Showing papers in "Medycyna Pracy in 2011"

Eye symptoms in office employees working at computer stations

Abstract: Background The aim of the study was to measure the prevalence and intensity of eye symptoms in office workers who use computers on a regular basis, and to find out if the symptoms depend on the duration of computer use and other work-related factors. Material and methods Office workers employed at large social services companies in two cities (Warszawa and Katowice) were invited to fill in a questionnaire (cross-sectional study). The questions included work history and history of last-week eye symptoms and eye-related complains. Altogether 477 men and women returned the completed questionnaires. Between-group symptom differences were tested by the chi-square test and verified by the results of multivariate logistic analysis. The examined effects included the role of daily computer use and lighting conditions at work stations. Results The examined persons complained of such eye symptoms as eye strain, visual acuity impairment and mucosal dryness or eye burning. The following values of symptom prevalence were found in women and men, respectively: eye strain 50.7% and 32.6%, disturbed visual acuity 38.3% and 21.2%, mucosal dryness and eye burning 46.5% and 24.2%. The results of multivariate analysis confirmed the statistically significant effects of lighting intensity and screen flickering on the occurrence of symptoms. Conclusions Frequent occurrence of eye symptoms and their associatation with some characteristics of the work environment point to the need of observing ergonomic standards of work stations and of the usage of computers at work.

[Night shift work and cancer risk: a literature review].

Abstract: About 15-20% of the employees in Europe and in the USA are engaged in shift work that involves night work. Some experimental and observational data indicate that this type of work might lead to circadian disruption, including disruption in the melatonin synthesis - a hormone of anticarcinogenic and antioxidative properties. A hypothesis that there is a potential link between exposure to light at night and the risk of breast cancer was formulated for the first time by Stevens in 1987. Since then, relatively few epidemiological studies have been carried out in this area (15 studies including 8 cohort and 7 case-control studies). All of them are reviewed in this article. The majority of the epidemiological studies performed to date have focused on the association between shift work and breast cancer risk, few studies have reported an increased risk of other cancers, including colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In six out of ten studies, a statistically significant association between night shift work and risk of breast cancer has been shown (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5 in nurses in Norway with > 30 years of night shift work). The increased cancer risk has been reported in nurses, radio-telephone operators, flight attendants, and women employed in the enterprises, in which 60% of employees work at night. Most of the analyses have been based on the data from the registries, with limited potential for the exposure assessment and confounders adjustment. Although some epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk of breast cancer among nurses, we are still far from drawing final conclusions. Therefore, further epidemiological studies are warranted.

[Low back pain among farmers exposed to whole body vibration: a literature review].

Abstract: A literature review was performed for the years 1990-2007. It covered reports addressing the problems associated with the prevalence of low back pain and musculoskeletal disorders among farmers. In addition, the anticipated relationship between low back pain and whole body vibration in farmers was evaluated based on 12 reports for the years 1987-2009. The review confirmed that the prevalence of back pain is significantly higher in farmers exposed to whole body vibration than in the control group (not exposed to vibration). The frequency of back pain is related with whole body vibration, as well as with prolonged sitting position, wrong body posture and physical work load (especially lifting and carrying loads). The prevalence of these symptoms increases with the increased vibration dose and duration of exposure. Disorders in the lower section of the spine were associated with age, accidents (concerning the back), cumulative dose of whole body vibration, and overload due to wrong body posture. Long-term exposure affecting the whole body is harmful to the skeletal system (degeneration of the spine). The results of the study suggest that the repeated or constant exposure to mechanical shocks may increase the risk of low back pain. The investigations confirmed that there is a dose-response type of relationship between exposure to whole body vibration and pain in the lumbar section of the spine.

[Anticarcinogenic role of melatonin--potential mechanisms].

Abstract: Over 50 years have passed since the detection of melatonin in the cattle pineal gland. Initially melatonin was believed to be only a regulator of physiological circadian rhythm processes, however, further studies have revealed other characteristics of this hormone, including its anticarcinogenic activity. The aim of this work was to review the literature on biological role of melatonin, with special reference to its oncostatic activity. The review covered the articles published from the early 1960's to 2010, collected in the MEDLINE database. The majority of experimental in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that melatonin inhibits initiation and growth of hormone-dependent tumors by decreasing both the expression of estrogen receptors and aromatase activity. The protective oncostatic activity of melatonin is likely to be expressed through the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, decrease in oxidative stress and increase in immune system activity. Although most of the studies confirm a hypothesis of an anticarcinogenic effect of melatonin, it is not clear whether these effects occur in natural conditions. The majority of experimental models have been applied in extreme conditions, including high doses of melatonin, pinealectomy or exposure to carcinogens. To date, there are only limited epidemiological data supporting experimental observations.

