Showing papers in "Nature in 1963"
3,374 citations
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TL;DR: Experimental NeurologyBy Prof. Paul Glees.
Abstract: Experimental Neurology By Prof Paul Glees Pp xii + 532 (Oxford: Clarendon Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1961) 75s net
1,559 citations
TL;DR: Unique radiation-induced marker chromosomes were used to obtain direct cytological evidence that the spleen colonies are clones, demonstrating the advantages inherent in the clonal approach to studies of the genetic and physiological properties of cells.
Abstract: Normal mouse blood-forming tissue contains a class of cells which, on being transplanted into heavily irradiated mice, can proliferate and form macroscopic colonies in the spleen. Often, within a given colony, the cells which are observed indicate that differentiation is occurring along three lines, into cells of the erythrocytic, granulocytic and megakaryocytic series, respectively. Unique radiation-induced marker chromosomes were used to obtain direct cytological evidence that the spleen colonies are clones. Thus, the advantages inherent in the clonal approach to studies of the genetic and physiological properties of cells are available for investigations on h歡topoiesis. Reproduced from Nature 1963(2 Feb); 197(4866): 452-454. The Nature website is www.nature.com
1,489 citations
1,175 citations
TL;DR: Well-known findings would lead one to expect the presence of fine filaments associated with these cells in the electron microscope, and if intra-cellular, these might be neurofilaments, which are suggested by Gray and Guillery2 to be the basis of neurofibrillary argyro-philia.
Abstract: IN the light microscope, the characteristic change in the neurones of the cerebral cortex in Alzheimor's disease is the presence of dense bundles of argyrophilic fibrils. They are coiled into skeins or ‘squash racket’ shapes and appear to fill most of the perikaryal cytoplasm, sometimes giving the cell a swollen appearance. It has been suggested by Divry1 that the fibrils are extra-cellular except in the later stages of the change. The fibrils stain with congo red, and this results in a type of birefringence suggesting the presence of longitudinally arranged micelles in the fibrillar bundles. These well-known findings would lead one to expect the presence of fine filaments associated with these cells in the electron microscope, and if intra-cellular, these might be neurofilaments, which are suggested by Gray and Guillery2 to be the basis of neurofibrillary argyro-philia.
948 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Maarten Schmidt solved the puzzle by recognizing the Balmer lines of hydrogen, strongly redshifted, in the spectrum of the quasar 3C 273, and reached the "most direct and least objectionable" conclusion, that 3c 273 was no star, but the enormously bright nucleus of a distant galaxy.
Abstract: In the early 1960s, astronomers were puzzled by quasars — sources of intense radio emission that seemed to be stars, but had unintelligible optical spectra. In 1963, Maarten Schmidt solved the puzzle by recognizing the Balmer lines of hydrogen, strongly redshifted, in the spectrum of the quasar 3C 273. Schmidt reached the "most direct and least objectionable" conclusion, that 3C 273 was no star, but the enormously bright nucleus of a distant galaxy.
701 citations
TL;DR: Two parallel studies performed in man demonstrating that an occlusive dressing doubles the rate of wound re-epithelization when compared with wounds exposed to the air are reported.
Abstract: THE benefits of special dressings versus air exposure of cutaneous wounds has long been debated. Winter and Scales1,2 have recently added fresh insight into the problem. In the domestic pig they demonstrated that an occlusive dressing doubles the rate of wound re-epithelization when compared with wounds exposed to the air. In this communication we report parallel studies performed in man.
659 citations
649 citations
634 citations
TL;DR: Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects of Biochemistry Vol 24, No. 6, 1962 as discussed by the authors, Section 4, Section 5, Section 2, Section 3.
Abstract: Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects of Biochemistry Vol 24 Edited by F F Nord Pp v + 572 (New York and London: Interscience Publishers, a Division of John Wiley and Sons, 1962) 120s
625 citations
TL;DR: The expected frequency-of-scores set for a (n,1') maze is therefore: [VT(a)(r,n)/(~)} (J.}, which is defined as a tJ, a d a x dp matrix which gives direct accessibility relationships between dots on the ex th row and the 13 th row.
