Showing papers in "Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals in 2011"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the nanoscale colloidal self-assembly and self-alignment in liquid crystals using model particles with controlled shapes and sizes, including quantum dots and rods and metal nanoparticles in the form of spheres, rods, and polygonal platelets.
Abstract: We explore the nanoscale colloidal self-assembly and self-alignment in liquid crystals. We use model particles with controlled shapes and sizes, including quantum dots and rods and metal nanoparticles in the form of spheres, rods, and polygonal platelets. To study these composites on the scales ranging from nanometers to millimeters and to motivate their use in metamaterial fabrication, we utilize optical microscopies, freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. We discuss the long-range alignment and assembly of anisotropic nanoparticles imposed by the orientational elasticity of liquid crystals, showing that these composites provide a powerful platform for self-assembly of metamaterials.
65 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative study of epoxy resin filled with thermo-exfoliated graphite (TEG) of various dispersities has been carried out to investigate the effect of filler particle's morphology on electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of composites within the 25.86-37.5 GHz frequency range of electromagnetic radiation.
Abstract: A comparative study of epoxy resin filled with thermoexfoliated graphite (TEG) of various dispersities has been carried out to investigate the effect of filler particle's morphology on electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of composites within the 25.86–37.5 GHz frequency range of electromagnetic radiation. The shielding properties of a multilayered structure (LS) of TEG-epoxy presenting the set of alternating layers of TEG and epoxy have been investigated as well. The total content of TEG in this multilayered structure was 0.8 and 3 wt.%. It is found that the composites containing TEG exhibit enhancements in the electrical conductivity and the electromagnetic shielding efficiency as compared with those of composites with sonicated TEG.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the status of oxadiazole mesogens, C7 and C12, reported to show the biaxial nematic phase, by exploring material aspects (chemical stability, surface anchoring, optical and dielectric properties, topological defects) linked to the type of nematic order.
Abstract: We address the status of oxadiazole mesogens, C7 and C12, reported to show the biaxial nematic phase, by exploring material aspects (chemical stability, surface anchoring, optical and dielectric properties, topological defects) linked to the type of nematic order. We demonstrate that the isogyres splitting in conoscopic patterns of homeotropic state depends on sample thickness and is associated with variations of molecular tilt along the normal to substrates. We observe isolated topological point defects (boojums and hedgehogs), as well as nonsingular “escaped” disclinations pertinent only to the uniaxial nematic order. Our conclusion is that C7 and C12 feature only a uniaxial nematic phase and the apparent biaxiality is caused by surface effects.
36 citations
TL;DR: A mesogenic homologous series, 4-(4′-nalkoxy benzoyloxy)-3-chloro phenylazo-2″-chlorobenzenes, of twelve homologues has been synthesized as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The increasing demand of liquid crystalline materials in various fields of applications has inspired the present investigation. A mesogenic homologous series, 4-(4′-n-alkoxy benzoyloxy)-3-chloro phenylazo-2″-chlorobenzenes, of twelve homologues has been synthesized. All the members of the series are either monotropically or enantiotropically mesogenic except the first member of the series. The nematic mesophase commences from the ethyl derivative and goes to the dodecyl derivative of the series. Tetradecyl and hexadecyl derivatives show a monotropic smectic phase. The nematic mesophase shows a threaded texture, while the smectic mesophase shows a focal-conic-fan-shaped texture. Polymesomorphism is not displayed by any member of the series. The solid-isotropic or solid-mesomorphic transition curve follows a zigzag path of falling and rising tendency as the series is ascended. The usual odd–even effect is observed in the nematic–isotropic transition curve with alternation of transition temperature. Transiti...
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the surface relief structure was created by curing an ultraviolet curable material via a two-photon excitation laser-lithography process, which allowed sub-micron resolution and flexibility in creating the topographic relief.