[Professional image of nurses as perceived by doctors, patients and nurses themselves].

Abstract: Background The study was aimed at comparing the perception of the nurses' professional image by three groups: doctors, patients and nurses. The following elements of the image were taken into account: professional, personal and interpersonal characteristics as well as general beliefs on the nursing profession. Material and methods The examined group consisted of 160 participants: 50 doctors, 50 patients and 60 nurses employed or currently treated in provincial and district hospitals. To test the professional image of nurses a new measurement tool has been developed. It permits to assess professional, personal and interpersonal characteristics attributed to nurses and selected beliefs on the nursing profession. The study took into consideration the following socio-demographic factors: gender, age, marital status, place of residence, education and setting, and also profession-related factors (job seniority; additional courses and specializations) as regards doctors and nurses and occupational activity and relations with nurses as regards patients. Results The surveyed groups differed in their assessment of a majority of characteristics attributed to nurses. The characteristics were appraised lower by doctors than by nurses, which indicates a more negative attitude of the former. The patients' appraisal was also lower than that of nurses, except for mental strength and tidiness. However, nurses perceived their professional position in the society and medical profession as the lowest. The characteristics, which did not differ in their assessment between groups were analyzed as well. Conclusions The study allowed determining those elements of the nurses' professional image, whose appraisal differed between the surveyed groups. In spite of the existing common elements, the differences dominated. In the majority of the analyzed elements the nurses' evaluation was higher than that of doctors and patients, which indicates that they demonstrate more positive image of the profession than the other groups.

[Hospitality workers' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke before and after implementation of smoking ban in public places: a review of epidemiological studies].

Abstract: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure induces serious negative health consequences, of which the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, respiratory symptoms and poor pregnancy outcomes appear to be most important. Taking into account those health consequences of ETS exposure most countries have introduced legislation to ban or restrict smoking in public places. In this paper the effectiveness of the introduced legislation was analyzed with regard to the protection of hospitality workers from ETS exposure in the workplace. The analysis of 12 papers published after 2000 covered the year of publication, type of legislation, study population, hospitality venue (pub, bar, restaurant, disco) and type of markers or self-reported perception of exposure to ETS. The analysis indicates that the legislation to ban smoking in hospitality venues protects workers from ETS exposure when the venues are 100% tobacco smoke free. The reduction of the cotinine level in biological samples after the implementation of smoke free law was 57-89%, comparing to the biomarker level in the samples taken before the new law was introduced. About 90% of reduction in nicotine and PM levels was also noted. In addition, the positive self perception reported by workers proved the effectiveness of new legislation protecting them from ETS exposure.

[Occupational stress, coping styles and eating habits among Polish employees].

Abstract: BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to analyze potential relations between occupational stress, coping styles and ing habits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Questionnaires administered to 160 public administration employees allowed for assessing eating habits, occupational stress and coping styles. RESULTS The eating habits correlated with work stress (ro-Spearman's = 0.17-0.29). More unhealthy eating patterns were observed in employees characterized by a higher level of stress. Such stressors as overload, lack of control over work and inappropriate work organization were especially related to poorer eating habits. Among the analyzed coping styles, focusing on emotions (ro-S = 0.19) and searching for emotional support most significantly correlated with poorer eating behaviors (ro-S = 0.16). There were statistically significant differences in eating habits, depending on the level of job stress (U = 1583.50, p < 0.05). Employees with high job stress had a stronger tendency to habitual and emotional eating more than those with a medium level of job stress. CONCLUSION The relationship between subjective assessment of job stress, coping and eating habits has been confirmed. Taking into account the role of stress and coping, as the potential determinants of eating patterns in humans, more attention should be paid to education and promotion of knowledge about the relationship between stress and human eating behaviors to prevent obesity and eating disorders.

