Showing papers in "Materials Today: Proceedings in 2017"
TL;DR: An overview of inherent mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of titanium and its alloys which makes it an ideal for the aircraft applications is presented in this article, where a brief summary of induced stresses in aircraft critical components with advantages of titanium to manufacture these components is also discussed.
Abstract: Complex aerodynamic design, high mechanical and thermal loads, extreme environmental and other service conditions produces high magnitude of dynamic stresses in various components of airframe. The magnitude and nature of these stresses further varies during different phases of flight. This governs the need to develop special materials having ability to withstand these variable stresses. Further high fuel costs, scarcity of raw material sources, need of efficiency improvements, growing demand of new aircrafts (both military and civil) and raised environmental standards (less CO 2 emission, less noise pollution, recyclability of materials, etc.) are the few factors which forced the engineers to make stronger but ‘as-light-as-possible’ engine, frame and other parts of aircrafts. These factors open the door for ‘stronger-but-lighter’ metals like titanium and its alloys for aerospace application segment. Titanium and its alloys offers a unique set of physical, mechanical, metallurgical and composite compatibility characteristics which helps the aerospace sector to meet economy, fuel efficiency and other global standards in a wide range of temperatures and other service conditions. Starting from its first application in 1950s to till date, this wonder-metal not only increases its share of presence but becomes the first choice of aircraft fabricators. This paper presents an overview of inherent mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of titanium and its alloys which makes it an ideal for the aircraft applications. A brief summary of induced stresses in aircraft critical components with advantages of titanium and its alloy to manufacture these components is also discussed.
102 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review on the method employed in stir casting such as, how the base metal is melted, at what temperature and state it is to be maintained, what conditions the particulates are added and how the stirring time and stirring speed affect the final composite material.
Abstract: Among the variety of manufacturing processes available for discontinuous metal matrix composites, stir casting is generally accepted as a particularly promising route, currently practiced commercially. Its advantages lie in its simplicity, flexibility and applicability to large quantity production with cost advantage. The major problem of this process is to obtain sufficient wetting of particle by liquid metal and to get a homogenous dispersion of the particulates. The present review is on the method employed in stir casting such as, how the base metal is melted, at what temperature and state it is to be maintained, what conditions the particulates are added and how the stirring time and stirring speed affect the final composite material. The effect of stirrer design and feeding mechanism has also been discussed. The variation in the type of mixing the particulates into the metal matrix has also been dealt with in the paper. In the introductory part the stir casting methodology with a diagram has been laid out to give an overview of the overall process of casting of metal matrix composites. The limitations of the process are also listed in the paper.
90 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the fabrication and characterisation of AA 6061/Al2O3 AMMC which was fabricated using stir casting process was studied using scanning electron microscopy, where the particles were observed to refine the grains and were distributed homogeneously in the aluminium matrix.
Abstract: Aluminium alloy based metal matrix composites (AMMC) are widely used for sliding wear applications because of their excellent wear resistant properties. AMMC are fabricated using various methods like liquid state fabrication, solid state fabrication methods, etc. It was found that stir casting is an economical method to fabricate AMMC. In the present work, aluminium alloy 6061 reinforced with various percentages of Al2O3 particles (5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%) were prepared. At first the stir casting set up was prepared as per the requirement. The objectives of this research work are the fabrication and characterisation of AA 6061/ Al2O3 AMMC which was fabricated using stir casting process. The microstructures of AMMC were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Al2O3 particles were observed to refine the grains and were distributed homogeneously in the aluminium matrix. Al2O3 particles clusters were also seen in a few places.Al2O3 particles were properly bonded to the aluminium matrix. The reinforcement of Al203 particles improved the micro hardness and ultimate tensile strength of AMMC.
85 citations
TL;DR: The cuckoos behaviour & their egg laying strategy in the nests of other host birds is explained and a proper strategy for tuning the cuckoo search parameters is defined.
