Showing papers in "Mycosphere in 2015"
TL;DR: A review of morphological and ecological facts about basidiospores of agaricoid fungi and their functional implications for fungal communities as part of ecosystems is presented in this article.
Abstract: Field mycologists have a deep understanding of the morphological traits of basidiospores with regard to taxonomical classification. But often the increasing evidence that these traits have a biological meaning is overlooked. In this review we have therefore compiled morphological and ecological facts about basidiospores of agaricoid fungi and their functional implications for fungal communities as part of ecosystems. Readers are introduced to the subject, first of all by drawing attention to the dazzling array of basidiospores, which is followed by an account of their physical and chemical qualities, such as size, quantity, structure and their molecular composition. Continuing, spore generation, dispersal and establishment are described and discussed. Finally, possible implications for the major ecological lifestyles are analysed, and major gaps in the knowledge about the ecological functions of basidiospores are highlighted.
66 citations
TL;DR: This study identifies for the first time endophytic fungi of marine plants as a novel source of chitin modifying enzymes which find use in food, cosmetics, agriculture and pharmaceutical industries.
Abstract: Endophytic fungi (which infect living tissues of plants and reside in them without causing any visible disease symptoms) were isolated from 19 seaweed and 10 seagrass species growing in Mandapam (Palk Bay, 9°16ˊN, 79°7ˊE), Keezhakarai (Palk Bay, 9°13ˊN, 78°46ˊE), Kodiyakkarai (Palk Strait, 10°16ˊN, 9°49ˊE) and Kovalam (Bay of Bengal, 8°22ˊN, 76°59ˊE) along the eastern coast of Tamilnadu state, southern India and screened for the production of chitinase and chitosanase enzymes. This study was done during July 2012December 2012. Of the 117 fungi screened, 14% was positive for chitinase, 41% was positive for chitosanase acting on chitosan of 56% degree of acetylation, 66% was positive for chitosanase acting on chitosan of degree of acetylation 38% and 56% was positive for chitosanase acting on chitosan of degree of acetylation 1.6%. Among the isolates, a Penicillium sp. and a Cladosporium sp. showed high chitinase activity. Presence of NaCl in the medium influenced the production and activity of chitinase and chitosanase. This study identifies for the first time endophytic fungi of marine plants as a novel source of chitin modifying enzymes which find use in food, cosmetics, agriculture and pharmaceutical industries.
35 citations
TL;DR: A phylogeny for the G. lucidum complex based on multigene analysis with combined 5.8S-ITS rDNA, RPB1, and EF-1 alpha sequence data for 17 taxa of the complex is presented and the taxonomic standing of these species is briefly discussed.
Abstract: The genus Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae) has been widely used as traditional medicines for centuries in Asia, especially in China, Korea and Japan. Its species are widely researched, because of their highly prized medicinal value, since they contain many chemical constituents with potential nutritional and therapeutic values. Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) is one of the most sought after species within the genus, since it is believed to have considerable therapeutic properties. In the G. lucidum species complex, there is much taxonomic confusion concerning the status of species, whose identification and circumscriptions are unclear because of their wide spectrum of morphological variability. In this paper we provide a history of the development of the taxonomic status of the G. lucidum species complex. We present a phylogeny for the G. lucidum complex based on multigene analysis with combined 5.8S-ITS rDNA, RPB1, and EF-1 alpha sequence data for 17 taxa of the complex. The taxonomic standing of these species is briefly discussed. Further clarification is, however, required. Type specimens, epitypes, reference collections, fresh collections and vouchered multigene nucleotide sequence data of more informative DNA markers should be used to determine the taxonomy of species in the G. lucidum complex.
30 citations
29 citations
TL;DR: Two species of Diatrypaceae (Xylariales) are described and illustrated from Iran, and molecular data of the ITS rDNA region show that the new species is a sister taxon ofDiatrypella quercina.