Acquired musculoskeletal dysfunction syndromes in workers in the light of epidemiological studies

Abstract: Acquired musculoskeletal dysfunction syndromes (overload syndromes) that cause limitation of the system efficiency belong nowadays to the most serious problems in the medical care of workers. The etiology of overload syndromes is multifactorial, which means that occupational factors constitute only one of many causes fostering the development of those disorders. Occupational factors which increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders include physical factors related to the work environment or the way the work is performed, such as body posture, value of exerted forces, movement repetitiveness, load handling, mechanical vibration or microclimate as well as psychosocial factors, such as quantitative and qualitative overload, lack of control, lack of social support or work insecurity. The consequence of musculoskeletal overload syndromes is the progressing reduction of its efficiency causing limitation or even loss of work ability, which results in premature exclusion from social and occupational activities. This article presents etiological factors of musculoskeletal complains and overload syndromes and their prevalence in workers.

Exposure to static magnetic field and health hazards during the operation of magnetic resonance scanners

Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners belong to the most modern imaging diagnostic devices, which involve workers' exposure to static magnetic fields (SMF) during the preparation and performance of MRI examinations This paper presents the data on workers' exposure to SMF in the vicinity of MRI scanners and the analysis of SMF-related biological effects and health hazards to find out whether softening the legislative requirements concerning protection against SMF exposure of workers involved in MRI diagnostics is justified Measurements in the vicinity of 15 T MRI magnets showed that exposure to SMF by various scanners depends on both SMF of magnets and scanners design, as well as on work organization In a routine examination of one patient the radiographer is exposed to SMF exceeding 05 mT for app 15-7 min, and up to 13 min to SMF exceeding 70 mT In examinations of patients who need more attention, the duration of exposure may be significantly longer The mean values (B mean) of exposure to SMF are 56-85 mT (mean 30 +/- 19 mT, N = 16) These data demonstrate that only well designed procedures, proper organization of workplace and awareness of workers how to attend the patients without being exposed to strong SMF allow for meeting the requirements of labor law concerning workers' exposure to SMF The analysis of the available literature on biological effects of SMF has disclosed the lack of data on health effects of many years exposure of workers and the abundance of data demonstrating the biological activity of SMF Therefore, a radical softening of legislative requirements concerning the exposure of workers' head or trunk is premature, and what is more, it is not indispensable for the development of MRI diagnostic Such an action should be preceded by extensive international investigations on the health status of workers exposed to electromagnetic fields by MRI scanners

Percutaneous exposures in medical personnel

Abstract: Introduction Medical personnel having daily contacts with patients and, consequently, with their blood and other body fluids constitute a group of an increased risk of percutaneous exposure. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of medical personnel's contacts with blood and other body fluids as well as to analyze the attitudes of patients infected with blood-borne pathogens and procedures after an occupational exposure to infectious material. Material and methods A questionnaire survey of 151 persons. Results The survey revealed that 77.5% of physicians and 98.2% of nurses experience contacts with infectious material at least several times a week. Simultaneously, 45% of physicians and only 18.9% of nurses stated that they had never been injured with a contaminated needle or other medical instruments. Disconcerting is also the fact that only 45.5% of physicians and 66.7% of nurses report such incidents to their superiors. Conclusions The study proved that medical personnel form an occupational group regularly exposed to contacts with patients' blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions. Despite such frequent contacts with patients' body fluids and frequent injuries with medical instruments, their knowledge of blood-borne infections is inadequate. The awareness of giving care to an infected patient makes the majority of medical personnel modify their behavior.

[Toxic liver injuries--a current view on pathogenesis. Part II].

Abstract: Liver plays an important role in biological detoxication of xenobiotics. During this process, one can observe the inactivation and successful elimination of metabolites and toxic substances. The metabolic reactions responsible for detoxications include phases I and II. The phase I reactions increase polarity of xenobiotics through inserting new functional groups to xenobiotic molecules, while during phase II conjugation to endogenous hydrophilic molecules results in potent increase in polarity and water solubility. Phase III involves the transport process mediated by transmembranous transporter proteins, which remove a large number of xenobiotics from blood into liver. Oxidative stress and oxidation of lipids may lead to liver injury. Functional impairment of mitochondrial metabolism is associated with intensive production of reactive oxygen species. The underlying mechanisms during mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to cellular necrosis and apoptosis.