Abstract: The main drawback in the exploitation of the chiral-flexo-electro-optic effect is that it relies on a texture, the Uniform Lying Helix (ULH), which is unstable when the cholesteric is sandwiched between spatially uniform aligning surfaces (UASs). It has been shown that the ULH can be promoted by periodic (horizontal=vertical) anchoring conditions or by the presence of periodic polymeric walls. Here we show that periodic surface relief structures can also promote the formation of a stable ULH texture. The surface relief structure was created by curing an ultraviolet curable material via a two-photon excitation laser-lithography process. The process allows sub-micron resolution and flexibility in creating the topographic relief.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of different textures and defect structures is observed: π-walls, disclination lines (DL) pinned to the channel walls, DL with one pinned and one freely floating end, and DL and loops freely floating in a chaotic-like manner.
Abstract: We study nematic LCs and nematic colloids flowing through microchannels using polarizing transmission microscopy and fluorescence confocal polarizing microscopy. Depending on the channel dimensions, the anchoring conditions on the channel walls, and the flow rate, the formation of different textures and defect structures is observed: π-walls, disclination lines (DL) pinned to the channel walls, DL with one pinned and one freely floating end, and DL and loops freely floating in a chaotic-like manner. Preliminary observations of nematic LCs containing colloidal particles indicate that textures and defects of the nematic matrix can be used to guide the transport of the particles through the microchannels.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, thermodynamic, dielectric and electro-optical studies of a ferroelectric nanopowder (0.5 weight % Barium Titanate, BaTiO3) dispersed in 4-(trans-4n-hexylcyclohexyl) isothiocyanatobenzoate (6CHBT) have been carried out.
Abstract: Thermodynamical, dielectric and electro-optical studies of a ferroelectric nanopowder (0.5 weight % Barium Titanate, BaTiO3) dispersed in 4-(trans-4-n-hexylcyclohexyl) isothiocyanatobenzoate (6CHBT) have been carried out. Change in the dielectric anisotropy, relaxation frequency and activation energy of an observed non-collective relaxation mode, threshold and switching voltages of electro-optic response (transmission-voltage characteristic) have been determined for the dispersed and pure samples in their nematic mesophases. These studies suggest that isotropic to nematic transition temperature for BaTiO3 dispersed 6CHBT is lowered. Changes in other properties are also discussed.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was found that dielectric permittivity decreases with increasing the silica concentration and temperature in the smectic C* phase and decreases as we approaches toward the SmA phase.
Abstract: Dispersed liquid crystal materials consist of silica nanoparticles doped into ferroelectric liquid crystal have been prepared and studied in smectic C* phase. It is found that dielectric permittivity decreases with increasing the silica concentration. Goldstone mode has been observed at a relaxation frequency of ∼250 Hz in the smectic C* phase. Relaxation frequency increases with increasing the silica concentration and temperature in the smectic C* phase and decreases as we approaches toward the SmA phase. Bias voltage dependence on permittivity indicates a memory state.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe two new techniques of preparing liquid crystal samples and discuss their potential for novel research and applications, which are described by coaxial electrospinning of a polymer solution surrounding the liquid crystal during the spinning process and axisymmetric nested capillary microfluidics set-up.
Abstract: We describe two new techniques of preparing liquid crystal samples and discuss their potential for novel research and applications. Very thin polymer composite fibers functionalized by a liquid crystalline core are realized by coaxial electrospinning of a polymer solution surrounding the liquid crystal during the spinning process. The resulting fiber mats exhibit the special properties and responsiveness of the liquid crystal core, e.g. temperature dependent selective reflection when a short-pitch cholesteric is encapsulated. In the second approach an axisymmetric nested capillary microfluidics set-up is used to prepare liquid crystalline shells suspended in an aqueous continuous phase. The spherical geometry of the shell imposes specific defect configurations, the exact result depending on the prevailing liquid crystal phase, the director anchoring conditions at the inner and outer surfaces, and the homogeneity of the shell thickness. With planar director anchoring a variety of defect configurations are ...
28 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new homologous series p-(p′-n-alkoxy benzoyloxy) methyl cinnamates is synthesized with a view to understand and establish the relation between mesogenic properties and structure of molecules.