Abstract: Two species of Diatrypaceae (Xylariales) are described and illustrate from Iran. Diatrypella iranensis from dead branches of Quercus brantii is described as a new species based on both morphology and molecular sequence data. It differs from other members of the genus on the basis of stroma morphology and ascus and ascospore sizes. Molecular data of the ITS rDNA region show that the new species is a sister taxon of Diatrypella quercina. Cryptovalsa ampelina is described from dead branches of Juglans regia and is a new record from Iran. This study is the first in a series that investigate the diversity of Diatrypaceae from Iran.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the free radical scavenging activity and total phenolics of Lentinus tigrinus and Linternus sajor-caju.
Abstract: With the increasing demand of functional foods with antioxidant properties, it is necessary to establish new sources such as wild edible mushrooms which could provide beneficial effects to human health. Herein, we evaluated the different indigenous liquid culture media for biomass production and elucidated the free radical scavenging activity and total phenolics of Lentinus tigrinus and Lentinus sajor-caju. Results revealed that L. tigrinus efficiently grew on rice bran decoction which significantly recorded the highest yield of mycelia (11.53 g), volume loss of the medium (24.33 ml), radical scavenging activity (18.94%) and total phenolics (26.59 mg AAE/g sample). Similarly, rice bran decoction significantly registered the highest yield of mycelia (9.75 g), volume loss of the medium (20.95 ml), scavenging activity (16.94%) and total phenolics (25.60 mg AAE/g sample) for L. sajor-caju. Both species also showed considerable antioxidant properties when cultured in coconut water, corn grit decoction and potato broth. Hence, it is noteworthy that both studied Lentinus species hold promising antioxidants which are influenced by different liquid media.
23 citations
TL;DR: This study observed three specimens of Seimatosporium from Russia and they are characterized by morphological and sequence data, and can be distinguished from similar and related species by phenotypic conidial characters and phylogenetic analyses.
Abstract: The genus Seimatosporium is saprobic or pathogenic on plants, and are 'pestalotioid fungi'. The genus presently belongs in Discosiaceae (Amphisphaeriales) and includes 78 species epithets. In this study, we observed three specimens of Seimatosporium from Russia and they are characterized by morphological and sequence data. We analyzed combined ITS and LSU gene sequence data of 42 species representing the genera Discostroma (7), Sarcostroma (2) and Seimatosporium (32, including the three new strains) with Pseudopestalotiopsis theae as the outgroup taxon. One isolate from dead branches of Physocarpus opulifolius is unique and is introduced as Seimatosporium physocarpi sp. nov., in this paper. It can be distinguished from similar and related species by phenotypic conidial characters and phylogenetic analyses. A specimen from Rosa kalmiussica Chrshan. & Lasebna (often included in Rosa canina sensu lato) is designated as an epitype for S. rosae, the type of the genus. In addition, a collection of S. lichenicola is described, illustrated and compared with other species in the genus.
21 citations
18 citations
TL;DR: A phylogenetic tree using combined LSU and ITS sequence data generated by Maximum likelihood analyses indicated that the new species, Capnodium coffeicola and Conidiocarpus plumeriae, belong in Capnodiaceae.
Abstract: Capnodiaceae is believed to be the largest family containing sooty mould species, the taxa of which can cause chlorosis, plant stunting disease, and marketability problems, due to black mycelium coating the surface of host. Presently, little molecular data are available for species of Capnodiaceae in GenBank, thus more collections and sequence data are needed to improve the understanding of genera and species boundaries in this family. "Sooty mould"-like taxa, appearing as black colonies on the surface of leaves, were collected in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. Taxa were studied based on morphological characters and molecular analyses. A phylogenetic tree using combined LSU and ITS sequence data generated by Maximum likelihood analyses (LSU and ITS) indicated that the new species, Capnodium coffeicola and Conidiocarpus plumeriae, belong in Capnodiaceae. We introduce the two new species base on morphological characterization and phylogenetic analyses.
17 citations
TL;DR: Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP) as a molecular technique was adapted to compare myxomycete communities based on genomic DNA extracted from soil to establish a database for the identification of fragments and difficulties in species identification from fragment sizes are discussed.
