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Showing papers in "Nature in 1952"


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 1952-Nature
TL;DR: Struik as discussed by the authors gave a lecture on Classical Differential Geometry by Prof Dirk J Struik Pp viii + 221 (Cambridge, Mass: Addison-Wesley Press, Inc, 1950) 6 dollars
Abstract: Lectures on Classical Differential Geometry By Prof Dirk J Struik Pp viii + 221 (Cambridge, Mass: Addison–Wesley Press, Inc, 1950) 6 dollars

1,852 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
20 Dec 1952-Nature
TL;DR: The neighbourhood of the direct beam is, for a variety of reasons, easily obscured by scattered radiation and insufficient collimation, so that special measures such as very long film-specimen distances or focusing crystal monochromators have been used for obtaining satisfactory photographs.
Abstract: THE large lattice spacings occurring in such organic matter as fibres or crystalline viruses give rise to X-ray diffraction patterns with Bragg angles of minutes of arc rather than of degrees. The neighbourhood of the direct beam is, however, for a variety of reasons, easily obscured by scattered radiation and insufficient collimation, so that special measures such as very long film-specimen distances1 or focusing crystal monochromators2 have been used for obtaining satisfactory photographs. In particular, Furnas3 has recently made an important contribution to the latter method.

1,025 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1952-Nature
TL;DR: The Biology of Human Starvation by Ancel Keys, Josef Brožek, Austin Henschel, Olaf Mickelsen, and Henry Longstreet Taylor.
Abstract: The Biology of Human Starvation By Ancel Keys, Josef Brožek, Austin Henschel, Olaf Mickelsen, Henry Longstreet Taylor. Vol. 1. Pp. xxxii + 764. Vol. 2. Pp. viii + 765 – 1386. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1950.)

753 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1952-Nature
TL;DR: Lang as discussed by the authors reviewed Lang's work in the Journal of Scientific Instruments (JSI) and Supplement No 1, 1951 Pp xvi + 388 + iii + 80 (London: Institute of Physics, 1951).
Abstract: Journal of Scientific Instruments Editor: Dr H R Lang Vol 28 and Supplement No 1, 1951 Pp xvi + 388 + iii + 80 (London: Institute of Physics, 1951) Bound, £3 12s; unbound, £3

725 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
C. R. Austin1
23 Aug 1952-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that sperms, injected into the Fallopian tubes after ovulation, were able to penetrate a larger proportion of eggs if they had first spent about five hours in the uterus of another rabbit.
Abstract: IT was shown recently1 that sperms injected into the periovarian sac of the rat after ovulation did not begin to enter the eggs until four or five hours later. In the rabbit, too, sperms introduced into the Fallopian tubes shortly after ovulation seldom penetrated the eggs; but if sperms Were introduced a few hours before ovulation, the majority of the eggs Were later observed to be fertilized. Chang2 reported similar findings in the rabbit, and also showed that sperms, injected into the Fallopian tubes after ovulation, were able to penetrate a larger proportion of eggs if they had first spent about five hours in the uterus of another rabbit.

676 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
27 Sep 1952-Nature
TL;DR: Logical Foundations of Probability By Rudolf Carnap Pp xvii + 607 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd, 1951) 42s net as mentioned in this paper
Abstract: Logical Foundations of Probability By Rudolf Carnap Pp xvii + 607 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd, 1951) 42s net

670 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
10 May 1952-Nature
TL;DR: Enteramine is the specific secretion or storage product of the typical enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa of Vertebrata and Ascidia and of the chromaffin cellular elements of the posterior salivary glands of Octopoda.
Abstract: ENTERAMINE is the specific secretion or storage product of the typical enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa of Vertebrata and Ascidia (hence the name ‘enteramine’), of the chromaffin cellular elements of the posterior salivary glands of Octopoda and of the hypobranchial body of Muricidae, as well as of at least a part of the chromaffin granular cells of the cutaneous glands of Amphibia. In all its occurrences, enteramine appears to be identical.