Color vision impairment in workers exposed to mercury vapor

Abstract: INTRODUCTION Acquired reversible dyschromatopsia has been associated with occupational exposure to mercury vapor. Early-detected impairments in color discrimination precede adverse permanent effects of mercury, so they may help to monitor the health of the exposed workers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the color discrimination ability in this group of workers, using Lanthony D-15d test. MATERIAL AND METHODS Employed in a chloralkali plant, 27 male workers exposed to mercury vapor and 27 healthy white-collar workers (control group) were qualified for the study. To assess color discrimination, the Lanthony 15-Hue desaturated test (Lanthony D-15) was used. In order to investigate quantitative and qualitative results, the Lanthony D-15d scoring software was performed. Urinary mercury was determined using flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS In the workers exposed to mercury vapor, urine mercury concentration was 117.4 +/- 62.6 microg/g creatinine on average compared with 0.279 +/- 0.224 mg/g creatinine in the control group (p < 0.0001). In 18 exposed persons (66.7%), the results of the Lanthony D-15d test showed qualitative changes, which are borderline corresponding to the early stage of developing dyschromatopsia type III. The quantitative analysis of the test findings indicated a significantly higher value of the Color Confusion Index (CCI) in the right eye in the exposed group compared to the control group (p = 0.01), with no significant difference in the CCI in the left eye. In the exposed group, the CCI in the right eye was significantly higher than the CCI in the left eye (p = 0.0005). There was neither correlation between CCI and the level of urinary mercury, nor between CCI and duration of exposure. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the Lanthony D-15d test is useful in the detection of early toxic effects in the eyesight of the workers exposed to mercury vapor. The observed color vision impairments are borderline corresponding to the early stage of developing dyschromatopsia type III.

Praca zmianowa nocna a ryzyko choroby nowotworowej — przegląd literatury

Abstract: About 15–20% of the employees in Europe and in the USA are engaged in shift work that involves night work. Some experimental and observational data indicate that this type of work might lead to circadian disruption, including disruption in the melatonin synthesis — a hormone of anticarcinogenic and antioxidative properties. A hypothesis that there is a potential link between exposure to light at night and the risk of breast cancer was formulated for the first time by Stevens in 1987. Since then, relatively few epidemiological studies have been carried out in this area (15 studies including 8 cohort and 7 case-control studies). All of them are reviewed in this article. The majority of the epidemiological studies performed to date have focused on the association between shift work and breast cancer risk, few studies have reported an increased risk of other cancers, including colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In six out of ten studies, a statistically significant association between night shift work and risk of breast cancer has been shown (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1–4.5 in nurses in Norway with > 30 years of night shift work). The increased cancer risk has been reported in nurses, radio-telephone operators, flight attendants, and women employed in the enterprises, in which 60% of employees work at night. Most of the analyses have been based on the data from the registries, with limited potential for the exposure assessment and confounders adjustment. Although some epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk of breast cancer among nurses, we are still far from drawing final conclu sions. Therefore, further epidemiological studies are warranted. Med Pr 2011;62(3):323–338

[Quality of life of occupationally active people, aged 45-60, living in the Polish industrial region (Silesian agglomeration)].

Abstract: Background Among the most important determinants of quality of life are socio-economic factors, including economic activity and support of family, environmental and indoor related factors, infrastructure and air quality. The aim of this publication is to identify the factors that determine the quality of life of economically active adults in the industrial agglomeration of Poland. Materials and methods The epidemiological cross-sectional study was carried out among the economically active population of the Silesian Agglomeration. A short version of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to ascertain the quality of life of individuals. Furthermore, the software Statistica 9.0 was used to provide analytical and descriptive statistical data. The influence of age, gender, education, type of activity and living environment were used to assess the quality of life in the somatic, psychological, social and environmental domains. Results It was found that among the important determinants of quality of life in economically active population, aged 45-60 years, living in the industrial agglomeration, were primarily marital status, education level and the current state of health. The data evidenced the worst quality of life among unmarried persons, persons with lower education levels and persons diagnosed with cardio- or respiratory diseases. Conclusions There is a need to develop health conducive behavior among workers by providing training cycles with the involvement of staff supervising occupational health and safety. These types of actions can contribute to improving the quality of life of the working population.