Abstract: The Cuckoo Search algorithm is a recently developed meta-heuristic optimization algorithm, which is used for solving optimization problems. This is a nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm, which is based on the brood parasitism of some cuckoo species, along with Levy flights random walks. Normally, the parameters of the cuckoo search are kept constant for certain duration, this results into decrease the efficiency of the algorithm. To make a deal with this issue, a proper strategy for tuning the cuckoo search parameters is to be defined. Cuckoos are fascinating birds, not only because of the beautiful sounds they can make but also because of their aggressive reproduction strategy. Some species such as the Ani and Guira cuckoos lay their eggs in host bird nest, and they may remove others eggs to increase the hatching probability of their own. In this paper, cuckoos behaviour & their egg laying strategy in the nests of other host birds is explained.
76 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an outline of the results presented on the incorporation of natural fiber with glass fiber reinforced polymer composites is presented. And the authors focus on the physical and mechanical characteristics of hybrid composites.
Abstract: Hybridization of natural/glass fiber reinforced polymer composites has been developing to build their applications in the field of engineering and technology. Present study deals with recent developments of natural fiber reinforced polymer hybrid composites made by hand lay-up and compression molding techniques. This investigation is to understand an outline of the results presented on the incorporation of natural fiber with glass fiber reinforced polymer composites. It focuses the attention in terms of physical and mechanical characteristics of hybrid composites and related studies have cited. Hybrid composites made of two different natural fibers with glass fiber are less widespread comparable to natural/glass fiber, yet it prompts grow the applications.
71 citations
TL;DR: A detailed review of the development, classification, applications of Nickel based superalloys is presented in this paper, which also presents processing of Nickel-based superalloy including microstructure, tool materials, and effect of cutting parameters, and use of coolant supply and the integrity of machined surface.
Abstract: Nickel based superalloys are generally known difficult to machine materials because of their toughness, high heat resistance and high operating temperatures, hardness, strength to weight ratio and chemical property to react with tool materials, low thermal conductivity and creep resistance. Although these whole properties are necessary design requirements, they cause a greater challenge to manufacturing engineers due to the high temperatures and stresses generated during machining. The tool materials with better hardness like carbides, ceramics and CBN are regularly used for machining of Nickel based Super alloys. Betterments in machining productivity can be attaining with the advanced machining techniques such as rotary machining. The Nickel based superalloys mainly used to turbine parts as well as high temperature elements. This paper presents a detailed review of the development, classification, applications of Nickel based superalloys. And also presents processing of Nickel based superalloys including microstructure, tool materials, and effect of cutting parameters, and use of coolant supply and the integrity of machined surface.
70 citations
TL;DR: A summary of work reported on Aluminium metal matrix composites with particulate reinforcement is presented in this article, which reveals that decrease in particle size and increase in percentage addition of reinforcement increase hardness and tensile strength of the composite.
Abstract: This paper presents a summary of work reported on Aluminium metal matrix composites with particulate reinforcement. Aluminium metal matrix has growing demand in aircraft, automotive and other industries due to its light weight, high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance and workability. Particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites are preferable due to their reduced cost, uniform properties, and their ability to be like monolithic materials. Although numerous method are available to fabricate the particulate metal matrix composite, stir casting is the most preferable one due to its cost effectiveness and convenience. Present paper reviews the problems taken and results obtained by various authors who have contributed in the area of Aluminium metal matrix composites with particulate reinforcement through stir casting. The reported works reveal that decrease in particle size and increase in percentage addition of reinforcement increase hardness and tensile strength of the composite.
68 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of high performance plastic materials and their applications in the area of automotive comfort and safety is given in this article, where a wide variety of plastic materials are used in vehicles.
Abstract: Mechanical components and structures are designed and developed for carrying out certain tasks and are subjected to high stresses, high temperature and corrosive environment. This can ultimately lead to its failure. Over the past few decades, high performance plastic materials in automobiles have experienced a real boom and their applications are increasing with a tendency of further growth. The polymers are finding their way deep inside most of the applications primarily because of light weight and relatively better properties. The average global plastic penetration is 120 kg/vehicle and average Indian plastic penetration is 60 kg/ vehicle. A wide variety of plastic are used in vehicles. The basic functions of such wide use of high performance plastic materials in vehicles dictate the appearance of the automobiles, their functionality, economy and low fuel consumption. The application of polymeric materials allows more freedom in design and approximately 82 percent of an average vehicle’s Weight gets recycled. The focus of present study is to give comprehensive review of high performance plastic materials and their applications in the area of automotive comfort and safety.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the fabrication methods and mechanical properties of Al alloy/SiCp based metal matrix nano composites (Al-MMNCs) have been reviewed and the Scanning electron micrographs indicate that the nano SiCp reinforcing particles are uniformly distributed in the matrix alloy.