Abstract: A new homologous series p-(p′-n-alkoxy benzoyloxy) methyl cinnamates is synthesized with a view to understand and establish the relation between mesogenic properties and structure of molecules. Ethyl to octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, and hexadecyl homolgues are enantiotropically nematogenic, while the methyl homologue is nonmesogenic. None of the homologues exhibit a smectogenic mesophase. An odd–even effect is observed in the nematic–isotropic transition curve. The average thermal stability is 105.0°C and the nematogenic mesophase ranges from 11.0°C to 54.0°C. Thus, the series is of a middle ordered melting type with moderate nematogenic range. Analytical data confirm the structure of the compounds, and the mesomorphism was identified by optical microscopy. The mesogenic properties are compared with structurally similar compounds.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of diamond nanoparticles on the electric conductivity of liquid crystals was investigated and it was shown that the effect depends on the purity of the liquid crystal.
Abstract: Dielectric and electro-optical properties of nematic liquid crystals (LCs) doped with diamond nanoparticles (DNPs) have been investigated. It is established that the effect of DNPs on the electric conductivity depends on the purity of LC; the nanoparticles adsorb ions from LCs with a substantial content of ionic impurities, but release their own ions in highly pure LCs. The DNPs also influence LC permittivity due to orientational disordering of LC and contribution to overall permittivity of the samples. In contrast to LC-Carbon Nanotubes counterparts, the LC-DNPs composites do not show memory type electro-optic switching that may be assigned to isotropic shape of DNPs and their relatively weak interaction with LC hosts.
TL;DR: The influence of molecular structure peculiarities on the supramolecular organization in the bulk and thin layers was studied by the example of two meso-substituted ligands of tetraphenylporphyrin with substitution in alkoxy groups in para- or ortho-positions of phenyl rings.
Abstract: The influence of molecular structure peculiarities on the supramolecular organization in the bulk and thin layers was studied by the example of two new meso-substituted ligands of tetraphenylporphyrin with substitution in alkoxygroups (-OC4H9) in para- or ortho-positions of phenyl rings. It is established that meso-alkyloxysubstituted tetraphenylporphyrin with substituents (-OC4H9) in the ortho-position (compound I) shows thermotropic monotropic mesomorphism, whereas the substitution in para-position (compound II) leads to the mesophase disappearance. The influence of substituent position on supramolecular organization of meso-substituted porphyrins in thin films was shown.
TL;DR: In this paper, the 1H-Benzimidazolium Hydrogen L-Tartrate Dihydrate (BT) was synthesized using benzimide and L-tartaric acid and grown as single crystal by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature (RT) using double distilled water as a solvent.
Abstract: The 1H-Benzimidazolium Hydrogen L-Tartrate Dihydrate (BT) was synthesized using benzimidazole and L-tartaric acid and grown as single crystal by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature (RT) using double-distilled water as a solvent. The crystal system has been confirmed from the single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) and powder XRD analyses. Morphology of the grown BT crystal was obtained using WinXMorph software package. Photoluminescence (PL) and UV–Visible (UV–Vis) spectral studies were performed. The functional groups present in the material were identified from Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the crystal was studied by TG-DTA (Thermalgravimetry analysis and Differential Thermal Analysis). The dielectric behavior was analyzed both as a function of frequency and temperature. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal was studied with Vickers microhardness tester. The growth patterns were analyzed after etching the surface of the crystal...
TL;DR: In this article, the positions of the RNA excited singlet and triplet energy levels obtained by authors' previous work are determined more precisely and it is shown that mainly adenine bases are traps for mobile triplet excitons in RNA (contrary to DNA, in which AT complexes are the triplet traps).
Abstract: The optical absorption, fluorescence, and phosphorescence spectra of RNAs and oligonucleotides of different origin, as well as their mixtures with human albumin are investigated. It is confirmed that the energy structures of DNA, RNA, and complex protein macromolecules are determined mainly by the individual properties of their π-electron systems. The positions of the RNA excited singlet and triplet energy levels obtained by authors' previous work are determined more precisely. It is shown that mainly adenine bases are traps for mobile triplet excitons in RNA (contrary to DNA, in which AT complexes are the triplet traps). The spectral manifestation of the RNA/oligonucleotides-albumin interaction is studied. It turns out that namely the phosphorescence spectra of these compounds due to their sharp structure at 4.2 K are the most suitable for the study of the RNA-albumin interaction. The phosphorescence spectra of albumin-2′5′A3 solvents manifest the penetrative binding of 2′5′A3 to an albumin macromolecule...