Abstract: Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP) as a molecular technique was adapted to compare myxomycete communities based on genomic DNA extracted from soil. The 18S rRNA gene was amplified by universal primers for dark-spored myxomycetes and digested with the restriction enzyme HhaI to obtain fragment polymorphisms. To establish a database for the identification of fragments, we analyzed 167 specimens representing 96 myxomycete species. The specific restriction sites for HhaI were determined and a data bank was constructed. Expected fragment sizes were verified by digesting a mock sample generated from DNA aliquots of seven different species. TRFLP profiles were generated from two soil samples. Differences in the composition of the respective myxomycete communities can be shown by comparison of the generated fragment length pattern community. The potential of the technique and difficulties in species identification from fragment sizes are discussed.
16 citations
TL;DR: An investigation was conducted to assess the concentration of heavy metals in sediments in five selected locations along Manzala lagoon and correlate the effect of metal concentrations on benthic fungal population.
Abstract: An investigation was conducted to assess the concentration of heavy metals in sediments in five selected locations along Manzala lagoon and correlate the effect of metal concentrations on benthic fungal population. Physiochemical analysis showed that pH values ranged between 7.93
TL;DR: Two new species referable to Vagicola, Phaeosphaeriaceae are introduced in this paper based on analyses of LSU and ITS sequence data and their unique morphology.
Abstract: Phaeosphaeriaceae is a large and important family in the order Pleosporales, comprising economically important plant pathogens. Species may also be endophytes or saprobes on plant hosts. Two new species referable to Vagicola, Phaeosphaeriaceae are introduced in this paper based on analyses of LSU and ITS sequence data and their unique morphology. Most Phaeosphaeriaceae species grow on monocotyledons; Vagicola dactylidis and V. chlamydospora are also saprobic on grasses (Poaceae). Vagicola chlamydospora formed asexual structures in a culture. The new species are described and illustrated and compared with other taxa.
TL;DR: Phylogenetic analyses of nLSU sequence data confirm placement of this new taxon within the Trechisporales and comparisons with phenetically similar taxa are provided.
Abstract: Scytinopogon havencampii is described as new from material collected from a nonectotrophic forest on the West African island of Príncipe. Diagnostic features include brown, nonflattened branches with white tips, small, white, ellipsoid, coarsely echinate basidiospores, 2-spored basidia, non-inflated hyphae, and brittle basidiomes that dry grayish white. Phylogenetic analyses of nLSU sequence data confirm placement of this new taxon within the Trechisporales. A comprehensive description, photograph of basidiome, SEM of basidiospores, DNA sequences, and comparisons with phenetically similar taxa are provided.
TL;DR: Five species of fungi found to have cellulose degrading ability were identified using molecular approach and identified as Aspergillus eucalypticola, As pergillus fumigatus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicilliun echinulatum.
Abstract: In plant litter decomposition in forest ecosystem, fungi play a central role through nutrient cycling and humus formation in soil because they colonize the lignocellulose matrix in litter that other organisms are unable to decompose. It has been described that cellulase is an adaptive enzyme in most fungi and had the most common carbohydrate on earth. For this reason, the study provided information about the fungal species isolated in leaf litters contributing to its biodiversity database. In this study, there are five species of fungi found to have cellulose degrading ability. The five species were identified using molecular approach and identified as Aspergillus eucalypticola, Aspergillus fumigatus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicilliun echinulatum. BLAST analysis showed the species of fungi ITS sequence from leaf litters, supported by 100% (A. fumigatus), 74% (A. eucalypticola), 100% (C. gloeosporioides), 100% (F. oxysporum) and 100% (P. echinolatum) sequence similarity.
TL;DR: Alternative substrates including dried banana leaves, coconut leaves, paddy straw and coir dust were compared with sawdust (rubber) which is the commonly used substrate for commercial production of mushrooms to investigate the potential of locally available substrates to grow these mushrooms.