Abstract: Aluminium metal matrix nano composites (Al-MMNCs) are a new generation of materials that have the potential of satisfying the recent demands of advanced engineering applications. They are widely used in automobile industries, aircrafts, structural applications and many other defence systems. Researchers have been observed that the addition of nano sized SiCp particles with aluminium alloy matrix yields superior mechanical and physical properties and interfacial characteristics of nano composites. The Scanning electron micrographs of the Al-MMNCs indicate that the nano SiCp reinforcing particles are uniformly distributed in the matrix alloy. This paper attempts to review the fabrication methods and mechanical properties of Al alloy/SiCp based metal matrix nano composites.
54 citations
TL;DR: The removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater using agricultural waste is based upon metal biosorption. as discussed by the authors compared removal efficiency of different adsorbents and showed that modification in these adsorbants enhance the adsorption capacity.
Abstract: Agricultural waste has been investigated as an efficient adsorbent for heavy metal removal because of their low cost. The functional groups present in agricultural wastes such as carbonyl, phenolic, acetamido, alcoholic, amido, amino and sulphydryl group etc. have an affinity for heavy metal ions to form metal complexes or chelates. The removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater using agricultural waste is based upon metal biosorption. The mechanism of biosorption includes chemisorption, complexation, adsorption on the surface, diffusion through pores and ion exchange etc. These heavy metal ions cause life-threatening problems for the humans and aquatic ecosystem. Certain modifications in these adsorbents enhance the adsorption capacity of these adsorbents. Some chemicals such as mineral and organic acids, bases, oxidising agent are used for modification of adsorbents. The purpose of this article is to compare removal efficiency of different adsorbents.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a brief review has been presented to provide an update on the synthesis of nanoparticles and preparation of stationary nanofluids, which is a matter of concern since the properties of the nanoparticles are dependent on the stability of the suspensions.
Abstract: Nanofluids are dilute colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid that show excellent enhancement in heat transfer performance in various applications. However, nanofluids preparation and stabilization are indeed a matter of concern since the properties of nanofluids are dependent on the stability of the suspensions. For the last decade numerous research and development works have been done on the preparation and stability of such materials. In this contribution, a brief review has been presented to provide an update on the synthesis of nanoparticles and preparation of stationary nanofluids. Various types of nanoparticles with different base fluids are investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, the mechanical properties of the natural fiber reinforced polymer based composites which are partially biodegradable were investigated and compared with treated and non-treated NFR composites.
Abstract: The growing environmental concerns, global warming, waste management issues, dwindling fossil resources, and rising oil prices have resulted in increase in research for newermaterials that are friendly to our health and environment. Green products are being increasingly promoted for sustainable development.The present research is an attempt to develop and study the mechanical properties of the natural fiber reinforced polymer based composites which are partially biodegradable.In this study different natural fibers like jute, banana and sisal have beenused as reinforcement and epoxy as matrix to make the natural fiber reinforced polymer unidirectional composite with the help of hand layup and compression molding.Mechanical properties like tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength for treated and non treated natural fiber reinforced polymerunidirectional composites have been investigated and compared.It has been found that tensile strength of the composites has improved due to incorporation of natural fibers topolymers.Further a considerable increase in tensile and flexural strength has been observed with the use of surface treatment method;howeverimpact strength has been tremendouslydecreased with the use of surface treatment. It has also been found that the jute reinforced polymer composite shows the highest tensile strength.
TL;DR: A brief review of recent trends in research on bearing defects, sources of vibration and vibration measurement techniques in time domain, frequency domain and time frequency domain can be found in this article.