The effect of organophosphate pesticides on pancreas

Abstract: On the basis of the literature data, the effect of organophosphate pesticides on pancreas, in acute and chronic intoxication, is discussed. The reported studies apply to experimental procedures, as well as to observations of people working in contact with these insecticides. The special attention has been paid to glucose homeostasis and risk of diabetes.

[Liver and serum glutathione concentration and liver hydrogen peroxide in rats subchronically intoxicated with chlorfenvinphos--organophosphate insecticide]

Abstract: Background Toxicity of organophosphate insecticides is mainly due to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However organophosphate insecticides in acute as well as in chronic and subchronic intoxication may lead to oxidative stress causing enhancement of lipid peroxidation and changing the activities of antioxidative enzymes and concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidant. For this reason the aim of the work was to estimate glutathione and hydrogen peroxide levels in the liver, as well as the concentration of total glutathione in serum of rats in subchronic intoxication with chlorfenvinphos. Materials and methods The animals received chlorfenvinphos, intragastrically with use of a stomach tube, at a one daily dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day for 14 or 28 days. For biochemical determinations BIOXYTECH GSH-400 and BIOXYTECH H2O2-560 Assay kit, OXIS International, Inc., Portland, U.S.A. (reduced glutathione and hydrogen peroxide), and Glutathione Assay Kit, Cayman Chemical Company, U.S.A. (determination of serum total glutathione level) were used. Results Chlorfenvinphos administration resulted in a decreased level of reduced glutathione in liver accompanied by an increase in liver hydrogen peroxide and serum total glutathione concentrations. The observed changes were more pronounced after 28 days of intoxication. Conclusions The common use of organophosphate insecticides results in the environmental pollution, therefore, the decreased liver glutathione level is an additional risk factor for people treated with different medicine (e.g., paracetamol).

[Selenium determination in plasma/serum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): comparison with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS)].

Abstract: BACKGROUND The present study was aimed at comparing two techniques of selenium (Se) determination in serum/plasma samples: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption (GF-AAS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples were collected by venipuncture, using Venosafe closed blood sampling system. The samples were centrifuged. The measurements were performed by Elan DRC-e mass spectrometry, Perkin Elmer, SCIEX, USA and Unicam Solar 989 QZ atomic absorption spectrometry. Reference material, Clincheck Serum Control Level 1 (Recipe, Germany), was used to verify the determinations. The Laboratory participates in external quality control (G-EQUAS). RESULTS Analytical parameters for both techniques are respectively: ICP-MS--precision 5.9%, limit of detection 0.19 microg/l, repeatability 5.5%, trueness 2.4%, bias 97.6%, GF-AAS--precision 8%, limit of detection 3.4 microg/l, repeatability 7.2%, trueness 6.8%, bias 93.2%. CONCLUSIONS The benefits of the ICP-MS technique are high accuracy, low detection limits and the possibility of multi-element analysis.

Assessment of occupational exposure of welders based on determination of fumes and their components produced during stainless steel welding

Abstract: BACKGROUND Occupational exposure to welding fumes is a known health hazard The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of welding fumes components such as: iron, manganese, nickel and chromium (including chromium speciation) to assess exposure of stainless steel welders MATERIALS AND METHODS The survey covered 14 workers of two metallurgic plants engaged in welding stainless steel (18% Cr and 8% Ni) by different techniques: manual metal arc (MMA), metal inert gas (MIG) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) Personal air samples were collected in the welders' breathing zone over a period of about 6-7 h (dust was collected on a membrane and glass filter) to determine time weighted average (TWA) concentration of welding fumes and its components The concentrations of welding fumes (total particulate) were determined with use of the gravimetric method Concentrations and welding fume components, such as: iron, manganese, nickel and chromium were determined by ICP-MS technique The total hexavalent chromium was analyzed by applying the spectrophotometry method according to NIOSH The water-soluble chromium species were analyzed by HPLC-ICP-MS RESULTS Time weighted average concentrations of the welding fumes and its components at the worker's breathing zone were (mg/m3): dust, 014-107; iron, 0004-29; manganese, 0001-112; nickel, < 0001-02; and chromium <0002-085 (mainly Cr(III) and insoluble Cr(VI)) The maximum admissible limits for workplace pollutants (TLV-TWA) were exceeded for manganese and for insoluble chromium Cr (VI) For Cr (III) the limit was exceeded in individual cases CONCLUSIONS The assessment of the workers' occupational exposure, based on the determined time weighted average (TWA) of fumes and their components, shows that the stainless steel welders worked in conditions harmful to their health owing to the significantly exceeded maximum admissible limits for manganese and the exceeded TLV value for insoluble chromium (VI)

