Showing papers in "Neuron in 2006"

TL;DR: Evidence that certain brain disorders, such as schizophrenia, epilepsy, autism, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's are associated with abnormal neural synchronization is reviewed to suggest close correlations between abnormalities in neuronal synchronization and cognitive dysfunctions.

TL;DR: Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/medial superior frontal cortex and bilateral anterior insula/frontal operculum showed reliable start-cue and sustained activations across all or nearly all tasks and carried the most reliable error-related signals in a subset of tasks, suggesting that the regions form a "core" task-set system.

TL;DR: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a recently developed MRI technique that can measure macroscopic axonal organization in nervous system tissues and several applications are introduced, including visualization of axonal tracts in myelin and axonal injuries as well as human brain and mouse embryonic development.

TL;DR: The human brain has the unique ability to represent the mental states of the self and the other and the relationship between these mental states, making possible the communication of ideas.

TL;DR: In this paper, a mutant superoxide dismutase (SOD1) was found to induce non-cell-autonomous motor neuron killing by an unknown gain of toxicity.

TL;DR: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), it is found that activity in the amygdala and dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices reflects the amount of emotional conflict and top-down inhibition of amygdalar activity by the rostral cingulate cortex is suggested.

TL;DR: TRPA1 is apparently not essential for hair-cell transduction but contributes to the transduction of mechanical, cold, and chemical stimuli in nociceptor sensory neurons.

TL;DR: This review focuses on how both human studies and animal models are helping to elucidate the mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain, one of the surprisingly common disorders.

TL;DR: This work shows a massive infiltration of highly ramified and elongated microglia within the core of amyloid plaques in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and shows that blood-derivedmicroglia and not their resident counterparts have the ability to eliminate amyloids deposits by a cell-specific phagocytic mechanism.

TL;DR: It is shown that Abeta employs signaling pathways of long-term depression to drive endocytosis of synaptic AMPA receptors, indicating the central role played by AMPA receptor trafficking in Abeta-induced modification of synaptic structure and function.

TL;DR: The overlap between judgments of self and similar others suggests the plausibility of "simulation" accounts of social cognition, which posit that perceivers can use knowledge about themselves to infer the mental states of others.

TL;DR: The principles of 2PE microscopy are reviewed, recent applications are highlighted, its limitations are discussed, and areas for future research and development are pointed to.

TL;DR: The data suggest that abnormal activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in specific neuronal populations can underlie macrocephaly and behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of certain features of human ASD.

TL;DR: It is shown that VTA dopamine neurons express Lepr mRNA and respond to leptin with activation of an intracellular JAK-STAT pathway and a reduction in firing rate and this data support a critical role for VTA Lepr in regulating feeding behavior and provide functional evidence for direct action of a peripheral metabolic signal on Vta dopamine neurons.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that brain activation preceding stimulus encoding can predict declarative memory formation, consistent with the hypothesis that reward motivation promotes memory formation via dopamine release in the hippocampus prior to learning.

TL;DR: It is proposed that Bruchpilot protein (BRP) is critical for intact AZ structure and normal-evoked neurotransmitter release at chemical synapses of Drosophila.

TL;DR: It is shown that neuronal activity and subsequent calcium influx trigger the de novo phosphorylation of MeCP2 at serine 421 (S421) by a CaMKII-dependent mechanism, which controls the ability of Me CP2 to regulate dendritic patterning, spine morphogenesis, and the activity-dependent induction of Bdnf transcription.

TL;DR: A critical role is demonstrated in the consolidation of enduring synaptic plasticity and memory storage in Arc/Arg3.1 knockout mice that fail to form long-lasting memories for implicit and explicit learning tasks, despite intact short-term memory.

TL;DR: The mode of operation of these pattern generator networks is discussed and the neural mechanisms through which they are selected and activated are considered, and the utility of computational models in analysis of the dynamic actions of these motor networks are outlined.

TL;DR: New technology to engineer the tissue-electrode interface, electrode design, and extraction algorithms to transform the recorded signal to movement will help translate exciting laboratory demonstrations to patient practice in the near future.

TL;DR: It is shown that deletion mutant mice lacking neuroligin expression die shortly after birth due to respiratory failure, and that neuroligins are required for proper synapse maturation and brain function, but not for the initial formation of synaptic contacts.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that Arc/Arg3.1 protein interacts with dynamin and specific isoforms of endophilin to enhance receptor endocytosis and likely contributes to late-phase synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that Arc/Arg3.1, an immediate-early gene that is rapidly induced by neuronal activity associated with information encoding in the brain, mediates homeostatic synaptic scaling of AMPA type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) via its ability to activate a novel and selective AMPAR endocytic pathway.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that expression of ChR2 in surviving inner retinal neurons of a mouse with photoreceptor degeneration can restore the ability of the retina to encode light signals and transmit the light signals to the visual cortex.

TL;DR: The autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis pathogenesis provided for many years a useful but incomplete conceptual framework for understanding the complex array of factors that lead to the loss of immune homeostasis, myelin and axonal injury, and progressive neurological symptoms.

TL;DR: It is shown that leptin depolarizes and increases the firing rate of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1)-positive neurons in the VMH, and that leptin action at this site plays an important role in reducing body weight and, of note, in resisting diet-induced obesity.

TL;DR: In vitro application of orexin A induces potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated neurotransmission via a PLC/PKC-dependent insertion of NMDARs in VTA dopamine neuron synapses and in vivo administration of an orex in 1 receptor antagonist blocks locomotor sensitization to cocaine.

TL;DR: A genome-wide linkage search followed by mutational analysis of the candidate gene SCN9A, which encodes hNa(v)1.7, identified eight missense mutations in 11 families and 2 sporadic cases of PEPD mutants that revealed a reduction in fast inactivation, leading to persistent sodium current.

TL;DR: FMRI shows that individuals' preferences for risk and ambiguity predict brain activation associated with decision making, indicating that decision making under ambiguity does not represent a special, more complex case of risky decision making; instead, these two forms of uncertainty are supported by distinct mechanisms.

TL;DR: The direct endocannabinoid-mediated control of hippocampal glutamatergic neurotransmission may constitute a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of disorders associated with excessive excitatory neuronal activity.