and modelling is used to optimise the properties. Ultrafine needle shaped Ni3Ti phase is the main strengthening precipitate in maraging C300, and it shows very high resistance to coarsening. A spherically shaped Fe2Mo phase is formed at higher temperatures and in the overaged condition. Inter- and intralath reverted austenite nucleates at higher temperature (∼600°C). Rolling and aging treatment can produce the highest hardness by a combination of work hardening and precipitation strengthening. Microstructural evolution simulation using Monte Carlo modelling has been applied to this alloy, and the modelling has been validated by the experimental results.
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of oxide bifilms in aluminium alloy castings, the effect of these bifils on casting properties and their assessment techniques are discussed for enhancing the quality of casting, research should focus towards development of process techniques for healing of bifillms in liquid metal during solidification.
Abstract: Aluminium alloy castings are most widely used in automobile industry because of their light weight, better castability and improved properties The liquid aluminium surface easily oxidises during melting, transferring and pouring operation which may entrain oxide films into the casting Research work has shown that the entrainment of this surface film and formation of bifilms in castings appear to be the source of most of the casting defects leading to a significant reduction in the mechanical properties of aluminium alloy castings In this paper, the phenomenon of formation of oxide bifilms in aluminium alloy castings, effect of these bifilms on casting properties and their assessment techniques are discussed For enhancing the quality of casting, research should focus towards development of process techniques for healing of bifilms in liquid metal during solidification
TL;DR: The use of neutrons has extended the technique of diffraction strain measurement from an essentially two-dimensional, near-surface tool using X-rays to a true three-dimensional method.
Abstract: The use of neutrons has extended the technique of diffraction strain measurement from an essentially two-dimensional, near-surface tool using X-rays to a true three-dimensional method. The depth sc...
TL;DR: In this article, the acicular α plates were found to have been fragmented by the forging process, which is concurrent with previous findings, and the flow behavior of the fully retained β phase below the β transus temperature has been established and found to be similar to that of the steady state flow of platelet α in a β matrix.
Abstract: The flow behaviour of Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–3Cr with an initial microstructure containing acicular α platelets has been characterised during isothermal subtransus forging. Flow softening was observed, following yielding and limited hardening, for all investigated temperatures and strain rates, before a steady state flow regime being reached at a strain of ∼0·5. The acicular α plates were found to have been fragmented by the forging process, which is concurrent with previous findings. The flow behaviour of the fully retained β phase below the β transus temperature has been established and found to be similar to that of the steady state flow of platelet α in a β matrix. Forging the acicular α microstructure to low strains resulted in higher dislocation concentrations in the β matrix than could be observed in the α precipitates, supporting the hypothesis of hardening through dislocation impedance. Evidence of fragmentation via a pinch-off mechanism was found where slip was observed to have been transmitted a...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a piezoelectric multilayer device based on bismuth-sodium-titanate ceramics (BNT) co-fired with Ag/Pd inner electrodes is described and its dielectric properties are measured.
Abstract: Abstract A piezoelectric multilayer device based on bismuth–sodium–titanate ceramics (BNT) co-fired with Ag/Pd inner electrodes is described and its dielectric and piezoelectric properties are measured. The ceramic powder and tape was made by a water-based preparation process. After printing with Ag/Pd paste for inner electrodes these tapes were stacked to a multilayer device with 50 active layers. This device exhibited a large and temperature independent strain around 0.19% between 25 °C and 150 °C. The large strain is due to a field-induced phase transition. The low temperature dependence results from the broadening of the nonpolar phase by doping.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of grain size on isothermal bainite transformation in a low carbon microalloyed steel was studied by means of optical microscopy, SEM and TEM.
Abstract: The effect of austenite grain size on isothermal bainite transformation in a low carbon microalloyed steel was studied by means of optical microscopy, SEM and TEM. Two widely varying austenite grain sizes, a fine average grain size (∼20 μm) and a coarse average grain size (∼260 μm), were obtained by different maximum heating temperatures. The results showed that the morphology of isothermal microstructure changes from bainite without carbide precipitation to bainitic ferrite with a decrease in holding temperature. Coarse austenite grain can retard the kinetics of bainite transformation and increase the incubation time of bainite transformation by reducing the number of nucleation site, but it does not influence the nose temperature of the C curve of bainite start transformation, which is ∼534°C.
TL;DR: The most widely used electrodes for the cell are lanthanum strontium manganate-yttria stabilised zirconia and Ni stabilised nithia stabilised ZIRconia.