Moulds isolated from the upper sections of the respiratory and alimentary tracts of healthy veterinary medicine students

Abstract: Background The mycological studies in healthy veterinary medicine students have been prompted by the fact that only a few publications are available to date on the occurrence of moulds in people identifying themselves as generally healthy and having direct contact with ill or dead animals. Material and methods The research material comprised swabs from the oral cavity, nasal cavity and throat of one hundred students (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn) who declared good health. Initial cultures on the Sabouraud medium were incubated for 72 h at 37 degrees C, then sieved in the Czapek-Dox medium, where they were macroscopically assessed after two weeks. Forcing preparations produced with use of adhesive tape, were stained methylene blue with lactofenol. Results The studies identified 9 species of fungi from four genera: Aspergillus and Penicillium (mould), Scopulariopsis and Trichophyton (dermatophytes). Penicillium chrysogenum was a dominant feature. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, A. versicolor and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were often isolated. Moulds were also accompanied by yeast-like fungi (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis). Most of the fungi were isolated from the nasal cavity of nicotine abusers and those taking oral hormones. Conclusions Isolation of potentially pathogenic fungi from people declaring good health may indicate the carrier state or a lowered resistance at the time of material collection. This indicates the need to put a greater emphasis on prevention in subsequent mycological examinations of environmental risk groups.

[Invasion by trichinae in the patient hospitalized with suspicion of occupational borreliosis: a case report].

Abstract: Diagnosis of occupational infectious diseases gives rise to a number of problems in the practice of occupational medicine. Similar symptoms of many infections, including parasitic diseases, can limit the range of applied diagnostic and certification procedures only to diseases induced by pathogenic agents or exposures occurring in the occupational environment. In some cases this makes difficult or even impossible to explain a real cause of patients' complaints. We present a case report on the patient with suspected occupational borreliosis. Due to many diagnostic doubts during hospitalization, including long term presence of some clinical manifestations reported by the patient, which could occur in the course of borreliosis and also suggest earlier infection by trichinae, a wider span of specialist examinations was applied. Finally, the invasion of trichinae was diagnosed and later confirmed by serologic tests.

[Impact of the legislation for smoke-free workplaces on respiratory health in hospitality workers--review of epidemiological studies].

Abstract: Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) is a significant risk factor for the development of many diseases, including lung cancer, lower respiratory tract infections, asthma and eye, throat and nasal irritations. Hospitality workers form an occupational group with high exposure to ETS in their workplace. Taking into account the health consequences of ETS exposure and high prevalence of exposure in public places, including workplaces, many countries have implemented the smoking ban that prohibits or restricts smoking in workplaces, including restaurants and bars. The epidemiological studies have indicated a significant reduction in the exposure level after implementation of the smoking ban. Most studies have also indicated a significant reduction in respiratory and sensory symptoms. The impact of the smoking ban on the lung function measurements is still not clear.

Protection of medical diagnostic laboratory workers against biohazards

Abstract: Medical diagnostic laboratories form a particular occupational environment, in which workers have contact with patients and potentially infectious biological materials thus it should be acknowledged that it poses a significantly increased risk to health of laboratory workers. The risk directly depends on the kind of microbes present in a biological material and natural resistance to infections of individual workers. Therefore, the adopted technical and organizational solutions, properly worked out and obeyed procedures assuring safety work with biological material and microbes and properly trained laboratory staff play an essential role in reducing the risk. The risk of contact with microbes among laboratory workers is higher in Poland than in a number of other countries because hermetic devices for diagnostic analyzes and safety blood sampling systems are not always in use. The most important methods of infectious diseases prevention among laboratory workers are to protect them against direct contact with biological material, to apply vaccinations and to implement proper post-exposure procedures. Appropriate qualifications and habits of workers are of relevance to prevent infections in laboratories. A difficult financial situation of health care in Poland and other economic reasons can significantly increase the risk of infections and endanger health and safety of laboratory workers. It is necessary to develop practical instructions aimed at improving occupational safety to protect this occupational group against harmful effects of biological agents.