619 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
31 May 1952-Nature
TL;DR: Ninhydrin has two serious limitations: it does not react with cyclic peptides or with acylated amino-acids or peptide, while with peptides, since only the terminal amino-group enters into the reaction, the colour developed with a given amount of material decreases with increasing molecular weight.
Abstract: SINCE the first introduction1 of paper chromatography for the separation and identification of amino-acids and peptides, ninhydrin has been used almost exclusively as the spraying reagent to reveal the positions of the spots, although some use has been made of ultra-violet fluorescence2 and of spraying with potassium permanganate3 and specific reagents for individual amino-acids4. Ninhydrin, however, has two serious limitations: it does not react with cyclic peptides or with acylated amino-acids or peptides, while with peptides, since only the terminal amino-group enters into the reaction, the colour developed with a given amount of material decreases with increasing molecular weight.

484 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1952-Nature
TL;DR: The development of phase-contrast and interference-cont contrast methods has focused attention on the possibility of improved accuracy in the determination of refractive indices of microscopic objects, particularly living cells, but with living cells no great variation in the refractive index of the immersion medium can be tolerated.
Abstract: THE development of phase-contrast and interference-contrast methods has focused attention on the possibility of improved accuracy in the determination of refractive indices of microscopic objects, particularly living cells1. In many cases immersion methods can conveniently be used2, but with living cells no great variation in the refractive index of the immersion medium can be tolerated.

408 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
05 Jul 1952-Nature
TL;DR: The movements of the retinal image have the effect of moving the boundary between two regions of differing brightness across theretinal pattern of receptors and may therefore play an important part in vision.
Abstract: THE small movements of the eye which persist when a subject fixates (that is, tries to gaze steadily at a given target) have been studied by several workers1. We have endeavoured to deduce the movements of the image across the retina from a recent study of the rotations of the eyeball2. The movements of the retinal image have the effect of moving the boundary between two regions of differing brightness across the retinal pattern of receptors and may therefore play an important part in vision.

402 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1952-Nature
TL;DR: The paper partition chromatography (PCC) as mentioned in this paper was used for the separation and identification of nine phenolic constituents of pine heartwood extracts using a water-saturated mixture of benzene and ligroin containing traces of methanol.
Abstract: SEVERAL recent publications have attested to the utility of the technique of paper partition chromatography in the separation and identification of phenolic substances. Bate-Smith1 described its application to anthocyanins, flavones and other polyphenolic substances using a butanol – acetic acid – water system and ammoniacal silver nitrate as a detecting reagent. Evans, Parr and Evans2 used butanol – pyridine – aqueous sodium chloride and diazotized sulphanilic acid (Pauly reagent) to separate and detect simple phenols and their derived phenolic acids. Gosta Lindstedt3, applying the technique to the separation and identification of nine phenolic constituents of pine heartwood extracts, found that best results were obtained with a water-saturated mixture of benzene and ligroin containing traces of methanol. Bis-diazotized benzidine was used as the detecting reagent. A phosphomolybdic acid detecting reagent was used by Riley4 in applying the technique to common phenols in benzene – alcohol – water systems. In studying lignin degradation products, Hossfeld5 first coupled the phenol mixtures with diazotized sulphanilic acid and then separated the sodium salts of the dyes formed using a methyl ketone – water system.

Journal ArticleDOI
22 Nov 1952-Nature
TL;DR: This article showed that α-helix forms an important part of α-keratin, and this structure gives a strong 1.5-A. reflexion on the meridian, and both MacArthur8 and Perutz1 have shown that this reflexion also occurs in α -keratin.
Abstract: ALL recent work1–6 has confirmed that the structure of the synthetic polypeptide poly-γ-methyl-L-glutamate is based on the α-helix of Pauling and Corey7. This structure gives a strong 1.5-A. reflexion on the meridian, and both MacArthur8 and Perutz1 have shown that this reflexion also occurs in α-keratin. This suggests forcibly that the α-helix forms an important part of α-keratin.

