Showing papers in "Neurobiology of Disease in 2010"

TL;DR: The structure and function of the BBB is summarised, the physical barrier formed by the endothelial tight junctions, and the transport barrier resulting from membrane transporters and vesicular mechanisms are described.

TL;DR: The strongest direct evidence that chronic neuroinflammation may have a more important role to play in PD versus other neurodegenerative diseases is reviewed and genetic deficiency is not the only way to reduce protective factors in the brain which may function to keep microglial responses in check or regulate the sensitivity of DA neurons are proposed.

TL;DR: The low density lipoprotein receptor related protein (LRP) is the most adapted for such use with the engineered peptide compound (EPiC) platform incorporating the Angiopep peptide in new therapeutics the most advanced with promising data in the clinic.

TL;DR: Recent evidence that the brain can be infiltrated by circulating monocytes in the diseased brain is discussed and it is discussed that these cells may comprise a unique subpopulation of myeloid cells that may be functionally distinct from the endogenous microglia.

TL;DR: Four aspects of BBB-neuroimmune interactions are considered: BBB disruption as mediated by LPS and cytokines, cytokine transport across theBBB, immune cell trafficking, and effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on various functions of the BBB.

TL;DR: An introduction to some of the network based theories on the function and pathophysiology of the cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops commonly targeted by DBS and how DBS could be achieving its therapeutic effects by overriding pathological network activity is provided.

TL;DR: The effects of focal cerebral ischemia on SVZ neural progenitor cells in experimental stroke and the influence of mechanical injury on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are focused on.

TL;DR: Zebrafish is sensitive to neurotoxins including MPTP, and exposure to this neurotoxin induces a decline in dopamine content and number of detectable tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in distinct nuclei, making it an optimal organism for studies on disease mechanisms.

TL;DR: This study develops and characterized a mouse model of tauopathy with parkinsonism, overexpressing human mutated tau protein with deletion of parkin, and opens the way for clinical studies of the effects of trehalose in human tauopathies.

TL;DR: It is found that miR-497 is induced in mouse brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and mouse N2A neuroblastoma cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation, and the possibility that this pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis of the ischemic brain injury in stroke is raised.

TL;DR: Evidence is examined for the possibility that epigenetic mechanisms can contribute to later-onset neurological dysfunction and disease and how epigenetic processes early in life might play a role in defining inter-individual trajectories of human behavior.

TL;DR: It is hypothesized that LRRk2 may impact on tau processing which subsequently leads to increased phosphorylation, which suggests that other post-translational modifications of tau occur in G2019S mice.

TL;DR: An overview of the phenotypes of these disorders and their relationships with ASD is provided and the regional genes that may contribute to the autism susceptibility imparted by copy number variation of the region are outlined.

TL;DR: Polymicrogyria results from abnormal late cortical organization and is inconstantly associated with abnormal neuronal migration, and has been associated with anatomo-specific deficits, including disorders of language and higher cognition.

TL;DR: An overview of the relationship between structural components and function of the BBB/neurovascular unit with respect to ischemic stroke is provided and therapeutic targeting of MMPs and/or tPA-related signaling pathways might offer promising new approaches to combination therapies for isChemic stroke.

TL;DR: The mTOR pathway was examined in rats that had already developed chronic spontaneous seizures in a pilocarpine model and it was found that mTOR is aberrantly activated in brain tissues from rats with chronic seizures.

TL;DR: CBD induces robust neuroprotection in immature brain, by acting on some of the major mechanisms underlying HI cell death; these effects are mediated by CB(2) and adenosine, mainly A(2A), receptors.

TL;DR: Some of the evidence for functional and anatomical reorganization under normal physiological conditions, along with strategies that augment these processes and improve outcome after brain injury in animal models are reviewed.

TL;DR: This review summarizes the current theories and novel treatment strategies for depression, with a focus on cytokine-induced depression, and suggests that the term "depression" may prove inadequately broad.

TL;DR: The results suggest that progressive non-linear serotonergic dysfunction occurs in PD but it does not determine levels of disability and chronic exposure to dopaminergic therapy does not appear to influence SERT binding.

TL;DR: Over-expression of TDP-43 in vivo is sufficient to produce progressive motor phenotypes by a toxic gain of function paradigm and transgenic mouse lines expressing untagged mutant and wild type T DP-43 under the same promoter represent a powerful new model system for studying TDP -43 proteinopathies in vivo.

TL;DR: This review presents an overview of the components of the Wnt signaling pathway and discusses the literature describing the multitude of roles of Wnts in nervous system, and turns to the ways that defects in WNT signaling lead to neurologic disease.

TL;DR: The major hurdles for successful translation from basic research into clinical applications are addressed and possible strategies to overcome these issues are discussed.

TL;DR: It is suggested that BD pathology may be associated with apoptosis as well as with disturbed synaptic function, and BD brains showed significant increases and decreases of levels of the anti-apoptotic factors and the synaptic markers, synaptophysin and drebrin, which contribute to brain atrophy and progressive cognitive changes in BD.

TL;DR: The results indicate that ADD patients present a significant increase of cell damage through a RAGE-dependent mechanism, suggesting that AGEs may promote the generation of an oxidative stress vicious cycle, which can explain the severe progression of patients with both pathologies.

TL;DR: Adult-onset neurodegeneration and other protein conformational diseases are associated with the appearance, persistence, and accumulation of misfolded and aggregation-prone proteins and events appear to be further amplified by aging and provide evidence that age-related failures in proteostasis may be a common element in many diseases.

TL;DR: Using microdialysis in a rat model of Parkinson's disease, it is found that l-DOPA increased dopamine extracellular levels monitored simultaneously in four brain regions receiving serotonergic innervation: striatum, substantia nigra, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and the increase was regionally similar at the lowest dose and 2-3 times stronger in the striatum at higher doses.

TL;DR: The data suggest that the KD initially produces mild oxidative and electrophilic stress, which may systemically activate the Nrf2 pathway via redox signaling, leading to chronic cellular adaptation, induction of protective proteins, and improvement of the mitochondrial redox state.

TL;DR: It is concluded that fenobam acts similarly in rat and primate models of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and represents a good candidate for antidyskinetic treatment in Parkinson's disease.

TL;DR: It is suggested that long-term exposure to cannabinoids during adolescence induces anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours in adulthood and that this may be instigated by serotonergic hypoactivity and noradrenergic hyperactivity.