[Coexistence of two occupational infectious diseases in one patient--borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis--a case report].

Abstract: Recently, infectious diseases have been found to be the most frequent among occupational diseases. Borreliosis, the most common among them, as well as tick-borne encephalitis is transmitted by ticks. Recognition of occupational etiology of such diseases is possible only when the relationship between the infection, occupational exposure and performed work is proved. A case report of a forest worker with borreliosis coexisting with tick-borne encephalitis is presented. Despite nonconcurrent recognition of both diseases it was highly possible that contagion took place at the same time or at a very short time interval. Despite high prevalence of tick-borne diseases, occupational etiology of these two infectious diseases in one patient is very rarely recognized.

[The effect of dioxins on the human organism--epidemiological studies].

Abstract: For many years dioxins have been the subject of the interest to many research centers due to their widespread occurrence, and high toxicity, and thus they are supposed to be significantly dangerous to humans. In general, dioxins affect all human beings. Workers employed in different branches of industry (chemical, metallurgical and pulp sectors) are especially at high risk. Based on recent epidemiological studies, this article aims the mechanism by which dioxins exert their effect on tumors induction, formation of insulin-resistance, fertility in men and women as well as children development. Research studies, presented in this article, have not confirmed that dioxins existing in uncontaminated environments can pose serious danger to human health.

Relation between occupation and health related quality of life of pregnant women

Abstract: BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to find out the relationship between occupation and health-related quality of life. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 504 pregnant women. Two questionnaires, SF-36v2 and EQ-5D, were used to estimate health-related quality of life. The information on socio-economic status were gathered by performing the third survey. RESULTS The study evidenced that the health-related quality of life of working women was significantly better than that of those who were on sick leave or unemployed. In the study group, white collar workers had significantly more childbirths in the past than blue collar workers (p = 0.0055). The mean age ofprimiparas employed as white collar workers was 28 while the mean age of blue-collar primiparas was 26, and the difference was significant (p = 0.0000). CONCLUSIONS The occupation is important not only because it decides about the economic status, but it also influences the health-related quality of life of pregnant women.

Effect of fatigue on the fitness to drive

Abstract: The 1995 U.S. Department of Transportation files contain a statement that driver fatigue has been a major problem among road vehicle professional drivers, while the consequences of participation in public road traffic of drivers affected by fatigue represent a serious threat to the public safety. Therefore, studies on the causes and consequences of fatigue in drivers are of significant practical value. The authors of this work discuss definitions of fatigue and fatigue classifications relative to the location of the functional changes (physical and mental fatigue, general and local - muscular, ocular, auditory) and relative to intensity (acute, sub-acute, chronic fatigue and weariness), and duration Particular attention has been paid to the factors contributing to fatigue in drivers. These may be classified into two groups: 1. sleep-related (SR), i.e. cumulative sleep deficit, long wake time, and time of the day; 2. task-related (TR), i.e. factors related with vehicle driving and working (driving) time. Studies on the effect of fatigue on driving performance (longer reaction time, poorer vigilance, slower information processing, impaired recent memory) have been analyzed. The major effect of driver fatigue is that he/she becomes gradually diverted from the road and road traffic, with the resultant poorer driving performance. Thus, the effects of fatigue in a driver are comparable to those after alcohol intake. This paper also discusses the methods used to counteract and prevent fatigue.

[Professional burnout among university and high school teachers--comparative study].