Abstract: Schizophyllum commune Fr., Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. and Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. are edible mushrooms which are also proven to be medicinally important. This study was carried out to investigate the potential of locally available substrates to grow these mushrooms. Alternative substrates including dried banana leaves, coconut leaves, paddy straw and coir dust were compared with sawdust (rubber) which is the commonly used substrate for commercial production of mushrooms. Banana leaves, coconut leaves and paddy straw were cut into 1 cm × 0.2 cm pieces. To each substrate, 10% (w/w) rice bran, 2% (w/w) CaCO3 and 0.2% (w/w) MgSO4 were added. The mixture was filled into 200 gauged polypropylene bags (22 cm × 12.5 cm) and autoclaved. Each Bag was inoculated with a 1 cm 2 block from the actively growing region of the mushroom culture maintained on PDA. After incubating under dark conditions at room temperature (28 ± 2 0 C) and 78 – 80% relative humidity, mycelial growth rate and once fructification commenced, yield was determined. Highest rate for mycelial growth was observed in mixtures containing banana leaves for all three mushrooms. It was 10.345 ± 0.02 cm/week for S. commune, 7.818 ± 0.31 cm/week for A. polytricha and 10.895 ± 0.30 cm/week for L. squarrosulus. Highest mushroom yield for S. commune was obtained in coconut leaf (9.589 ± 0.66 g) and coir dust (9.182 ± 0.17 g) containing mixtures. A yield of 25.054 ± 5.18 g was recorded for A. polytricha in the medium prepared from banana leaves and sawdust (rubber) substrate was preferred by L. squarrosulus with a significantly higher yield of 54.079 ± 3.61 g.
TL;DR: A fungal species with bitunicate asci and ellipsoid to fusiform ascospores collected from a dead branch of Rhamnus alpinus in Italy is introduced as a new species that morphologically resembles Leptosphaeria sensu stricto.
Abstract: A fungal species with bitunicate asci and ellipsoid to fusiform ascospores was collected from a dead branch of Rhamnus alpinus in Italy. The new taxon morphologically resembles Leptosphaeria. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses of a combined LSU and ITS sequence dataset confirm its placement in Leptosphaeria sensu stricto. The new taxon is distinct from other species based on morphology and phylogeny and is thus introduced as a new species, viz. L. italica. The new species is compared with other Leptosphaeria species and a comprehensive description and micrographs are provided.
TL;DR: An update on slime mold research in the Philippines for the 35 years following Reynolds’ publication in 1981 is presented and discusses challenges and opportunities for further studies.
Abstract: Myxomycetes, commonly known as slime molds, are phagotrophic, eukaryotic organisms that exhibit both fungal and protozoan characteristics. They are widely distributed both in temperate and tropical ecoregions, where they usually occur on dead plant substrates, such as bark, twigs, dried leaves, woody vines, and even decayed inflorescences or fruits. Their unique, diverse morphologies and fascinating life strategies make them ideal model organisms to study life processes. However, despite the high potential diversity in tropical systems, little is known about them particularly in archipelagic countries, such as the Philippines. In fact, previous studies on myxomycetes in the Philippines in the late 70s and early 80s by Reynolds encompassed the most comprehensive listing for the country. A total of 107 species were recorded at that time for the Philippines and roughly 50% of these species represented new records for the country. But the paper was mainly an extensive, annotated species listing. In recent years, myxomycete research in the country has progressed beyond species lists to diversity and ecological studies. Several papers by the UST RCNAS Fungal Biodiversity and Systematics group have documented the occurrence and distribution of slime molds in several habitat types, e.g. in forest parks, coastal and inland limestone forests, lowland mountain forests, and from varied substrata – grass litter, aerial and ground leaf litter, twigs, and bark. These studies updated the list of species of myxomycetes in the Philippines to 150. These also provided baseline information on the ecological patterns and geographic distribution of slime molds in the tropics. This paper presents an update on slime mold research in the Philippines for the 35 years following Reynolds’ publication in 1981 and discusses challenges and opportunities for further studies.
TL;DR: Amanita psammolimbatula is described as a new species occurring on the sand dunes with ‘restinga’ vegetation from Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, diagnosed by the small basidiomes.
Abstract: Amanita psammolimbatula is described as a new species occurring on the sand dunes with ‘restinga’ vegetation from Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. This new and uncommon taxon is diagnosed by the small basidiomes (up to 42 mm in diam.), brownish yellow to pale whitish yellow toward margin, white lamella and stipe, white unchanging context, lack of narrow groove between the universal veil and the stipe base in the immarginate bulb, and basidiospores (8–) 9–11.5 × 5–7 (–7.5) µm. Description, discussion, photograph and drawings of the new species are given.