Abstract: Rolling element bearings are very critical components of rotating machines and the presence of defects in the bearing may lead to failure of machines. Hence, early identification of such defects along with the severity of damage under operating condition of the bearing may avoid malfunctioning and breakdown of machines. Defective bearings are source of vibration and these vibration signals can be used to assess the faulty bearings. This article presents the brief review of recent trends in research on bearing defects, sources of vibration and vibration measurement techniques in time domain, frequency domain and time frequency domain.
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of nanoparticles was observed by visualizing color changes and it was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR).
Abstract: The advancement of green chemistry in the synthesis of nanoparticles with the use of plants and its parts has become a great attention today. The nanoparticles of metals and metal oxides with green synthesis have reputation on recent developments. Products from nature or that resultant from natural products, such as extracts of various parts of plants have been used as reductions and as ceiling agents during synthesis. In our work, we have chosen green tea leaves(Camellia sinensis) for the Green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO Nps). The formation of nanoparticles was observed by visualizing color changes and it was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectrophotometer. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence of Zinc oxide nanoparticles. The UV-Vis spectrum was recorded to observe the absorption spectra, which exhibited a blue shift absorption peak at 338 nm. The XRD pattern revealed well-defined peaks appearing at 2θ positions corresponding to the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO nanoparticles. The average size of the nanoparticles calculated using XRD data was 54.84 nm, the band gap energy was 3.40eV. FT-IR spectra were recorded for the as prepared nanoparticle to identify the biomolecules involved in the synthesis process. The higher percentage of phenolic compounds, with antioxidant potential, acts as the reducing agent on the metal oxides and significantly present amino acid, protein and lipids helped to control the growth of the nanoparticles. CV study shows an excellent capacitance behaviour, low equivalent series resistance (ESR) and fast diffusion of electrolyte ions into the composite. This confirms that the as-prepared ZnO material is the best suitable material for supercapacitor applications.
TL;DR: In this paper, a short review has been carried out to make use of natural fibers (such as abaca, banana, bamboo, cotton, coir, hemp, jute, pineapple, sisal etc) which is abundantly available in India.
Abstract: The construction industry is revolutionizing in two major ways. One way is the development of construction techniques, such as using automated tools in construction. The other is the advancement in high-performance construction materials, such as the introduction of high strength composite. Natural fiber replaces the synthetic fiber dueto its superior properties for example high specific strength, small weight, and low cost, moderately good mechanical property, non-abrasive recyclable and bio-degradable features. But the mechanical properties of natural fibre composites are less than that of synthetic composite like glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). In present study the natural fiber polymer composites mix with the glass fiber, to enhance the mechanical property of composite.In this paper, a short review has been carried out to make use of natural fibers (such as abaca, banana, bamboo, cotton, coir, hemp, jute, pineapple, sisal etc) which is abundantly available in India. In this work Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers are mixing with sisal with various sisal fiber lengths (5, 10, and 15, 20 mm) toincrease Engineering and Technology applications. This paper presents a review on the mechanical properties of sisal-glass fiber reinforced polymer composites.
TL;DR: A review on fabrication of scaffolds through solvent casting particle leaching method has been done in this article, where the addition of different biodegradable based and ceramic based composite has been covered for bone tissue replacement or repairing.
Abstract: In this paper, review on fabrication of scaffolds through solvent casting particle leaching method has been done. The addition of different biodegradable based and ceramic based composite has been covered for bone tissue replacement or repairing. The synthetic biopolymers and composites that are used for fabrication of scaffolds are reviewed. Scaffold requirements in terms of their mechanical properties, pore structure along with other biological and mechanical properties are discussed. Various methods for fabricating scaffolds merits, demerits along with their applications are successfully discussed. Addition of bioactive factors like bioceramics, demineralised bone particles and their effects during invivo and invitro conditions has also been covered. Finally, highlights on the challenges faced in solvent casting particle leaching methods, suggestions for further research and development has been expressed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the plastic injection molding process conditions and the effect of different factors studied on the basis of processing parameters, and the processing conditions satisfied quality based product manufacturing.