TL;DR: In this paper, twenty enantiopure chiral materials have been synthesized, showing liquid crystalline phases of smectic (SmA*), twisted grain boundary (TGB), and cholesteric (N*) type.
Abstract: Twenty new enantiopure chiral materials have been synthesized, showing liquid crystalline phases of smectic (SmA*), twisted grain boundary (TGB) and cholesteric (N*) type. The central ester-linkage as well as the length of the attached alkyl-chains were varied in a systematic way and the effects of these structural changes on the liquid crystalline properties have been studied. The liquid crystalline phases were characterized by means of differential scanning calorimetry, polarisation microscopy as well as small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXS).
TL;DR: A terahertz spectroscopic imaging system was fabricated for the detection of two-dimensional molecular distributions in pharmaceutical tablets based on absorption peaks of intermolecular or intramolecular hydrogen bonds in crystals as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A terahertz spectroscopic imaging system was fabricated for the detection of two-dimensional molecular distributions in pharmaceutical tablets based on absorption peaks of intermolecular or intramolecular hydrogen bonds in crystals. The terahertz imaging system consists of a terahertz time-domain spectrometer and a three-dimension translational stage. Using the system, we obtained frequency-dependent terahertz images of famotidine polymorphic forms A and B. An offset subtraction process is useful for detecting the distribution in an inhomogeneous tablet containing a mixture of the two forms. The terahertz imaging technique is a valuable tool for the analysis of polymorphic forms of crystal in inhomogeneous pharmaceutical tablets.
TL;DR: In this article, an interaction energy between atoms of different molecules with atoms of a substrate's surface with regular structure (graphite, polyethylene) vs angles which characterize their orientation towards the surface is calculated.
Abstract: The goal of the work is a simulation of LC and their fragments orientation by calculating an interaction energy between atoms of different molecules with atoms of a substrate's surface with regular structure (graphite, polyethylene) vs angles which characterize their orientation towards the surface. A model of a contacting surface is proposed to explain type of LC alignment.
TL;DR: In this paper, a number of liquid crystal monomers based on methacrylate derivatives were synthesized by novel mild and solventless procedures under microwave irradiation, and the resulting polymers were characterised by NMR, GPC, DSC, and SEM to determine their structures and properties.
Abstract: A number of liquid crystal monomers based on methacrylate derivatives were synthesised by novel mild and solventless procedures under microwave irradiation. Their photo- and thermo assisted homo- and co-polymerizations with glycidyl methacrylate were investigated. The resulting polymers were characterised by NMR, GPC, DSC, and SEM to determine their structures and properties. The effects of the structures of the monomers on the electro-optical properties were correlated.
TL;DR: In this paper, a calamitic hockey stick shaped mesogen was analyzed using X-ray diffraction, birefringence, density and static dielectric permittivity measurements.
Abstract: X-ray diffraction, birefringence, density and static dielectric permittivity measurements were performed on a calamitic hockey stick shaped mesogen. In addition to SmA phase, this compound exhibits two tilted mesophases – the SmC, synclinic and the SmCa, anticlinic phase. From x-ray diffraction and birefringence data, the orientational order parameters have been determined. The order parameters values drop at the SmC – SmCa phase boundary. Possible cause for the drop in the order parameter values has been discussed. Interestingly, it has been found that the dielectric anisotropy of this compound changes from positive to negative values in the SmCa phase.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the electron injection layer, Cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3), thickness on the performance of organic solar cell (OSC) based on blends of poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester fullerene derivative (PCBM).
Abstract: In this paper, we studied the effect of the electron injection layer, Cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3), thickness on the performance of organic solar cell (OSC) based on blends of poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester fullerene derivative (PCBM). The polymer solar cell consists of molybdenum-oxide (MoO3) as a hole injection layer, P3HT and PCBM bulk hetero junction as an active layer, and Cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) as an electron injection layer. We measured each device by current-voltage measurement and impedance spectroscopy which is widely used for equivalent circuit analysis of solid state structures. The device with the Cs2CO3 layer showed about 8–10% higher JSC and about 6–8% higher power conversion efficiency compared with the devices without the Cs2CO3 layer.