Journal ArticleDOI
P. B. Braun1
01 Dec 1952-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, the powder diagrams of LiFe5O8 correspond with a primitive cubic lattice with a lattice constant of 8.33 A. Hoffman and E. A. Kordes have shown that the powder diagram of LiAl5O 8 correspond with the cubic lattices of the space group P433 and the positions of the atoms are P413.
Abstract: IN 1935, E. Kordes1 recognized that LiAl5O8 has nearly a spinel structure, but he observed a large number of extra lines, which he could not explain. A. Hoffman2 prepared the corresponding compound LiFe5O8, which again was recognized as having nearly spinel structure. We found3 that the powder diagrams of LiFe5O8 correspond with a primitive cubic lattice with a lattice constant of 8.33 A. The space group was found to be very probably P433 (or P413) and the positions of the atoms (in the notation of the International Tables, 1935) are: with Δ3, Δ4, Δ5 and Δ6 approximately 0.007 and Δ1 and Δ2 still smaller.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1952-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, it was found that the existence of an aether could not be fitted in with the principle of relativity, and since relativity was well established, the aether was abandoned.
Abstract: IN the last century, the idea of a universal and all-pervading aether was popular as a foundation on which to build the theory of electromagnetic phenomena. The situation was profoundly influenced in 1905 by Einstein's discovery of the principle of relativity, leading to the requirement of a four-dimensional formulation of all natural laws. It was soon found that the existence of an aether could not be fitted in with relativity, and since relativity was well established, the aether was abandoned.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1952-Nature
TL;DR: In the case of glass fracture, Orowan et al. as discussed by the authors explained it as gas adsorption on the Griffith crack surface and discussed a similar theory with Gurney and Pearson.
Abstract: DELAYED fracture under static load is best known in the case of glass, where it has been explained by Orowan1 as arising from gas adsorption on the Griffith crack surface. A similar theory has been discussed by Gurney and Pearson2.

Journal ArticleDOI
20 Dec 1952-Nature
TL;DR: The pyrimidine cytosine and its deoxynucleotide have been reported as constituents of the deoxyribonucleic acids of coliphages T2 and T6 respectively as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: THE pyrimidine cytosine1 and its deoxynucleotide2 have been reported as constituents of the deoxyribonucleic acids of coliphages T2 and T6 respectively, but in another analysis of T23 no cytosine could be found. We have now resolved this discrepancy by isolation from T-even bacteriophages of a new pyrimidine base, identified as 5-hydroxymethyl-cytosine, which was previously mistaken for cytosine or missed. A nucleotide has now also been isolated which gives rise to this base on hydrolysis4.

Journal ArticleDOI
28 Jun 1952-Nature
TL;DR: A study is being made of the differentiation in the grass Agrostis tenuis in the region around Aberystwyth, with considerable amount of very local differentiation found.
Abstract: IN order to find out on how small a scale ecological differentiation can occur, a study is being made of the differentiation in the grass Agrostis tenuis in the region around Aberystwyth. Samples of sixty separate tillers taken at random from each of a number of different habitats have been cultivated, suitably laid out in trial, in an experimental garden. A considerable amount of very local differentiation has been found, an account of which will be published elsewhere.


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1952-Nature
TL;DR: Modifications in Hanes and Isherwood's method for the separation of phosphorylated sugars and adenosine phosphates by paper chromatography similar to those being employed in this laboratory are indicated.
Abstract: Bandurski and Axelrod1 have recently published a paper describing modifications in Hanes and Isherwood's method2 for the separation of phosphorylated sugars and adenosine phosphates by paper chromatography. Since these modifications are in certain respects similar to those being employed in this laboratory, this opportunity is being taken of indicating briefly the methods in use here.