Abstract: The term quality has become a “catch all” term used in describing the various characteristics of an object. It is nearly impossible to define the term consistency. The quality is any particular or specific characteristics of a product development design object that contains or relates information about the object. This is primarily a chunk of geometry distinguished by its ability to perform a function with one or more other. In this primary processing conditions are studied from concept development to manufacturing of the product. Effect of different factors studied on the basis of processing parameters. Since quality and productivity are the two important contradictory objectives in any machining process. Some extent of quality has to be compromised while assurance giving for high productivity. Similarly productivity will be decreased while the efforts are channelized to enhance quality. To ensure high quality and productivity, it is necessary to optimize machining parameters. Various responses of quality of injection moulding process has been studied on the basis of performance parameters and methods. This paper aims to present plastic injection moulding process conditions. The processing conditions satisfied quality based product manufacturing.
TL;DR: In this article, the current state of knowledge on the several thermal conductivity measurement techniques employed by the researchers along with the factors affecting the thermal conductivities of nano fluids have been presented.
Abstract: Among the thermo physical properties of the nano fluids thermal conductivity is the key property which depends on the pertinent parameters of nanoparticles material, volume fraction, size, aspect ratio, base fluid thermo physical properties, temperature, and surfactant. Over last decades, numerous works have reported the higher thermal conductivity of nano fluids than that of the conventional heat transfer fluids with the reason of random motion of nanoparticles and a number of numerical and theoretical models have been proposed. In this article, the current state of knowledge on the several thermal conductivity measurement techniques employed by the researchers along with the factors affecting the thermal conductivity of nano fluids have been presented. This review leads to some directions for future research in nano fluids.
TL;DR: Different manufacturing processes are optimized by Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) algorithm as discussed by the authors, and the main focus of this review paper is on the optimization of the various manufacturing processes that have been optimized by TOPSIS method.
Abstract: Different Manufacturing Processes Optimized by Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) Algorithm are presented in this review paper. The main focus of this review paper is on the optimization of the various manufacturing processes that have been optimized by TOPSIS method. The machining processes that have been considered in this work are Milling, Drilling, Turning, Electric Discharge Machining, Abrasive Jet Machining, Micro Machining, and other advanced types of machining process. The review work on manufacturing processes, on such a large scale was not performed earlier by considering different processes at a time on TOPSIS method, and hence, this review work prepare for the future information at one place for the subsequent researchers, in order to determine their way of research on TOPSIS Algorithm.
TL;DR: In this paper, a hybrid AA6351 aluminum matrix composites which incorporates stir casting route was used for fabrication and the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of the parent alloy and the produced composites were studied.
Abstract: In the current scenario, particulate reinforced aluminium matrix composites present a plenty of applications to aircraft, marine, structural, transportation and automobile industries. This article deals with the fabrication of hybrid AA6351 aluminium matrix composites which incorporates stir casting route. In the process of fabrication AA6351 is reinforced in which Al 2 O 3 and Gr are the hybriding materials.The microstructure and the mechanical behavior of the parent alloy and the produced composites were studied. The reinforcing effect of Al 2 O 3 /Gr combined with the parent alloy is studied wherein the investigation went into the intensity of macrohardness, microhardness, tensile strength and flexural strength. Optical microscope was adapted for characterizing the composites. Optical microscope observed the particle distribution of the produced composites. Optical microphotographs depict the nearly homogeneous distribution of the reinforcement particles in the base metal matrix. The hardness, thetensile strength and the flexural strength are found to increase in the AA6351 base matrix alloy with the increase in reinforcement. The mechanical properties of the AA6351 alloy are significantly improved after the dispersion of Al 2 O 3 /Gr particles.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of composition, physico-chemical properties, advantages, applications and practical use of individual vegetable oils as metal working fluid in environmental conscious machining to make the process environmental friendly and less toxic for operators.
Abstract: Cutting fluids are most fundamental and important part in metalworking industries. Cutting fluids are widely employed due to their ability to reduce friction, cutting temperature, generated heatand also to enhance workpiece surface quality. But the use of the petroleum based cutting fluid threats to the health of workers and environment. Hence to identify user-friendly and eco-friendly alternatives for conventional petroleum based cutting fluids, industrialist and researchers are working hand in hand. Based on the increasing awareness regarding environmental aspects and awareness to employee health, eco-friendly cutting fluids have to be selected very carefully to minimize the same. This paper is focused on review of composition, physico-chemical properties, advantages, applications and practical use of individual vegetable oils as metal working fluid in environmental conscious machining to make the process environmental friendly and less toxic for operators.