TL;DR: In this paper, a hydrogen bond is formed between various p-n alkyloxy benzoic acids and chloro/hydroxy benzaldehyde using Fourier Infra Red Spectroscopy studies.
Abstract: Two novel hydrogen-bonded liquid crystal homologous series are synthesized and characterized. A hydrogen bond is formed between various p-n alkyloxy benzoic acids and chloro/hydroxy benzaldehyde. The formation of hydrogen bonds is evinced through Fourier Infra Red Spectroscopy studies. The terminal group of the aldehyde group has been varied and the thermal, optical, and electrical results are compared and analyzed. Both series exhibit rich liquid crystalline-phase polymorphism. Phase diagrams are constructed from the Differential Scanning Calorimetry and optical polarizing microscopic data. The phase sequence is same for both the series, with nematic, smectic C, and smectic G phases. A noteworthy point is the observation of optical shuttering action in the homologous series with the chloro terminal group of the aldehyde group and absence of the same in the other homologous series. The influence of terminal group of the aldehyde group with respect to occurrence of phase variance, tilt angle, optical shutt...
TL;DR: By doping a nematic liquid crystal with two chiral agents of opposite handedness and distinctly different spectral ranges of molecular absorption, a photoinduced structural transition from the non-helical to cholesteric (helical) state was realized as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: By doping a nematic liquid crystal with two chiral agents of opposite handedness and distinctly different spectral ranges of molecular absorption a photoinduced structural transition from the nematic (non-helical) to cholesteric (helical) state was realized, as well as a transition between two cholesteric states with the opposite handedness. This finding extends our knowledge about formation of cholesteric structures and opens new horizons for application of cholesteric liquid crystals.
TL;DR: In this paper, a dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated using ruthenium (II)(N719) dye and electrolyte and the crystalline structure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Abstract: The TiO2 nanotube was synthesized by a hydrothermal method dependent on temperature. TiO2 nanotube was coated on FTO glass by screen printing The TiO2 nanotube was increasing as autoclaving temperature. The dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated using ruthenium (II)(N719) dye and electrolyte ( ). The crystalline structure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The absorption spectra were measured by UV-vis spectrometer. The conversion efficiency was measured by solar simulator. The size and structure of TiO2 nanotube were adjusted by hydrothermal temperatures. It was found that the conversion efficiency of DSSC was highly affected by the properties of TNT. The diameter of the TiO2 particles depends on the different hydrothermal temperatures.
Abstract: Electric resistance of epoxy composite materials where thermally exfoliated graphite (TEG) with different dispersion degree and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) used as fillers has been investigated in the temperature range 77–300 K. The filler content was 5, 10 wt.%. It was shown that the behavior of the resistivity percolation curves of CMs depends on the structure of carbon fillers and becomes more linear with smaller size of particles (nanoTEG). The temperature dependences of electric resistance of CMs depend on the temperature changes of the electrical resistivity of carbon filler and contact resistance between filler particles and electroconductive network formed by fillers in CMs which change as a result of thermal expansion of composite.
TL;DR: In this article, two series of double hydrogen-bonded liquid-crystalline complexes have been designed and synthesized, and two homologous series are analyzed by polarizing optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies.
Abstract: Two series of double hydrogen-bonded liquid-crystalline complexes have been designed and synthesized. Dodecane dicarboxlic acid (DDC) and azelaic dicarboxlic acid (AC) belong to the same family of dicarboxlic acids having similar structural properties but with increasing H-C-H spacer groups. A successful attempt has been made to form hydrogen bonding between DDC and AC with p-n-alkyloxy benzoic acids (nOBA) by varying the respective alkyloxy carbon number and the physical properties exhibited by the individual series. The first series comprises DDC and p-n-alkyloxy benzoic acids (nOBA) and the other series is formed between AC and nOBA, where n represents the alkyloxy carbon numbers from 5 to 12 (except 6). These two homologous series are analyzed by polarizing optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. The formation of an inter-hydrogen bond is evinced through FTIR and 1H NMR. An i...