Journal ArticleDOI
15 Nov 1952-Nature
TL;DR: Revesz as discussed by the authors translated from the German by Dr. H. A. Wolff and Prof. G. Revesz to the English language and translated it into the German language.
Abstract: Psychology and Art of the Blind By Prof. G. Revesz. Translated from the German by Dr. H. A. Wolff. Pp. xxiv + 338. (London, New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd., 1950.) 42s. net.



Journal ArticleDOI
07 Jun 1952-Nature
TL;DR: While working on the elephant seal in 1949, a new and accurate method of determining age, depending upon cyclical variation in the rate and manner of calcification of the teeth, was developed.
Abstract: FOR estimating the age of mammals such widely differing characters as coat colour, size, skull proportions and sutures, ossification, numbers of corpora albicantes, changes in the lens of the eye, etc., have been used; but such methods are laborious and frequently yield only an approximate result. While working on the elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) in 1949, a new and accurate method of determining age, depending upon cyclical variation in the rate and manner of calcification of the teeth, was developed. This makes possible determination of age, to within a month, up to at least twenty years in the male, and thirteen years in the female.

Journal ArticleDOI
29 Mar 1952-Nature
TL;DR: The method of mass determination in cells by interferometry is described at a meeting of the Society for Cell Biology in September 19512; but, as the conclusions may not be generally known, they are stated briefly here.
Abstract: WE are interested to find that Dr. R. Barer, in his letter dated October 20, 19511, has evolved the method of mass determination in cells by interferometry. We have already described what is apparently this method at a meeting of the Society for Cell Biology in September 19512; but, as our conclusions may not be generally known, we would like to state them briefly here.

Journal ArticleDOI
13 Sep 1952-Nature
TL;DR: The fact that in barley, at least, putrescine is produced and accumulated under certain conditions of potassium deficiency, and that some of the observed symptoms may well be directly attributable to its presence, is directed to.
Abstract: THE identification of primary effects of potassium in plant cells has proved to be one of the most elusive problems in mineral nutrition. Many widespread physiological disturbances accompanying potassium deficiency are well known, especially in the fields of nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism; but the immediate causes of the characteristic (yet variable) leaf symptoms and the premature death of foliage have been almost entirely a matter for speculation. This communication is intended to direct attention to the fact that in barley, at least, putrescine is produced and accumulated under certain conditions of potassium deficiency, and that some of the observed symptoms may well be directly attributable to its presence.


Journal ArticleDOI
12 Apr 1952-Nature
TL;DR: The spermatozoa of several species—rabbit, guinea-pig and horse, bull and goat—can be revived to show some degree of motility after freezing at −79° C. in 15 per cent glycerol, but repeated experiments with the rabbit, the only laboratory animal suitable for artificial insemination, have, as yet, resulted in the fertilization of only one egg.
Abstract: IN 1949, Polge, Smith and Parkes1 reported that glycerol had remarkable properties in protecting spermatozoa against the effects of low temperatures. The most promising results were obtained with fowl spermatozoa, which, frozen rapidly to −79° C. (solid carbon dioxide) or −192° C. (liquid air) in 15 per cent glycerol, resumed full motility on thawing. Later, it was found that fowl spermatozoa so treated were capable of effecting fertilization of the egg2. Mammalian spermatozoa have proved more refractory. The spermatozoa of several species—rabbit, guinea-pig and horse3, bull and goat4—can be revived to show some degree of motility after freezing at −79° C. in 15 per cent glycerol. However, repeated experiments with the rabbit, the only laboratory animal suitable for artificial insemination, have, as yet, resulted in the fertilization of only one egg by spermatozoa so treated3, and early tests with frozen bull spermatozoa carried out at Shinfield were unpromising, though one calf was reported to have been produced5.

Journal ArticleDOI
10 May 1952-Nature
TL;DR: Ionophoresis of Sugars on paper and Some Applications to the Analysis of Protein Polysaccharide Complexes and their applications are described.
Abstract: Ionophoresis of Sugars on Paper and Some Applications to the Analysis of Protein Polysaccharide Complexes