TL;DR: How haptic technology works, its devices, applications, and disadvantages are described and a description on some of its future applications and a few limitations of this technology is provided.
Abstract: Computer Science finds a variety of applications in different fields. In the modern scenario, the combination of human senses with field of computer science is becoming more and more common. A detailed study of haptic technology is described in this paper which is entirely related to touch. The complete potential of the field is yet to be explored. The science of applying touch sensation and control to interact with computer developed applications is the best definition given for haptic technology. With the help of Haptic device people get a sense of touch with computer generated environments, so that when virtual objects are touched, they seem to be real and tangible. Haptic technology enables the user to interface with a virtual environment via the sense of touch by applying forces, vibrations, or motions to the user. This mechanical simulation helps in the creation of virtual objects, controlling of virtual objects and to augment the remote control properties of machines and devices. This paper describes how haptic technology works, its devices, applications, and disadvantages. A brief explanation on haptics functions and its implementation in various fields of study is provided in this paper. A description on some of its future applications and a few limitations of this technology is also provided.
TL;DR: In this paper, historical background of mesoporous silica materials and methods which are used to synthesize these materials such as sol-gel method, microwave assisted technique, chemical etching technique, templating approach are discussed.
Abstract: From the discovery of mesoporous materials in 1992 at Mobil oil company, these materials are continuously gaining attraction due to their superior properties like tunable pore structure, surface morphology, huge pore volume and ability of easy functionalization. In this paper historical background of mesoporous silica materials and methods which are used to synthesize these materials such as sol-gel method, microwave assisted technique, chemical etching technique, templating approach are discussed. In templating approach a template (structure directing agent) is used to create hollow porous structure but chemical etching technique uses a selective etching agent (basic/acidic) to create mesoporous structure, here no template (soft/hard) is required. Microwave technique is used for rapid synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. In microwave technique self assembly of organosilane precursors and blockcopolymer and successive hydrothermal treatment is carried out under the microwave oven.
TL;DR: In this paper, the mechanical properties of flyash based geopolymer concrete (GPC) were studied and a regression model analysis was carried out to study the relationship between the Compressive strength and Split tensile strength.
Abstract: The increasing demand of environment friendly construction has been the driving force for developing sustainable and economical building materials. The critical aspects influencing the development are performance of the materials under different and special user conditions, economic aspects as well as environmental impact aspects. Cement is an energy consuming and high green house gas emitting product. Geopolymers are gaining increased interest as binders with low CO2-emission in comparison to Portland cement. In the present investigation, the mechanical properties of flyash based geopolymer concrete(GPC) were studied. Experimentally measured values of the compressive strength and split tensile strength of GPC specimens made from low, medium and higher grades compared with reference to the control mixes(OPC).The regression model analysis was carried out to study the relationship between the Compressive strength and Split tensile strength and It was found that the mechanical behaviour of GPC is similar to that of ordinary Portland cement(OPC) concrete.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of various types methods such as ATIG (Activated Fluid TIG), FBTIG (Flux Bounded TIG) and PCTIG (Pulsed Current Tungsten Inert Gas) welding was discussed.
Abstract: Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding is also known as Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process which is an arc based welding process that uses the arc between a non-consumable tungsten electrode and a work piece with the help of a shielding gas [1-6]. The TIG welding is used to produce high quality welds and isone of the most popular technologies for welding in manufacturing industries [7-12]. The main disadvantage of TIG welding process is low weld penetration. The purpose of this review was to look into various techniques that may improve the weld penetration and weld quality in a TIG welding. In this review we discuss the influence of various types methods such as ATIG (Activated Flux TIG), FBTIG (Flux Bounded TIG), PCTIG (Pulsed Current Tungsten Inert Gas) Welding.It was observed during the review that use of flux or fluxes and pulsed current method improve the weld penetration with weld quality.