TL;DR: Results showed the presence of fungal endophytes in C. ovatum and that the “pili” tree is a good host for fungalEndophytes regardless of geographical location and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against representative Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and spore-forming bacilli was exhibited.
Abstract: Fungal endophytes are sources of novel bioactive metabolites. Studies worldwide are tapping unique and interesting flora in search for endophytes that produce these metabolites. In the Philippines, there are more than 6,000 endemic plant species, one of which is the local “pili” tree (Canarium ovatum Engl.). This study investigates the occurrence of these fungal endophytes in C. ovatum and their potential in producing antibacterial metabolites. Results showed the presence of fungal endophytes in C. ovatum and that the “pili” tree is a good host for fungal endophytes regardless of geographical location. Results of the antibacterial assay showed that 10 mg/mL of the Colletotrichum sp. PFE31 crude extract exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against representative Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and spore-forming bacilli.
TL;DR: The present study reports species occurrence of the genus Auricularia found in areas of the Cerrado biome in Goias state and in the Federal District, thereby expanding the occurrence records of this species in Brazil.
Abstract: The present study reports species occurrence of the genus Auricularia found in areas of the Cerrado biome in Goias state and in the Federal District, thereby expanding the occurrence records of this species in Brazil. A total of 101 samples were found, they are distributed into four species: A. delicata, A. fuscosuccinea, A. mesenterica and A. nigricans; the first three are being recorded for the first time for Goias state and A. delicata are being registered for the first time for the Federal District.
TL;DR: Bayesian inference of phylogeny based on ITS and partial 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences indicated that H. moniliforme is united in one clade with H. litschaueri from North America, and 28S-based phylogram demonstrated that Chinese H. nemorale belong to the same clades with the holotype of this species collected from Europe.
Abstract: Hyphoderma moniliforme and H. nemorale, saprobically growing on wood, are recorded as new for mycobiota of China. Both species were collected in mountains at the altitudes of 1850‒3000 m, from Yunnan Province (southwestern China). Hyphoderma moniliforme is also a new record for Eurasia, and previously known only from South Africa. The collections of H. nemorale in this study represent the most eastern and the most southern localities for this species known for Eurasia. Both species bear moniliform cystidia. Bayesian inference of phylogeny based on ITS and partial 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences indicated that H. moniliforme is united in one clade with H. litschaueri from North America. 28S-based phylogram demonstrated that Chinese H. nemorale belong to the same clade with the holotype of this species collected from Europe. Morphology descriptions and illustrations for these two species are provided.
TL;DR: Acumispora verruculosa, isolated from identical substrate and characterized by the presence of fusiform, acuminate, rostrate, verrucose, 2-septate, hyaline to greenish conidia, is recorded for the third time from the Americas.
Abstract: Polylobatispora setulosa sp. nov. is described and illustrated from submerged mixed leaf litter samples collected at streams in Ilhabela, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. The fungus is distinct in having setulae at the tip of the conidial lobes. Acumispora verruculosa, isolated from identical substrate and characterized by the presence of fusiform, acuminate, rostrate, verrucose, 2-septate, hyaline to greenish conidia, is recorded for the third time from the Americas. They are compared with morphologically similar species and identification keys are provided.
TL;DR: The high tolerance and the ability to accumulate heavy metals strongly suggest that C. comatus is another candidate in mycoremediation.
Abstract: This present work highlighted the effects of heavy metals (lead, copper, chromium and cadmium) on the growth phases of Coprinus comatus and its potential in mycoremediation. The growth response was evaluated on potato sucrose gulaman with varying concentrations (0 ppm, 1 ppm, 10 ppm, and 100 ppm) of the four metals. The ability to accumulate metals was determined on the rice straw - sawdust (7:3 ratio) based substrate formulation infused with 2 ml of 1000 ppm of metals. Metal contents of fruiting bodies were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results revealed that the growth of mycelia, initiation of primordia and development of fruiting bodies of C. comatus were significantly affected by the varying concentrations of the four heavy metals. Apparently, cadmium was the most toxic which significantly recorded the lowest diameter of mycelial growth (20.75 ± 0.87 mm), the most extensive periods of primordia (15.00 ± 0.00 days) and fruiting body (17.00 ± 0.00 days) development at 100 ppm concentration. Among the contaminated substrates, lead produced the highest weight of 3.17 ± 0.15 g while cadmium had the lowest weight (2.10 ± 0.20 g) of fruiting bodies. Chemical analyses showed that copper was obtained in highest amount (16.78 ppm) while cadmium occurred in lowest amount (10.83 ppm). The high tolerance and the ability to accumulate heavy metals strongly suggest that C. comatus is another candidate in mycoremediation.