Abstract: The expected frequency-of-scores set for a (n,1') maze is therefore: [VT(a)(r,n)/(~)} (J. = 0, 1,2 ___ n_ These and other statistics concerning the distribution of scores may be used to define parameters for the maze which may be related to subjective difficulty_ In this notation m/j equals the number of pathways between dot i and dot j with zero score (i, j = 0, 1, 2 ... r, f) : and if m,j > 0, then we may say that dot j is directly accessible from dot i. Developing this concept we may use a binary notation in the form of matrix M' = (m'if) (i, j = 0, 1, 2 , .. r, f) where m'if = 1 if mlj > 0 (that is, if j is directly accessible from i) and = 0 otherwise. Matrices Veal', T(t)', T(\"', T(3)I may also be derived corresponding to the unprimed matrices given here. The basic difference between the two sets of matrices is that in the first set the number of different pathways with score ex between dots i and j is considered, whereas in the second series the number of different sets of ex dots lying on pathways between dots i and j is the underlying concept. Thus, for example, v o / m)' gives the number of different solution sets of dots. Further, the dots (not including 0 andf) may be divided into n groups corresponding to the n horizontal maze rows, and the vector (dp) may be defined, where d p = number of dots on the pth horizontal maze row (p = 1, 2 The matrix M' may now be partitioned into sub-matrices RaP where a, 13 refer to maze rows; here 'maze rows' are taken to include a zero row and an f row and so GC, 13 = 0, 1, 2 ... n, j. Ra{J is a d a x dp matrix which gives direct accessibility relationships between dots on the ex th row and the 13 th row. Again, RaP = 0 if ex ~ 13. Since one theory describing maze problem-solving activity postulates that individuals differ in the size of the perceptual unit which they use, it seems relevant to illustrate one way in which the present approach could be used to analyse this aspect of the problem. To do this we have defined as a tJ. alty maze-linked set of dots. A …
TL;DR: The rabbit's retina ganglion cells have recently been found which signal the direction of motion of objects moving in the visual field, and the behaviour is what one might expect in units of which the function is to abstract direction ofmotion from the pattern of light falling on the retina.
Abstract: IN the rabbit's retina ganglion cells have recently been found which signal the direction of motion of objects moving in the visual field1,2. These cells give brief responses at ‘on’ and ‘off’ to lights falling in their receptive fields and they give vigorous responses to moving spots, but only when these are moved in certain directions through their fields. Motion in the ‘preferred’ direction gives the maximum discharge, while motion in the opposite, ‘null’, direction, causes no response. The ‘preferred’ direction differs in different units: thus which of a set of cells are active conveys information as to the direction of motion of objects in the visual field. The frequency of the discharge depends greatly on speed and direction of motion, but is only slightly influenced by the intensity of the moving stimulus spot. Furthermore, the discharge occurs for the same direction of motion with a black spot as with a white spot. This behaviour is what one might expect in units of which the function is to abstract direction of motion from the pattern of light falling on the retina.
TL;DR: Results show that a quantitative assay of the number of murine lymphoma cells capable of proliferating in vivo is, indeed, possible and the spleen-colony technique might be fruitfully applied to the examination of malignant tissue.
Abstract: Till, McCulloch and Becker1,2 have demonstrated that normal mouse haematopoietic tissue contains a class of cells which are characterized by their ability individually to give rise to macroscopic colonies in the spleens of heavily irradiated recipient mice. The ease with which the colonies may be enumerated has permitted quantitative investigations of the effects of irradiation3,4 transplantation5, and erythropoiesis6 on the number of cells with colony-forming potentiality. These varied applications suggested to us that the spleen-colony technique might be fruitfully applied to the examination of malignant tissue. The results show that a quantitative assay of the number of murine lymphoma cells capable of proliferating in vivo is, indeed, possible.
TL;DR: Observations suggest that anoxia and uncouplers of respiratory chain phosphorylation increase the rate of the phosphofructokinase reaction in muscle (and hence of glycolysis) by increasing the concentrations of 5′ AMP, ADP and inorganic phosphate and diminishing that of ATP.