TL;DR: In this paper, a critical review of the nonlinear optical responses of nematic liquid crystals associated with short pulsed laser induced thermal, density and order parameter fluctuations is presented, and it is shown that all-optical one-way switching of a 750-nm laser at 750nm can be realized at sub-microseconds to nanoseconds speed.
Abstract: We present a critical review of the nonlinear optical responses of nematic liquid crystals associated with short pulsed laser induced thermal, density and order parameter fluctuations. Experimental studies conducted with absorbing as well as transparent nematic liquid crystals have demonstrated that all-optical one-way switching of nanoseconds pulsed laser at 750 nm can be realized at sub-microseconds to nanoseconds speed. Similar switching performances have also been observed with lasers at other visible–infrared regime, confirming the broadband applicability of the underlying nonlinear optical processes.
TL;DR: In this article, two new homologous series viz 1-(4′-butyloxybiphenyl-4-yl)-3-(4-alkoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one (Series-I) and 4-[3]-butyloxyprop-1]-naphyl 4-alkoxybenzoate (series-II) were synthesized having the chalcone as a central linkage.
Abstract: Mesogens with a chalcone central linkage are rare It is believed that the chalcone linkage is not conducive to mesomorphism But when chalcone linkage is present with other central linkages like azomethine, ester or azo it becomes condusive to mesomorphism In the present study two new homologous series viz 1-(4′-butyloxybiphenyl-4-yl)-3-(4-alkoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one (Series-I) and 4-[3-(4′-butoxybiphenyl-4-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl] phenyl 4-alkoxybenzoate (Series-II) were synthesized having the chalcone as a central linkage Series-I having only chalcone central linkage through it exhibit mesomrphism due to the presence of alkoxy biphenyl group at one end which is rich source to provide to increase linearity and rigidity of the molecule Series-II which contains chalcone as well as ester as a central linkage and it also exhibit mesomorphism The compounds of the both series have been characterized by standard methods Their liquid crystalline properties have been investigated by optical polarizing mi
TL;DR: In this paper, an enzyme-modified electrode was fabricated by entrapping glucose oxidase (GOx) and ferrocene (Fc) onto a multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-coated electrode.
Abstract: An enzyme-modified electrode was fabricated by entrapping glucose oxidase (GOx) and ferrocene (Fc) onto a multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-coated electrode. The MWCNT, Fc, GOx, and chitosan (CHI) were sequentially coated on a glassy carbon electrode. The MWCNT/Fc/GOx/CHI electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The prepared electrode exhibited good electrochemical performance for the glucose analysis with a linear range of 0–60 mM glucose. It was found that the MWCNT film on the electrode remarkably enhanced the performance of the electrode. The MWCNT/Fc/GOx/CHI electrode was integrated with a bilirubin oxidase-immobilized cathode for a biofue cell application. The maximum power density at a glucose concentration of 10 mM was 13 μW/cm2 at a cell voltage of 0.19 V. The results of this study indicate that the MWCNT/Fc/GOx/CHI electrode could be applied in the development of biofuel cells and bisensors.
TL;DR: In this article, the spontaneous polarization in paraelectric phase in multi-walled carbon nanotubes doped deformed helix ferroelectric LC has been observed.
Abstract: Observation of non-zero spontaneous polarization in paraelectric phase in multiwalled carbon nanotubes doped deformed helix ferroelectric LC is reported. Electro-optical response, spontaneous polarization, rotational viscosity, dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss factor, and electrical resistance of pure and multiwalled carbon nanotubes doped deformed helix ferroelectric LC have been measured. Non-zero spontaneous polarization in paraelectric phase has been attributed to the possible short range orientational order of deformed helix ferroelectric LC surrounding the multiwalled carbon nanotubes through surface anchoring and ionic impurities. The results presented will help to understand the basic mechanism of interaction of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with deformed helix ferroelectric LC.
TL;DR: Optical properties of photonic crystals (synthetic opals) with DNA inserted inside the crystals have been registered and analyzed in the visible and IR ranges as discussed by the authors, showing a decrease in the intensity of vibrat...
Abstract: Optical properties of photonic crystals (synthetic opals) with DNA inserted inside the crystals have been registered and analyzed in the visible and IR ranges. A decrease in the intensity of vibrat...