Abstract: Background Professional burnout is a set of negative emotional and behavioral symptoms, observed in workers of widely understood human service occupations, including teachers. In spite of the considerable number of studies of burnout in teachers, a few of them concern university teachers. The aim of the article was to estimate the degree of burning threat in this professional group and to analyze individual determinants and dynamics of burning out in academic teachers. Gender, age, personality traits and temperament traits were given the status of main factors in the study. The role of the perceived social support was also analyzed. Materials and methods 97 academic workers of three state universities (University, Medical University and Technical University) in Łodź took part in the study; 100 teachers of high schools formed a comparative group. MBI General Survey was applied to measure dependent variables (burnout and its three components: Emotional Exhaustion, Cinicism and Professional Efficacy). The level of factors was measured with standard psychological tests: NEO-FFI and FCZ-KT. The Scale of Perceived Social Support was also applied. Results The results show considerably lower threat of the burning out syndrome in university than in high school teachers. Among individual factors only two temperament traits (emotional reactivity and perseveration) and one personality trait (extroversion) seem to be important determinants of professional burnout. The perceived social support does not prevent the progress of burnout syndrome. Conclusions Based on the obtained results several practical conclusions were formulated. They refer mainly to preventive training for beginners in teaching and changes in the organization of academic teachers' work.

Exposure to mineral oils at worksites and novel solutions for polymer protective materials in selected personal protective equipment

Abstract: Exposure of workers to health hazards due to contact with mineral oils occurs primarily in the chemical, petrochemical, machine-building, metallurgic and car industries. Under worksite conditions, the respiratory system and the skin are the primary routes of entry of mineral oils into the human body. Long-term exposure of the skin to oily substances may lead not only to irritation and allergic lesions. The studies conducted in this area have confirmed a significant increase in the incidence of skin cancers in persons chronically exposed to mineral oils. Protection of workers' health at worksites associated with the risk of contact with mineral oils requires, in addition to collective protective and organizational solutions, personal protective equipment with appropriate protection and utility parameters confirmed by laboratory tests. The essential preventive measures include protection of the human skin by means of appropriate protective clothing and gloves, which provide an effective barrier against a wide spectrum of chemical compounds present in mineral oils. Knowledge of polymer materials is the prerequisite for designing more and more effective and functional protective clothing and gloves. Studies aimed at obtaining higher levels of skin protection against varied toxic substances, including mineral oils, have been conducted, among others, to develop modern glove and clothing materials ensuring resistance to oils. The rapid progress of nanotechnology and the use of nanoadditives in polymer materials has made it possible to undertake works aimed at developing modern polymer nanostructures designed for construction of oil-resistant protective clothing and gloves. In this review paper the authors have presented the current knowledge of polymer materials, from traditional ones to polymer nanostructures, used in personal equipment protecting against mineral oils.

The role of psychosocial work factors in the development of musculoskeletal disorders in workers

Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the role of psychosocial work factors in the development of musculoskeletal disorders in workers. It should be stressed that over a decade these disorders have been the subject of studies because of complaints reported not only by workers performing heavy physical work or working in awkward, forced body posture. It has also been acknowledged that stress at work caused by various psychosocial work factors can significantly influence their development. One of the models, most popular nowadays, was used in the study. It takes into account various risk factors in the etiology of cervical spine disorders. Based on this model it was shown that certain psychosocial and cultural variables (e.g., work demands and control, individual variables, individual values, work group's culture) may constitute occupational stressors and, when combined with physical load factors, may lead to stress and musculoskeletal disorders. It was also indicated that such psychosocial work factors as excessive work demands (quantitative or qualitative), inadequate control at work or lack of social support are the most frequent sources of work-related stress. The article presents the results of some prospective studies in which the role of these factors in the development of musculoskeletal disorders has been considered. Apart from work properties (factors), the role of other psychological variables was shown; these include: work involvement, perfectionism, negative affectivity or work style, which in numerous studies turned out to be important risk factors in the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Finally, potential mechanisms underlying the relationships between psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders were indicated. However, it was stressed that the majority of them still require to be confirmed in future descriptive or experimental studies.

Cancers among medical personnel exposed to anticancer agents

Abstract: Background The majority of antineoplastic agents have been found to show mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic potential. Biological effects of long-term contact with low levels of cytostatic drugs are not well known. The results of many studies are ambiguous, which might be associated with varying levels of exposure in different hospitals. Material and methods About 100 physicians and nurses employed in the Department of Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hematology and Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, are exposed to cytostatic drugs. Over the last 15 years, nine cases of cancer occured, which may result from occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents. The most severely affected professional group are physicians, among whom 5 cases of cancer were identified. Conclusions Clinical situation of the Department requires an immediate action, including genetic studies, which are already under way. Moreover, all of the safety rules applicable when working with antineoplastic agents should be applied.