Abstract: IN perfused rat heart, glycolysis is accelerated by anoxia and uncouplers of respiratory chain phosphorylation and inhibited by the respiration of fatty acids, ketone bodies and pyruvate1–4. Measurements of the concentrations of hexose phosphates have led to the suggestion that these agents change the rate of glycolysis by altering the rate of the phosphofructokinase step1–3. The rates of glycolysis and of the phosphofructokinase reaction are also diminished in hearts from alloxan diabetic or starved rats in which the release of fatty acids from glycerides for oxidation is enhanced4,5. In extracts of guinea pig heart6 and of rabbit skeletal muscle7 the activity of phosphofructokinase is inhibited by increasing concentrations of ATP and stimulated by increasing concentrations of 5′ AMP, cyclic 3′,5′ AMP, ADP and inorganic phosphate. These observations suggest that anoxia and uncouplers of respiratory chain phosphorylation increase the rate of the phosphofructokinase reaction in muscle (and hence of glycolysis) by increasing the concentrations of 5′ AMP, ADP and inorganic phosphate and diminishing that of ATP.
TL;DR: There is convincing evidence that bone has an orderly morphological and microscopic structure that might be expected to exhibit piezoelectric properties, as in the case of many other multicrystalline structures.
Abstract: THERE is convincing evidence that bone has an orderly morphological and microscopic structure. This evidence is derived mainly from electron microscopy, ordinary histological preparations, and microradiography1. Such a structure, consisting essentially of apatite crystals embedded in an organic matrix, might be expected to exhibit piezoelectric properties, as in the case of many other multicrystalline structures.
TL;DR: Testing of woody plants is particularly difficult, because the morphology of the colonies, the biochemical properties, the antigenic structure and the phage sensitivity are so similar that they can scarcely be distinguished on the basis of the foregoing characteristics.
Abstract: MOST bacterial plant diseases are caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Pseudomonas. A number of saprophytic pseudomonads occur in large amounts on the surface of the plant (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Ps. denitrificans, etc.). Therefore, isolation of phytopathogenic pseudomonads from the diseased plant is difficult. Generally the morphology of the colonies, the biochemical properties1, the antigenic structure1 and the phage sensitivity2 of the pathogenic and saprophytic pseudomonads are so similar that they can scarcely be distinguished on the basis of the foregoing characteristics. In practice the pathogenicity test is the sole reliable method which can be used for identification. To carry out pathogenicity tests one must have suitable hosts, but in this case the entire procedure of artificial infection in the greenhouse is tedious. Testing of woody plants is particularly difficult.
TL;DR: It has been pointed out that the normal dry scab on a wound exposed to the air includes a superficial part of the dermis, and it was suggested that this is because the exposed dermal tissue is dehydrated.
Abstract: IT has been pointed out that the normal dry scab on a wound exposed to the air includes a superficial part of the dermis, and it was suggested that this is because the exposed dermal tissue is dehydrated1. Epidermis migrates below the dehydrated fibrous tissue where there is sufficient moisture for the cells to live. If the surface of the wound is deliberately kept moist by covering the wound with an occlusive film, the epidermis will migrate over the surface of the dermis. In this latter event migration of the epidermis is twice as rapid as when it is forced to pass through the fibrous tissue.
TL;DR: The existence of oh in the interstellar medium, detected in radio absorption spectrum of cassiopeia, was first reported in this paper, where the authors detected the existence of the oh in interstellar medium.
Abstract: Existence of oh in interstellar medium, detected in radio absorption spectrum of cassiopeia-a
TL;DR: The structure of Haeemoglobin is described as a three-Dimensional Fourier Synthesis of Reduced Human Haemoglobin at 5.5 A Resolution.
Abstract: Structure Of Haeemoglobin: A Three-Dimensional Fourier Synthesis of Reduced Human Haemoglobin at 5.5 A Resolution
TL;DR: Chalmers as discussed by the authors presents a review of progress in metal physics, including the first publication of the progress in materials science journal Progress in Materials Science Vol. 9, No. 9.
Abstract: Progress in Materials Science Vol. 9. Edited by Dr. Bruce Chalmers. (Incorporating “Progress in Metal Physics”, Volumes 1–8.) Pp. 389. (London and New York: Pergamon Press, 1961.) 120s. net; 20 dollars.