TL;DR: An overview of the mechanical properties like tensile, flexural, impact, fracture surface observations and corresponding modulus of elasticity of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites is presented in this article.
Abstract: This article presents an overview of the mechanical properties like tensile, flexural, impact, fracture surface observations and corresponding modulus of elasticity of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Natural fibers have recently become attractive to scientists and researchers as good alternative for fiber reinforced composites because of their low cost, non-abrasive and eco-friendly nature. Natural fibers may play an important role in developing biodegradable composites to resolve the current ecological and environmental problems. In connection with brief overview has been carried out on natural fibers because these are abundantly available in India. This article shows that the natural fibers are also possesses good mechanical properties and these fiber composites can also be used in different applications.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have discussed the role of different type of nanoparticles in cement and concrete and used them to enhance the understanding of concrete behavior, to engineer its properties and to lower production and ecological cost of construction materials.
Abstract: Nanoscience is an emerging field of science related to the understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas that encompass a number of disciplines including civil engineering and construction materials. In today's life, though utilization of cement based materials plays a vital role in the infrastructure development, it is polluting the environment by emitting CO 2 . Based on this view, researchers have been pursuing to evolve new or alternate material towards a green and sustainable solution. It is observed that the better understanding and engineering of complex structure of cement-based material at nano-level will definitely result in a new generation of construction materials with enhanced properties, viz., strength and durability. Currently, the most active research areas dealing with cement and concrete are: understanding of the hydration of cement particles and the use of nano-size ingredients. Concrete science is a multidisciplinary area of research where nanotechnology potentially offers the opportunity to enhance the understanding of concrete behavior, to engineer its properties and to lower production and ecological cost of construction materials. Synthesis of Portland cement constituent, hydration mechanism and the role of different type of nanoparticles in cement and concrete have been discussed in this article.
TL;DR: In this article, the spinel CuFe 2 O 4, ZnFe 2O 4 and NiFe 2 o 4 were synthesized by simple solution combustion synthesis (SCS) and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Visible Spectrogram and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Abstract: The spinel CuFe 2 O 4 , ZnFe 2 O 4 and NiFe 2 O 4 were synthesized by simple solution combustion synthesis (SCS) and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Visible Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). PXRD result showed spinel nature for the prepared ferrites. SEM results displayed spinel morphology with numerous flakes. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to study the charge carrier recombination rate. Photodecomposition ability is studied by carrying out the photocatalytic experiments for the synthesized nanoferrites under visible light. The synthesized nanoferrites showed distinguished behaviour with respect to optical, electrochemical and photocatalytic performance. These results demonstrate that the synthesized samples can be useful for water remediation.
TL;DR: In this paper, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO Nps) were prepared using zinc nitrates and succinic acid as a fuel through low temperature solution combustion method (LCS) at 500 °C.
Abstract: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO Nps) were prepared using zinc nitrates and succinic acid as a fuel through low temperature solution combustion method (LCS) at 500 °C. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis and SEM. The XRD result shows that synthesized ZnO was hexagonal wurtzite stracture. FTIR indicates a significant band at ∼ 380 cm−1 is assigned to the characteristic stretching mode of Zn-O. UV-Vis spectroscopy of ZnO Nps shows the band gap of 3.29 eV. SEM images show that the product is agglomerated and almost spherical in shape. The Photocatalytic activity of the synthesized ZnO Nps was examined for the degradation of methylene blue dye under both UV and Sunlight and the results shows it is a good photocatalytic materials.
TL;DR: A review on green tribology from a mechanical system point of view has been presented in this article, focusing on Sustainability and Energy, Life Cycle Assessment and Lubrication aspects of Green tribology.
Abstract: This paper presents a review onGreen Tribology, which is relatively a new area of research for tribologists and environmentalists. An attempt has been made to summarize the fundamentals of this emerging area for its future development. In this article, various aspects of green tribology from mechanical system point of view have been discussed. The paper is structured to focus on Sustainability and Energy, Life Cycle Assessment and Lubrication aspects of Green Tribology. The recent advancements in green tribology to a great extent are expounded in this article. These aspects may lead to a strong foundation of further developments in the area of green tribology.