TL;DR: The study reported herein, which increased the number of species recorded to 225 and identified seven species not previously known from Costa Rica, provided important information relating to potential distribution, ecological preferences and the role of isolation techniques for biodiversity surveys of myxomycetes.
Abstract: The most recent checklist of myxomycetes from Costa Rica reported 208 species for the country. Informational gaps detected in that work and a sustained survey effort since the publication of the checklist increased the number of species to 218. In the study reported herein, we identified seven species not previously known from Costa Rica. In addition to increasing the number of species recorded to 225, this work also provided important information relating to potential distribution, ecological preferences and the role of isolation techniques for biodiversity surveys of myxomycetes. The fact that a region with only 0.05% of the terrestrial surface of the Earth accounts for approximately 25% of the global biodiversity of myxomycetes, even with the technical limitations of the isolation methods used up to date, shows one more time that this group of organisms is not only well established in terrestrial environments but widely distributed in the Neotropics.
TL;DR: A marasmioid fungus: Marasmius indopurpureostriatus (Marasmiaceae, Basidiomycota) is proposed here as new to science from Sikkim, a small Himalayan state in India.
Abstract: A marasmioid fungus: Marasmius indopurpureostriatus (Marasmiaceae, Basidiomycota) is proposed here as new to science from Sikkim, a small Himalayan state in India. A comprehensive description with illustrations to aid in the identification, comparisons with morphologically similar taxa and an artificial key to the species of Marasmius sect. Globulares, previously reported from India are provided.
TL;DR: A total of 140 lichen species belonging to 50 genera and 23 families with 39 species recorded for the first time from the state of Manipur, Northeast India, being reported, indicate rather high richness in this relatively small phytogeographical area.
Abstract: A total of 140 lichen species belonging to 50 genera and 23 families with 39 species recorded for the first time from the state of Manipur, Northeast India, being reported. Fourteen species are new additions to the lichen flora of Northeast India. The crustose morphotype (49% of the species found) dominated the area, followed by foliose (43%), dimorphic, fruticose, leprose and squamulose lichens, each contributing by 4%, 2%, 1% and 1% of the species found, respectively. Nine species of phorophytic foliicolous lichens that usually colonize live leaves were also encountered. The occurrence of foliicolous lichens is quite characteristic of species diversity and indicate rather high richness in this relatively small phytogeographical area. A brief note on the phytogeographic affinities and distribution of the newly recorded lichens in Manipur has been provided.
TL;DR: The phylogenetic placement of the species, combined with the morpho-anatomical data, supported the description of five new species distributed among Lactifluus species, and confirmed that, in both the Guineo-Sudanian and the Congo-Zambezian domain many common species occur.
Abstract: The genus Lactifluus is one of the common ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa in tropical African forest ecosystems. Recent morphological and anatomical mycological studies based on specimens we sampled from 2007 to 2013 in West African forest ecosystems, including dry, dense, riparian forests and woodlands, enable to assess the diversity and the occurrence of Lactifluus species in the Guineo-Sudanian domain. A total of 51 ITS rDNA sequences generated from our samples were aligned against tropical African and worldwide Lactifluus sequences available in GenBank. A Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree was inferred from 113 sequences. The phylogenetic placement of the species, combined with our morpho-anatomical data, supported the description of five new species distributed among Lactifluus species. Our data further confirm that the species richness of the genus Lactifluus is high and partly unexplored in the Guineo-Sudanian domain, and confirmed that, in both the Guineo-Sudanian and the Congo-Zambezian domain many common species occur. Patterns of occurrence of the recorded Lactifluus species from Guineo-Sudanian ecozones are also highlighted.