Abstract: A reversible solid oxide fuel cell system can act as an energy storage device by storing energy in the form of hydrogen and heat, buffering intermittent supplies of renewable electricity such as tidal and wave generation. The most widely used electrodes for the cell are lanthanum strontium manganate–yttria stabilised zirconia and Ni–yttria stabilised zirconia. Their microstructure depends on the fabrication techniques, and determines their performance. The concept and efficiency of reversible solid oxide fuel cells are explained, along with cell geometry and microstructure. Electrode fabrication techniques such as screen printing, dip coating and extrusion are compared according to their advantages and disadvantages, and fuel cell system commercialisation is discussed. Modern techniques used to evaluate microstructure such as three-dimensional computer reconstruction from dual beam focused ion beam–scanning electron microscopy or X-ray computed tomography, and computer modelling are compared. Reve...
TL;DR: In this article, the microstructure of different layers of multilayer Colmonoy 6 deposits on 316LN stainless steel (SS) is characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, and the correlation between hardness and micro-structure is analyzed.
Abstract: Nickel based Colmonoy 6 (conforming to AWS NiCr–C) hardfacing alloy finds application in hardfacing of various components made of austenitic stainless steel (SS) used in fast reactors. Owing to considerable difference in melting points of the SS and Colmonoy 6 alloys, significant dilution from substrate occurs during hardfacing using gas tungsten arc welding process. Dilution has a significant effect on microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of the deposit. To overcome the adverse effects of dilution on the hardness and, hence, the wear resistance of the deposit, often, the minimum thickness specified for the deposit on hardfaced components is high, which in turn increases the susceptibility of the deposit to cracking during deposition. In the present investigation, microstructure of different layers of multilayer Colmonoy 6 deposits on 316LN SS is characterised by optical and scanning electron microscopy, and the correlation between hardness and microstructure of the individual layers with ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a multistep nanoindentation test with Berkovich indenter, accounting for the residual stress distribution, where the specimen is unloaded in the intervals between the deformation steps.
Abstract: The development of the model of the multistep nanoindentation test with Berkovich indenter, accounting for the residual stress distribution, is one of the aims of the present paper. The specimen is unloaded in the intervals between the deformation steps. Substrate, which is composed of a ferritic steel and biocompatible pulsed laser deposition TiN coating, is considered. The selection of the TiN was inspired by its perspective application as the coating for a constructional element of the heart prosthesis (blood chamber and aortic valves). Sensitivity analysis of the model predictions with respect to its parameters is presented in the present paper. The theory of elastic–plastic deformations is used in the finite element model, which simulates both loading and unloading phases, accounting for the real geometry of the indent. The main goal of the present paper was to inversely analyse the tests for coating/substrate system. Square root error between measured and predicted forces is the objective function in the analysis. Results of the inverse calculations, which are presented in the present paper, may be helpful in simulations of the behaviour of TiN deposited on substrate in various applications as bionanomaterials.
TL;DR: The ductility of Nb/V containing high Al, twin induced plasticity (TWIP) steels has been examined over the temperature range 650-1150°C after melting and after'solution treatment' as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The hot ductility of Nb/V containing high Al, twin induced plasticity (TWIP) steels has been examined over the temperature range 650–1150°C after melting and after ‘solution treatment’. Previous work had shown that the hot ductility is poor for the 1·5 mass-%Al, TWIP steel due to precipitation of AlN at the austenite grain boundaries, the depth of the trough being similar to that for an X65 grade pipeline steel but with the trough covering a much wider temperature range. Adding Nb and V made the ductility even worse due to the additional precipitation of NbCN and VN. Very low reduction of area values, 10–20% were obtained in the temperature range 700–900°C. Increasing the cooling rate to the test temperature resulted in even worse ductility. The ductility of these steels after ‘solution treatment’ is similar to that obtained after melting but when the cast was hot rolled followed by ‘solution treatment’ and cooling to the test temperature ductility improved due to grain refinement.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used new data analysis procedures to estimate 100 000 h creep strengths by extrapolation of stress rupture values with creep lives <5000 h for Grade 22 tube as well as for annealed/tempered and quenched-tempered plates.
Abstract: Using new data analysis procedures, 100 000 h creep strengths are estimated by extrapolation of stress rupture values with creep lives <5000 h for Grade 22 tube as well as for annealed/tempered and quenched/tempered plates. In addition to allowing accurate prediction of long term strengths, the resulting property sets can be discussed sensibly in terms of the deformation and damage processes controlling creep and creep fracture.
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of recent literature on high strength, fine grained steels has been conducted in this article, where relevant technologies in alloy design, processing and heat treating are included in the present review, the emphasis has been on high carbon steel wire processing technology that can be achieved with conventional wire rolling and drawing processes.
Abstract: A comprehensive review of recent literature on high strength, fine grained steels has been conducted. While relevant technologies in alloy design, processing and heat treating are included in the present review, the emphasis has been on high carbon steel wire processing technology that can be achieved with ‘conventional’ wire rolling and drawing processes. The thermomechanical processing of a pearlitic microstructure, followed by cold drawing, is recommended as the process of choice to efficiently produce an ultrafine grained ferrite–cementite microstructure for ultrahigh strength, ultrahigh carbon steel wires.